Remodelling

Chromatin is a highly dynamic structure that plays an essential role in regulating all nuclear processes that utilize the DNA template including DNA repair, replication, transcription and recombination. Thus, the mechanisms by which chromatin structures are assembled and modified are questions of broad interest. This minireview will focus on two groups of proteins: (a) histone chaperones and (b) ATPdependent chromatin remodeling machines, that co-operate to assemble DNA and histone proteins into chromatin....

7p research12 01-06-2013 32 4   Download

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated, DNA-binding transcription factors that function in the chromatin environment of the nucleus to alter the expression of subsets of hormone-responsive genes. It is clear that chromatin, rather than being a passive player, has a profound effect on both transcriptional repression and activation mediated by NRs.

9p research12 01-06-2013 32 2   Download

Nuclear cloning is a procedure to create new animals by injecting somatic nuclei into unfertilized oocytes. Recent successes in mammalian cloning with differentiated adult nuclei strongly indicate that oocyte cytoplasm contains unidentified remarkable reprogramming activities with the capacity to erase the previous memory of cell differentiation. At the heart of this nuclear reprogramming lies chromatin remodeling as chromatin structure and function define cell differentiation through regulation of the transcriptional activities of the cells....

4p research12 01-06-2013 43 4   Download

The organization of DNA within eukaryotic cell nuclei poses special problems and opportunities for the cell. For example, assembly of DNA into chromatin is thought to be a principle mechanism by which adventitious general transcription is repressed. However, access to genomic DNA for events such as DNA repair must be facilitated by energy-intensive processes that either directly alter chromatin structure or impart post-translational modifications, leading to increased DNA accessibility.

6p research12 01-06-2013 36 4   Download

Duodenase is a 29-kDa serine endopeptidase that displays selective trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrate specificity. This enzyme has been localized to epitheliocytes of Brunner’s glands, and as described here, to mast cells within the intestinal mucosa and lungworm-infected lung, implying an important additional role in inflammation and tissue remodelling. In primary cultures of pulmonary artery fibroblasts, duodenase induced a concentration-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation with a maximal effect observed at 30 nM.

10p research12 01-06-2013 54 3   Download

An RBCC (RING finger, B-box, and coiled-coil) protein was identified that belongs to the superfamilyof zinc-binding proteins and is specifically expressed in the gill of eel, Anguilla japonica. Euryhaline fishes such as eels canmigrate between freshwater and seawater, which is considered to be accomplished by efficient remodeling of the architecture and function of the gill, a major osmoregulatory organ.

10p tumor12 22-04-2013 35 3   Download

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is one of the most potent inflammatory mediators. It is biosynthesized by either the de novobiosynthesis of glyceryl ether lipids or by remodeling ofmembranephospholipids. PAFis synthesizedandcatabo-lizedbyvarious renal cells andtissues andexerts awide range of biological activities on renal tissue suggesting a potential role during renal injury.

9p fptmusic 16-04-2013 50 4   Download

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare inherited human genetic disorder char-acterized by developmental abnormalities, UV sensitivity, and premature aging. The CS group B (CSB) protein belongs to the SNF2-family of DNA-dependent ATPases and is implicated in transcription elongation, transcription coupled repair, and base excision repair. It is a DNA stimula-ted ATPase and remodels chromatin in vitro. We demonstrate for the first time that full-length CSB positively cooperates in ATP hydrolysis as a function of protein concentration....

9p fptmusic 11-04-2013 41 2   Download

HAND2/dHAND is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in the heart and neural crest derivatives during embryogenesis. Although dHAND is essential for branchial arch, cardiovascular and limb development, its target genes have not been identified. The regulatory mech-anisms of dHAND function also remain relatively unknown. Here we report that Akt/PKB, a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in cell survival, growth and differ-entiation, phosphorylates dHAND and inhibits dHAND-mediated transcription....

11p awards 05-04-2013 46 5   Download

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays an important role in tissue remodelling and fibrogenesis by inducing synthesis of collagen I via protein kinase C (PKC). ET-1 signals are transduced by two receptor subtypes, the ETA- and ETB-receptors which activate different Gaproteins.

13p dell39 27-03-2013 33 3   Download

Cells offer different types of cytoskeletal anchorages: transitory structures such as focal contacts and perennial ones such as the sarcomeric cytoskele-ton of muscle cells. The turnover of these structures is controlled with dif-ferent timing by a family of cysteine proteases activated by calcium, the calpains.

12p inspiron33 25-03-2013 28 5   Download

Epigenetic mechanisms control eukaryotic development beyond DNA-stored information. There are several pathways, including histone tail mod-ifications, histone variant incorporation, nucleosome remodelling, DNA methylation and noncoding RNAs that together all contribute to the dynamic ‘make-up’ of chromatin under distinct developmental options.

15p inspiron33 25-03-2013 39 4   Download

In previous studies, we have demonstrated that RhoA⁄B-dependent signal-ing regulates TGFb-induced rapid actin reorganization in Swiss 3T3 fibro-blasts. Here we report that TGFbregulates long-term actin remodeling by increasing the steady-state mRNA levels of the RhoBgene in mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and human hepatoma HepG2 cells.

14p galaxyss3 07-03-2013 45 4   Download

b-Adrenergic receptor (b-AR)-induced cardiac remodeling is closely linked with the re-expression of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene. How-ever, the exact molecular mechanism of this response remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that theb-AR agonist isoproterenol potently evokes the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and increases its transcriptional...

8p galaxyss3 07-03-2013 35 3   Download

Obesity is a known risk factor for induction of myocardial infarction, but, paradoxically, may also confer a protective effect against subsequent remodeling leading to heart failure. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin, the product of the obese (ob) gene, on cardiomyocyte apoptosis, a well-characterized component of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction.

9p galaxyss3 07-03-2013 51 2   Download

Human heart LIM protein (hhLIM) is a newly cloned protein.In vitro analyses showed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged hhLIM pro-tein accumulated in the cytoplasm of C2C12 cells and colocalized with F-actin, indicating that hhLIM is an actin-binding protein in C2C12 cells.

11p media19 06-03-2013 49 1   Download

Human mitochondrial NAD(P) + -dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD-ME) is a malic enzyme isoform with dual cofactor specificity, ATP inhibition and substrate cooperativity. The determinant of ATP inhibition in malic enzyme isoforms has not yet been identified.

16p vinaphone15 28-02-2013 51 4   Download

In an attempt to identify potential therapeutic targets for the correction of muscle wasting, the gene expression of several pivotal proteins involved in protein metabolism was investigated in experimental atrophy induced by transient or definitive denervation, as well as in four animal models of muscular dystrophies (deficient for calpain 3, dysferlin,a-sarcoglycan and dystrophin, respectively).

16p vinaphone15 27-02-2013 42 2   Download

The chitinolytic enzyme machinery of fungi consists of chitinases andb-N-acetylglucosaminidases. These enzymes are important during the fungal life cycle for degradation of exogenous chitin, which is the second most abun-dant biopolymer, as well as fungal cell-wall remodelling.

12p vinaphone15 25-02-2013 42 4   Download

Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A3 (EphA3, EC 2.7.10.1) is a member of a unique branch of the kinome in which downstream signaling occurs in both ligand- and receptor-expressing cells. Consequently, the ephrins and ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases often mediate processes involving cell–cell con-tact, including cellular adhesion or repulsion, developmental remodeling and neuronal mapping.

10p vinaphone15 25-02-2013 34 2   Download