Protecting the borrower

Chapter 23 - Consumer lending and borrowing. After completing this unit, you should be able to see the vital role played by consumers in supplying loanable funds through savings to the money and capital markets; to learn about the important role consumers play as major borrowers of funds and the laws that protect their rights; to explore the characteristics of consumer lending institutions.

27p thuongdanguyetan03 18-04-2020 32 2   Download

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of Principles and practices in business law (Ninth edition) has contents: Nature and types of negotiable instruments, rights and duties of parties, corporations and franchising, government regulation of business,... and other contents. Invite you to refer this document.

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Having a national credit database system would help financial institutions (FIs) reducecredit risk and reduce non-recovered bad debts. The government will feel at ease when FIs and thepeople are protected from bad debts in a sustainably developing and transparent market. On theother hand, borrowers will also receive benefit.

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Having a national credit database system would help financial institutions (FIs) reduce credit risk and reduce non-recovered bad debts. The government will feel at ease when FIs and the people are protected from bad debts in a sustainably developing and transparent market. On the other hand, borrowers will also receive benefit. Those who have good credit history will be provided with a more favorable interest rate and less requirements, or even without collateral.

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Applying strategic development assistance via a range of funding mechanisms and programs can stimulate long-term financing for the underserved markets described above. The idea is to employ sustainable lending techniques, train both borrowers and lenders, creatively leverage funding by utilizing guarantee programs like DCA, GDA and/or financing programs like OPIC (for example), and/or target subsector investment so that Georgia’s economic growth is not stalled or even derailed by the neglect of its two primary productive sectors.

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Packaging of non-need-based loans. Some colleges include non-need-based loans such as the unsubsidized Stafford and PLUS loans on the financial aid award letter in order to increase awareness of lower-cost federal loans. Families are eligible for these loans at every college, regardless of financial need. You are under no obligation to accept the loans and can request a lower loan amount. (Refusing these loans, however, will not increase your grants.

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We too believe that the global imbalances and the financial crisis are intimately connected, but we take a more nuanced stance on the nature of the connections. In our view, both originated primarily in economic policies followed in a number of countries in the 2000s (including the United States) and in distortions that influenced the transmission of these policies through U.S. and ultimately through global financial markets.

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A lot has changed in 170 years. Middlesex Savings Bank’s commitment to being strong for our customers has never wavered. Today, we remain a place where depositors are assured their deposits are 100% protected by FDIC and DIF insurance and where qualified individual and business borrowers can still get the loans they need to reach their goals. With no sub-prime loans in our portfolio and a continuing commitment to employ prudent decision-making, Middlesex is well positioned to be here for you and your community for years to come.

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Looking at the political consequences of decentralization, Weingast (1995) proposes that a properly designed decentralization is one way to make government more accountable to its citizens.

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The approach to assessing climate risks and im- pacts consists of the following sequential steps: (1) determining climate variables at the level of the city/watershed through downscaling techniques; (2) estimating impacts and vulnerability through hydrometeorological modeling, scenario analysis, and GIS mapping; and (3) preparing a damage/ loss assessment and identification/prioritization of adaptation options. As a first step, each of the city-level studies considered two IPCC scenarios, a high- and a low- emissions scenario, 4 and estimated climate risks to 2050.

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It is highly likely that by augmenting the amount of funding available to banks, securitization activity had a significant and positive impact on credit growth during the years prior to the credit crisis (Loutskina and Strahan, 2009, Altunbas et al., 2009). In a number of countries experiencing a period credit growth, securitization activity probably strengthened the feedback effect between increases in housing prices and the credit expansion.

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Rather than focus on the decision of an investor in country j, scholarly work in this tradition centers on understanding how politicians in country i demonstrate that they are credibly committed to the preservation of stable and liberal markets. Empirically these studies ask whether different institutional structures help solve the commitment problem and provide borrowing countries with better access to international capital markets. One set of scholarly contributions argues that domestic political institutions can signal a commitment to the protection of property rights.

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The first set of factors lower the cost of default. Default propensity is exaggerated by state laws providing for a greater amount of homestead protection or for less-than-full recourse on the defaulting borrowers by lenders. This is because they shield a greater proportion of the borrower’s wealth and income from capture by the lender post-default and, (if applicable), a subsequent bankruptcy.

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Data by country reveal that, despite the severity of the recent global financial crisis, bank credit contracted in only a handful of individual economies. When bank credit includes credit to governments in each country, as in Graph A, our estimates indicate that Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania and Luxembourg experienced outright contractions in bank credit to non-bank borrowers between Q2 2008 and Q2 2011.

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Similarly, most credit cards do not charge interest on any purchases if a borrower pays the entire balance due within a short one-month grace period, but do charge interest on all purchases if she revolves even $1. To protect borrowers, new regulations restrict these and other practices involving large penalties: in July 2008 the Federal Reserve Board severely limited the use of prepayment penalties, and the Credit CARD Act of 2009 prohibits the use of interest charges for partial balances the consumer has paid off, and restricts fees in other ways.

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Gilt sale and repurchase (“gilt repo”) transactions involve the temporary exchange of cash and gilts between two parties; they are a means of short-term borrowing using gilts as collateral. The lender of funds holds gilts as collateral, so is protected in the event of default by the borrower. General collateral (GC) repo rates refer to the rates for repurchase agreements in which any gilt may be used as collateral. Hence, GC repo rates should in principle be close to true risk-free rates.

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Some of the responsibility for ensuring a competitive marketplace must be placed on borrowers themselves, since knowledgeable, informed borrowers help to foster competition in credit markets. When consumers do not know or cannot compare rates being charged by various lenders, each lender has more freedom to charge any rate — fair or unfair. A high level of borrower awareness can create a natural protection from unreasonable interest rates, in lieu of the external constraint of a usury ceiling.

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By encouraging these lending practices, usury ceilings may fail to give consumers the protection and benefits that they were intended to provide. That is, usury laws may actually reduce the amount of credit that is available to low income or inexperienced borrowers. Low-priced credit is not useful to those who cannot meet the requirements for obtaining it. Thus, when lenders ration credit by some means other than price, first-time borrowers, small borrowers, low-income and high-risk borrowers are likely to find it more difficult to obtain credit.

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Laws designed to prevent usury, or the taking of "excessive" interest, have long been the subject of controversy. While advocates of usury ceilings claim that such controls protect consumers from abusive lending practices and enable them to obtain loans at reasonable rates, their critics argue that they work to consumers' disadvantage by restricting credit flows and distorting financial markets. In economic theory, the credit market is viewed like any other market. There are buyers (borrowers) and sellers (lenders) of credit; the price of credit is the interest rate.

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Many recent institutional reforms of the financial system have relied on the introduction of an explicit scheme of Deposit Insurance. This instrument aims at two main targets, contributing to systemic stability and protecting depositors. However it may also affect the interest rate spread in the banking system, which can be viewed as an indicator of market power in this financial segment. This paper provides an empirical investigation of the effect of deposit insurance and other institutional and economic variables on bank interest rates across countries.

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