Principal crops of India

Cotton is one of the principal commercial crop and it is the back bone of national economy of our country. Cotton remains the most miraculous fiber and is still nature’s wonder fiber. Cotton is grown all around the globe, and is traded internationally as well. The production is influenced by the repeated out breaks of pest and diseases and these are the major factors responsible for lower yield of cotton in India.

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Cotton crop is cultivated in maximum countries of the world. Cotton is one of the oldest finest fibers. These fibers are most often spun in to thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile.

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Wheat is an important cereal crop grown all over the world. There are many abiotic and biotic stresses which affects the yield of the crop. Out of this, diseases are the principal cause which is responsible for the decrease in yield. Karnal Bunt is the major disease which affects quality of food grain. Black Point is also becoming a serious problem in Punjab. The analysis of 140 grain samples collected from different grain markets of 8 blocks of Tarn Taran district in Punjab was conducted during 2018-2019.

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Parameter estimation in statistical modelling plays a crucial role in the real world phenomena. Several alternative analyses may be required for the purpose. An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate the yield of wheat crop using principal components of the weather parameters spread over the crop growth period. Principal component analysis has been used for the purpose of developing zonal yield forecast models because of multicollinearity present among weather variables.

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Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and serves as a principal dietary food and oil source. It is the major cash crop of central zone of India. Due to the occurrence of no-podding syndrome (NPS) or floral bud distortion (FBD), more than 80% yield losses was occurred. Average FBD incidence ranged from 8.0 to 14.6% in different parts of the states. The symptomatic plants produced distorted flowers and either no or deformed pods and remained green after maturity.

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The word „budget‟ refers to credit and expenses, thus the phrase „zero budget‟ means without using any credit and without spending any money on purchased inputs. „Natural farming‟ means farming without using the chemicals. Subhash Palekar, the explorer of ZBNF, introduces many principles and methods of ZBNF. Zero Budget Farmers use natural pesticides and fertilizers. The principal methods of ZBNF include crop rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest control. There are 4 pillars of ZBNF i.e. Jivamrita, Bijamrita, Acchhadana and Whappasa.

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An optimization model has been formulated for optimal use of land and water resources and maximizing benefits using linear programming to reconfigure the crop model prevailing in the agro-climatic zones of Bihar. The study is based on data of “Comprehensive scheme to study the cost of cultivation of principal crops in Bihar” for the block period 2008-09 to 2010-11.

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The groundnut, an important protein crops in India grown under rain-fed conditions. It is one of the world's principal oilseed crops, widely grown in areas ranging from latitude 40°N to 40°S. Nuts are eaten in a variety of forms, or crushed to provide vegetable oil for human consumption and protein rich meal for livestock’s.

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Cotton is an important principal commercial fiber crop. It is one of the most leading and important cash crops in Indian economy. In the present study an attempt has been made using secondary data for forty six years (from 1970 to 2016) to understand the growth rates in area, production and productivity of cotton crop in Dharwad, Ballari and Raichur districts of Karnataka.

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The growth of Indian economy mainly depends on agriculture sector as it accounts 18 percent of national GDP. Agriculture sector was one of the main area to impact by climate change. Pre-harvest forecast based on weather parameters plays very important role in developing countries. Rice is the most significant principal food in India which play fundamental role in day-to-day requisite of diet. In the current study statistical crop modeling was engaged to provide forecast in advance.

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Maize, Zea mays L., is one of the important cereal crops with diverse uses as food, feed, fodder and industrial applications. As a food crop it is a primary source of nourishment to people in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. It is also the principal energy source used in poultry diets in most of the countries including India because of its high-energy value, palatability, presence of pigments and essential fatty acids.

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Karnataka State has a typical composition having a large share of its area under highly diversified agricultural crops, higher growth in agriculture assumes great importance and is a matter of concern for policy planners and research scholars in recent times. A composite index is a grouping of equities, indexes or other factors combined in a standardized way, providing a useful statistical measure of overall food performance over time, and it is also known simply as a "composite".

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