Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infection of humans caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). In chronic carriers, the bacteria survive the harsh environment of the gallbladder by producing biofilm. The phenotype of S. Typhi biofilm cells is significantly different from the free-swimming planktonic cells, and studies have shown that they are associated with antibiotic resistance, immune system evasion, and bacterial persistence. However, the mechanism of this transition and the events leading to biofilm formation are unknown.

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Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterium causing a wide range of clinical syndromes ranging from typhoid fever to diarrheic disease. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars infect humans and animals, causing important health burden in the world. Susceptibility to salmonellosis varies between individuals under the control of host genes, as demonstrated by the identification of over 20 genetic loci in various mouse crosses. We have investigated the host response to S.

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Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, follows a fecal-oral transmission route and is a major global public health concern, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious issue; the list of treatments for typhoid fever is ever-decreasing.

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The study was done in the Department of Microbiology, at University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi from 2011 to 212.A preformatted questionnaire was used for selection of 100 patients with suspected enteric fever to be included in the study.

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Typhoid fever is endemic in all parts of India and Widal test is used for diagnosis. Interpretation of Widal test is based on the baseline titre of healthy population of particular geography. Aim of This study to determine baseline titre of Widal test in healthy individual in Ahmedabad. 500 samples were tested from healthy population were analysed for the presence of Salmonella antibodies by quantitative Tube Widal test...

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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative serious contagious pathogen having a broad host range. It has been associated with a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, including typhoid fever and nontyphoidal salmonellosis, which cause public health problems worldwide. Several genes contribute in virulence and determine pathogenicity of this isolate.

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Though dengue, chikungunya and typhoid fever have emerged as major public health problems in India, concurrent infection with these diseases is rarely reported. The present study was undertaken with the aim of determining the occurrence of dengue fever in febrile patients and co-infection with chikungunya and typhoid fever in South Indian population. Serum samples from 278 patients were tested during November- December 2017 for various parameters like Dengue IgM, Chikungunya IgM, Dengue IgG and Salmonella IgM by ELISA.

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Enteric fever still remains as an important cause for morbidity and mortality throughout the world and the causative organism for Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C respectively. Objective of the study is to compare and evaluate the performance of Qualitative and semiquantitative Slide Widal test and Quantitative Tube Widal test for diagnosis of enteric fever. A cross sectional study was undertaken and about 400paired serum samples were obtained from the patients and were subjected to both slide and tube widal tests.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is an intracellular anaerobic gram-negative bacterium, which causes typhoid fever in humans. The emergence of multi-drug resistance Salmonella typhi strains has become a significant issue leading to more difficulties in the management of disease especially in developing countries. High genetic variations among the field isolates may cause vaccination failure.

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Typhoid fever is a noted cause of morbidity worldwide and a major public health problem in India and other developing countries. An early and accurate diagnosis is essential for a prompt and effective treatment. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the efficacy of rapid Salmonella-IgM test (Typhi-dot M) and Widal test in both blood culture positive and negative patients in the diagnosis of enteric fever in a tertiary hospital. A total 794 patients serum samples were tested by rapid Salmonella-IgM test (Typhi-dot M), Widal test and blood culture.

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Diagnosis of enteric fever based on clinical presentation is difficult as signs and symptoms are often non-specific. Isolation of enteric fever pathogens remains the gold standard in diagnosis. Removal of serum with antibacterial activity in clot culture, may enhance the growth of typhoid bacilli. We would like to evaluate clot blood culture system over conventional blood culture and Biphasic blood culture for diagnostic accuracy.

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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi. A very similar but often less severe disease is caused by S. paratyphi A, B and sometimes C. Enteric fever is endemic in all parts of India. S. typhi and S. paratyphi A are the predominant types of Salmonella responsible of enteric fever in India. An antibiogram is the result of a laboratory testing for the sensitivity of an isolated bacterial strain to different antibiotics.

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Typhoid fever continues to be a global health problem, with an estimated 12 to 33 million cases occurring worldwide each year. India is an endemic country; sera of particular healthy individuals contain antibodies capable of reacting to a variable titre in Widal test due to previous stimuli. It is therefore, important to establish the antibody level in the normal population by “Widal baseline titre” in a particular locality. The serum samples are processed by Widal tube agglutination test to find out the baseline Widal titre. I

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Health care providers lacking proper diagnostic tools are usually unable to determine specific etiologies, often diagnosing patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) presumptively based on clinical features and assumptions regarding circulating pathogens. Acute fever can be potentially fatal if the etiology is not recognized and treated appropriately. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Bengaluru, from July-December 2018. Blood was collected from patients with acute fever for peripheral smear, serological tests.

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Enteric fever is a global health problem and is also endemic in India. The etiologic agents of enteric fever i.e. S. typhi and S. paratyphi occurs mostly through food-borne or waterborne transmission. Worldwide, however, there are an estimated 22 million cases of enteric fever annually, with 600,000 deaths and an estimate of the annual typhoid incidence rate of 493.5 per 100,000 person years was reported from India in 2008. The laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever is very important mainly in this post-antibiotic era.

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Typhoid fever remain a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and economic loss regardless of age or gender in developing countries. A sensitive and specific test is urgently needed for the accuracy of the diagnosis. The clinical pictures is commonly misleading with other ferial diseases and diagnosis depends mainly on the laboratory. By using molecular method especially nested PCR it provides the highest sensitivity and specificity.

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Rickettsial diseases are an important cause of undifferentiated acute febrile illness. The lack of classical manifestations can make their diagnosis difficult. Even though the diseases are endemic in India, they are less reported from New Delhi and surrounding regions. Aim is to estimate the seropositivity of Rickettsial infections in cases of undifferentiated acute febrile illness from a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi and to analyze their clinical profile. This prospective observational study was conducted from November 2016 to March 2018.

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Typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance by Salmonellae typhi adds to the complexity in treating the patients. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi, the human specific, causative agent of typhoid fever, is one of the most common infectious diseases in developing countries like India 1. Widal test is associated with numerous limitations, but is still considered and extensively used as the diagnostic tool in our area.

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(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document Infectious diseases - Radiology has contents: Neonatal tetanus, other infectious diarrhea, pulmonary tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, schistosomiasis, radiology of parasitic infections,... and other contents. Invite you to refer.

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Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease. The growth of serotypes S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever. The remaining serotypes (nontyphoidal Salmonella, or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects.

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