Neuropeptide

A potential ancestral gene Erik Salaneck1, Robert Fredriksson1, Earl T. Larson1, J. Michael Conlon2 and Dan Larhammar1 Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 2Regulatory Peptide Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA We report here the isolation and functional expression of a neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor from the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. The receptor displays

9p system191 01-06-2013 29 3   Download

The cloned guinea-pig Y2 neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, as well as the Y2 receptors natively expressed in rat forebrain, are distributed in two populations. A smaller population that is readily accessed by agonist peptides on the surface of intact cells constitutes less than 30% of Y2 receptors detected in particulates after cell homogenization. A much larger fraction of cell surface Y2 sites can be activated by sulfhydryl modifiers.

8p research12 01-06-2013 38 4   Download

Orexin A and B (also known as hypocretins), two recently discovered neuropeptides, play an important role in food intake, sleep/wake cycle and neuroendocrine functions. Orexins are endogenous ligands of two G-protein-coupled receptors, termed OX1 and OX2. This work presents the first short orexin A and B analogues, orexin A 23–33 and orexin B 18–28, with high affinity (119 ± 49 and 49 ± 23 nM) for OX1 receptors expressed on SK-N-MC cells and indicates the importance of the C-terminal part of the orexin peptides for this ligand–receptor interaction.

8p research12 01-06-2013 33 5   Download

Recently, we identified novel avian and amphibian hypothalamic neuropeptides that inhibited gonadotropin release and stimulated growth hormone release. They were characterized by a similar structure including theC-terminal LPLRF-NH2motif. To clarify that the expression of these novel hypothalamicneuropeptides is aconservedproperty in vertebrates, we characterized a cDNA encoding a similar novel peptide, having LPLRF-NH2 from the goldfish brain, by a combination of 3¢and 5¢rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). ...

9p research12 29-04-2013 38 4   Download

Two neuropeptides have been isolated and identi®ed from the secretions of the skin glands of the Stony Creek Frog Litoria lesueuri. The ®rst of these, the known neuropeptide caerulein 1.1, is a common constituent of anuran skin secretions, and has the sequence pEQY(SO3 )TGWMDF-NH2 . This neuropeptide is smooth muscle active, an anal-gaesic more potent thanmorphine and is also thought to be a hormone.

10p research12 29-04-2013 41 3   Download

Peptides which should be generated from the neuropeptide FF (NPFF) precursor were identified in a neuronal (human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y) cell line and in COS-7 cells after transient transfection of the human proNPFFAcDNA and were comparedwith those detected in themouse spinal cord. After reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatogra-phy of soluble material, NPFF-related peptides were im-munodetected with antisera raised against NPFF and identified by using on-line capillary liquid chromatography/ nanospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. ...

13p tumor12 20-04-2013 32 2   Download

The currently accepted model of moult control in crusta-ceans relies entirely on the hypothesis that moult-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) repress ecdysteroid synthesis of the target tissue (Y-organ) only during intermoult, and that changes in syn-thesis and/or release of these neurohormones are central to moult control.

9p tumor12 20-04-2013 51 3   Download

Peripheral nerve injury is normally followed by a robust regenerative response. Here we describe the early changes associated with injury from the initial rise in intracellular calcium and the subsequent activation of transcription factors and cytokines leading to an inflammatory reaction, and the expression of growth factors, cytokines, neuropeptides, and other secreted molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication promoting regen-eration and neurite outgrowth.

11p awards 06-04-2013 32 2   Download

The metalloendopeptidase 24.15 (EP24.15) is ubiquitously present in the extracellular environment as a secreted protein. Outside the cell, this enzyme degrades several neuropeptides containing from 5 to 17 amino acids (e.g. gonadotropin releasing hormone, bradykinin, opioids and neuro-tensin). The constitutive secretion of EP24.15 from glioma C6 cells was demonstrated to be stimulated linearly by reduced concentrations of extra-cellular calcium.

15p awards 06-04-2013 28 3   Download

Planarians are one of the simplest animal groups with a central nervous system. Their primitive central nervous system produces large quantities of a variety of neuropeptides, of which many are amidated at their C terminus. In vertebrates, peptide amidation is catalyzed by two enzymes [peptidylglycine a-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) and peptidyl-a-hydroxylglycinea-amidating lyase] acting sequentially. In mammals, both enzymatic activities are contained within a single protein that is encoded by a single gene....

14p awards 05-04-2013 42 4   Download

Eugenin [pGluGlnAspTyr(SO3)ValPheMetHisProPhe-NH2] has been isolated from the pouches of female Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) carrying young in the early lactation period. The sequence of eugenin has been determined using a combination of positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. This compound bears some structural resemblance to the mammalian neuropeptide cholecystokinin 8 [AspTyr(SO3)MetGlyTrpMetAspPhe-NH2] and to the amphibian caerulein peptides [caerulein: pGluGlnAspTyr(SO3)ThrGlyTrpMetAspPhe-NH2]....

11p awards 05-04-2013 31 3   Download

Poneratoxin is a small neuropeptide found in the venom of the antParaponera clavata. It is stored in the venom reservoir as an inactive 25-residue peptide. Here we des-cribe both chemically synthesized poneratoxin and pon-eratoxin obtained by expression in insect cells. When expressed in insect cells, poneratoxin was observed attached to cell membranes. Both synthetic and recom-binant ponerotoxins were soluble below pH 4.5. The structure of synthetic poneratoxin was characterized by circular dichroism and solved by nuclear magnetic reso-nance. ...

10p dell39 03-04-2013 35 2   Download

Behavioral arousal requires integration of multiple neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory systems. Identifying these systems is the key to not only a better understanding of the neurobiology of sleep⁄wakefulness but may also lead to the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for various sleep disorders.

5p dell39 27-03-2013 35 4   Download

The hypocretins (also called the orexins) are two neuropeptides derived from the same precursor whose expression is restricted to a few thousand neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Two G-protein coupled receptors for the hypocretins have been identified, and these show different distributions within the central nervous system and differential affinities for the two hypocretins.

14p dell39 27-03-2013 24 3   Download

Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH), produced by the X organ–sinus gland neurosecretory com-plex, belong to a peptide group referred to as the CHH family, which is widely distributed in arthropods. In this study, genetic variants and post-translationally modified isoforms of CHH and VIH were characterized in the European lobster Homarus gammarus.

10p inspiron33 26-03-2013 51 4   Download

The peptides of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family exert their functions, including regulation of appetite and circadian rhythm, by binding to G-protein coupled receptors. Mammals have five subtypes, named Y1,Y2 , Y4,Y5 and Y6, and recently Y7 has been discovered in fish and amphibi-ans. In chicken we have previously characterized the first four subtypes and here we describe Y6 and Y7.

16p inspiron33 26-03-2013 34 4   Download

Among the RFamide peptide groups, PQRFamide peptides, such as neuro-peptide FF (NPFF) and neuropeptide AF (NPAF), share a common C-ter-minal Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2 motif. LPXRFamide (X¼L or Q) peptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), frog growth hormone-releasing peptide (fGRP), goldfish LPXRFamide peptide and mammalian RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs), also share a C-terminal Leu-Pro-Leu⁄Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2 motif.

13p inspiron33 26-03-2013 41 5   Download

Dipeptidyl-peptidase III (DPP III) hydrolyses small peptides with a broad substrate specificity. It is thought to be involved in a major degradation pathway of the insect neuropeptide proctolin. We report the purification and characterization of a soluble DPP III from 40 gDrosophila melanogas-ter.

9p inspiron33 26-03-2013 44 5   Download

The neuropeptides of the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) family are encoded by a multigene family and are involved in a wide spec-trum of essential functions. In order to characterize CHH family peptides in one of the last groups of decapods not yet investigated, CHH was stud-ied in two anomurans: the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardusand the squat lobster Galathea strigosa.

14p media19 05-03-2013 28 2   Download

The rapid increase in the number of putative cDNA sequences encoding crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family in various tissues [either from the eyestalk (ES) or elsewhere] underscores a need to identify the corresponding neuropeptides in relevant tissues.

12p media19 05-03-2013 29 3   Download