Oracle management server

Globalization Support Features Globalization Support ensures that database utilities and error messages, sort order, date, time, monetary, numeric, and calendar conventions automatically adapt to the native language. Oracle currently supports 57 languages, 88 territories, 84 linguistic sorts (71 monolingual and 13 multilingual), and 235 encoded character sets. The language-dependent operations are controlled by a number of parameters and environment variables on both the client and the server sides. The server and the client may run in the same or different locations.

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Users and Security Security domain The database administrator defines the names of the users who are allowed to access a database. A security domain defines the settings that apply to the user. Authentication mechanism A user who requires access to the database can be authenticated by one of the following: Data dictionary Operating system Network The means of authentication is specified at the time the user is defined in the database and can be altered later. This lesson covers authentication by database and by operating system only.

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Profiles A profile is a named set of the following password and resource limits: Password aging and expiration Password history Password complexity verification Account locking CPU time Input/output (I/O) operations Idle time Connect time Memory space (private SQL area for Shared Server only) Concurrent sessions After a profile has been created, the database administrator can assign it to each user. If resource limits are enabled, the Oracle server limits the database usage and resources to the defined profile of the user....

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Managing Undo Data Automatic Undo Management The Oracle server automatically manages the creation, allocation, and tuning of undo segments. Manual Undo Management You manually manage the creation, allocation, and tuning of undo segments. It was the only method available prior to Oracle9i. Information about manual undo management can be found in “Appendix B: Manually Managing Undo Data.”

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Name a constraint or the Oracle server generates a name by using the SYS_Cn format. Create a constraint either: At the same time as the table is created, or After the table has been created Define a constraint at the column or table level. View a constraint in the data dictionary.

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After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Identify issues associated with managing users in an Oracle Shared Server environment Configure the Oracle Shared Server environment to optimize performance Diagnose and resolve performance issues with Oracle Shared Server processes

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Control File The control file is a small binary file necessary for the database to start and operate successfully. Each control file is associated with only one Oracle database. Before a database is opened, the control file is read to determine whether the database is in a valid state to use. A control file is updated continuously by the Oracle server during database use, so it must be available for writing whenever the database is open. The information in the control file can be modified only by the Oracle server; no database administrator or end user can edit the control file....

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Defined by SHARED_POOL_SIZE Library cache contains statement text, parsed code, and execution plan. Data dictionary cache contains definitions for tables, columns, and privileges from the data dictionary tables. UGA contains session information for Oracle Shared Server users when a large pool is not configured.

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Initialization Parameter Files In order to start an instance and open the database, you must connect as SYSDBA and enter the STARTUP command. The Oracle server will then read the initialization parameter file and prepare the instance according to the initialization parameters contained within. Note: You must have SYSDBA privilege. Authentication and the SYSDBA privilege will be discussed in later lessons.

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Oracle Universal Installer The Java-based Oracle Universal Installer offers an installation solution for all Java-enabled platforms, allowing for a common installation flow and user experience independent of the platform. The Universal Installer Detects dependencies among components and performs an installation accordingly Can be used to point to a URL where a release or staging area was defined and install software remotely over HTTP Can be used to remove products installed. The deinstallation actions are the “undo” of installation actions.

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Overview of Primary Components The Oracle architecture includes a number of primary components, which are discussed further in this lesson. Oracle server: There are several files, processes, and memory structures in an Oracle server; however, not all of them are used when processing a SQL statement. Some are used to improve the performance of the database, to ensure that the database can be recovered in the event of a software or hardware error, or to perform other tasks necessary to maintain the database. The Oracle server consists of an Oracle instance and an Oracle database.

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Before a database is created, the UNIX environment must be configured and the Oracle9i server must have already been installed. Four environment variables must be set: ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID, PATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH. ORACLE_HOME is the full path to the top directory in which the Oracle9i Server is installed. The directory for ORACLE_HOME should be supplied by the person who installed the server, usually the UNIX administrator or the DBA. ORACLE_SID is a user-definable name assigned to an instance of a database.

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Allocation of a Rollback Segment When a transaction begins, a rollback segment must be assigned to this transaction. A transaction can request a specific rollback segment using the following command: SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment If no such request is made, the Oracle server chooses the rollback segment with the fewest transactions and assigns it to the transaction. Using Extents Transactions use extents of a rollback segment in a sequential, circular fashion, moving from one to the next after the current extent is full.

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After completing this appendix, you should be able to do the following: Describe the Oracle Server architecture and its main components List the structures involved in connecting a user to an Oracle instance List the stages in processing: Queries DML statements Commits

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Restoration and Datafile Media Recovery Using RMAN RMAN automates the procedure for restoring files. When you issue the RESTORE command, RMAN uses a server session to restore the correct backups and copies. The RMAN repository is used to select the best available backup set or image copies to use in the restoration. By default, RMAN does not restore a file if the file is already in the correct place and its header contains the correct information. In releases before Oracle9i, the files were always restored.

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Overview The Oracle server uses many memory components, background processes, and file structures for its backup and recovery mechanism. This lesson reviews the concepts presented in the Oracle9i Database Administration Fundamentals I course, with an emphasis on backup and recovery requirements. Oracle Instance An Oracle instance consists of memory areas (mainly System Global Area [SGA]) and background processes, namely PMON, SMON, DBWn, LGWR, and CKPT. An instance is created during the nomount stage of the database startup after the parameter file has been read.

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Characteristics of the Listener Process The database server receives an initial connection from a client application through the listener. The listener is a process running on a node that listens for incoming connections on behalf of a database or a number of databases.

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Oracle Server Configuration Options Oracle creates server processes to handle the requests of user processes connected to an instance. A server process can be either a dedicated server process, where one server process services only one user process, or it can be a shared server process, where a server process can service multiple user processes. Shared server processes are a part of Oracle Shared Server architecture.

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Naming Methods: Overview Oracle Net provides five naming methods: Host naming: Enables users in a TCP/IP environment to resolve names through their existing name resolution service Local naming: Locates network addresses by using information configured and stored on each individual client's tnsnames.

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Client-Server Application Connection Oracle Net enables a network connection between a client and an Oracle database server. Oracle Net is a software component that resides on both the client and on the Oracle database server. It is layered on top of the network protocol. When a connection is initiated from a client to the Oracle database server, data is passed down a stack on the client, over the network, and up a similar stack to the Oracle database server.

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