"红" trong tiếng Hán và "đỏ", "hồng " trong tiếng Việt

NGONNGtr&Bdl S 6 N G<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> a TRONG TEENG HAN<br /> VA " D 6 ' % " HONG" TRONG TEENG VIET<br /> "Sl" IN CHINESE AND "DO", " H 6 N G " IN VIETNAMESE<br /> HOANG THJ BANG TAM<br /> (TS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfr, DHQG Hd Npi)<br /> Abstract: Ck)Ior is a remarlcable part in the culture of each coimtry, the difference in color<br /> in each language is certainly related to each nation's culture. In Vietnamese and Ctiinese,<br /> "red" is one of the basic colors. Red is not only used for describing but also carries rich<br /> cultural connotations and reflects the cultural features of the nation. There are many words<br /> wliich mean "red" in Vietnamese and Chinese, however, the words used the most is "SE" in<br /> Chinese and "dd" and "hing" in Vietnamese.<br /> Key words: red; cultural connotation; Chinese cititure; Vietnamese culture.<br /> 1. Ddt van de<br /> LL Mdu sdc dupc coi Id bilu tupng vdn<br /> hda dau tien cfla nhdn logi. Sy hlnh thanh h$<br /> thong tfl chi mau sdc gdn lien vdi ljch sfl hlnh<br /> thdnh, vdn hda truyen thing dfin t$e. M3i ddn<br /> tpc diu cd m^t h^ thing tft chi mdu sdc trong<br /> kho tfl vyng. Mdu sdc khdng chl cd tdc dyng<br /> mifiu td sy vgt tupn tupng trong ty nhien, md<br /> cdn the hipn phuang thuc tu duy, quan dilm<br /> tham my, xu hudng tfim tf vd phong tyc tgp<br /> quan cua dan tpc. Trong hp thong tfl chl mau<br /> sdc, mau dd td mpt trong nhthig mdu ca bdn.<br /> L2. Tilng Hdn sft dyng cac tfl nhu<br /> <br /> #<br /> <br /> (xich), 5fc (chu), a (hing) de chi mau dd.<br /> Trong cac tu tren, chfl ^ (xfch) xudt lufn dd<br /> lau trong vdn ty gidp cot, cflng Id mpt trong<br /> nhihig chft chi mau sdc xuat hifn sdm nhdt,<br /> cdn chft & (hong) xudt hipn sau. Tft dien "Tu<br /> nguyfin" djnh nghia "Hong, thdi cl dl chi mdu<br /> dd nhgf ( Q l ^ . - ^ J g ^ a ^ ) . Trong tilng<br /> Vift cdc tft chi mau dd cd "do", "diiu",<br /> "hong", "son", "xich". Til "hdng" ngodi chi<br /> mflc d$ cfla mdu dd, cdn dflng de chi mdu<br /> hing. "Tft diln tieng Vipf' (Nguyen Ldn chfl<br /> <br /> bien,1977) djnh nghTa vl tft "hing": "I. D6:<br /> cd hing. 2. Dd nhgt md tuoi: md hong".<br /> Cd till thdy tieng Hdn vd tilng Vift sii<br /> dyng khdng chl m$t tfl dl chi mdu dd. Nhung<br /> ngdy nay tft chi mdu dd dupc sft dyng rpng rSi<br /> nhat, pho bien nhdt trong tilng Hdn td KL,<br /> trongtiengVift Id "(?d ", "hong". Hdm nglua<br /> vdn hda trong cdc tft ndy cflng da dgng vd phiic<br /> tgp nhdt<br /> 2. Khdo sdt cv the<br /> 2.L £L trong tiing Hdn<br /> Ld mft trong nhihig tft chi mdu co bdn, fSL<br /> cd the Icet hpp vdi cdc dan vj khdc de tgo<br /> thdnh cdc tft vd cym tfl co djnh theo md hlnh:"<br /> SE X" vd ,"X fSL". Tft gde df ngft nghTa, chflng<br /> tdi phan chia "SC X" - "X SE"flidnhhai logi<br /> sau:<br /> Thit nhit, khd ndng kit hpp cfla SE de tgo<br /> cdc tft, cym tft chi mdu sdc; Cdn cfl vdo s^<br /> mieu td mdu sdc, phan bift mdu sdc, cd ihk<br /> chia nhdm tft ndy thdnh hai togi:<br /> a) Tryc tilp gpi ten mau sdc. Vf dy: SEfe,<br /> #SE.<br /> <br /> S6lO(240)-201S<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G f & Bfa S 6 N G<br /> <br /> 67<br /> <br /> b) Mieu td mau dd: a. ket h(?p vdi dem vj<br /> Khi bdn ve mdu dd vd vdn hda dto tpc Hdn,<br /> chi miu sic ldi4c, vf dy: iSSe, 3 a;b. Itet liflp Tfr Trilu Hoa cho rdng, tfr cA chi kim, dto tpc<br /> Hdn iudn thfch mdu do tueri, djc dilm tdm 1!<br /> vdi dem vj chi sv vjt, vf du: ^SL, ^S.,:)iS.,<br /> dto tpc ndy dS dupc phto dnh trong vi$c sil<br /> a:i«si6,9:«6,«Hfe,«fl:,iiiiH:,fl:i^»; dyng t(r chi mdu sdc trong tieng Hto co. Tdc<br /> d) Ket h()p m0t don vi ldi4c, vi dv: XSL. 3K gid cdn chi rd, thdi thupng co, ngudi ta diing<br /> ^ (xfch) de chi mdu dd. Ngudi nguydn thily<br /> dOng b$t sdt, mdu dd cua bdt sa thgch, vd sd<br /> 7Ali' Aaj, Idii n9ng Icet h(;)p cAa S.ih^a dl ldm d?p. Thdi nhd Chu, dd Id mdu dupc<br /> ngudi ta ua dfmg, "Le kf' cd viet "Ngudi nhd<br /> cdc ti>, cym tif chi mdu sdc chi ngu6i ho$c s\r<br /> Thuemg thich mdu dd" (Thuong nhto thupng<br /> v?t. Vi dy: ttjfi, S A , a < t , ffft, H'S, S. xfch). Tir thdi Tam Qu6c din thdi T k Hto,<br /> ^ , v.v. NghTa bi^u trung, hdm nghta vdn h6a "ngii sdc" dupc coi Id mdu chinh thing, trong<br /> cua tfr ^ vd tur ngf}, cym tfr c6 ^ chili y^u dd mdu dd dupc coi Id mdu ciia sy cao quy.<br /> Thdi nhd Budng # (xfch) vd tt (hong) cd<br /> thuOc lo^i ndy.<br /> nghta nhu nhau. Thdi ki d^u nhd Tong, tt<br /> ZZ "Bd", " hing" trong liing Viit<br /> Trong ti^ng Vi$t, "dd", "hing" kk htfp (hing) bdt dau dupc sir dyng trong dto gian.<br /> vin cdc dem vj khdc tgo thdnh cAu true "d6 X", Thdi nhd Minh, mdu dd bdt dau dupc dto gian<br /> "h4ng X", hojc "X dd", "X hSng". Cdn cir vdo dupc gdn th€m nghta vdn hda. Cd thl thiy<br /> mdu dd cd nguin goc vto hda rdt sdu xa. Trdi<br /> ngfl' nghta, chfing tdi chia thdnh hai iogi sau:<br /> M^t Id, miiu Id mdu sdc: "dd ", "hing" qua<br /> ket vdi ngto ndm phdt triln, mdu dd dd hlnh<br /> hqfp vdi dem vj chi mdu sdc khdc ho$c cd thS thdnh nto nhihig ylu tl vto hda ddc ddo.<br /> khdng chl mdu sdc dl tgo thdnh tiT chf mdu<br /> D I tim hilu sdu hon vl nghta bilu trung<br /> sdc. Vf dy: dd ndu, dd tia, do cam. Cd ihk chfa<br /> ciia mdu dd trong vto hda Hto, chiing tdi tiln<br /> nhdm tiT ndy thdnh b6n iogi gdm: a) Gpi t€n hdnh khdo sdt cdc tir ngfj" cd chura tt trong<br /> mdu sdc, vf dy: mdu dd, hing mdu hing, b) "Tir diln Hto ngfl- hi$n dgi", "Tii diln thdnh<br /> Migu td mdu dd, vi dy: dd cam, dd Idm, dd tia;<br /> ngfl- tilng Hto". Ket qud cho thiy, cd 123 tir<br /> c) Ket hpp vdi tSn gpi m^t sy v$t de mieu td ngii cd ylu tl S. (hing). Trong dd, cd hai logi:<br /> mdu sdc, vi dy: dd cd, dd mdu, dd Ilia; d) Ketmpt id tir ngfi chi mang nghta mi6u td<br /> hpp vdi dem vj ndo dd ho$c Idy igi thdnh ph4n<br /> (45/123, chilm 37%), mdt logi mang nghta<br /> kk hpp dS chi mdu dd, vf dy: dd Ide, dd tuoi,<br /> bilu trung ho$c vfra mang nghta bilu trung<br /> dd ung dd hon hdn, dd hdy hdy.<br /> vira mang nghta mieu td (78/123, chilm 63%).<br /> Hai li, chl ngudi hodc su vdt: dd, hing cd<br /> the kit hpp vdi cdc don vj khdc tgo thdnh tit Nhu vfy cd thl thiy, cdc tir ngft cd chira S.<br /> ngft chl ngudi hojc sy v$t, vf dy : vdn dd, si trong tieng Hto nghitog ve nghta bilu tnmg<br /> dd, nhae dd; hing nhan, hdng trdn. Hdm<br /> hem nghta migu td. Nghta bilu trung cila 1£L<br /> nghta vdn hda cua dd, hong chu ylu thupe<br /> gom:<br /> trong log) ndy.<br /> Z3. Hdm nghia vdn hda cda mdu dd Irong 1) Tupng trung cho sy may mto, vui vd, tit<br /> ldnh: trong vdn hda Hto, dd dupc coi id hi sdc.<br /> liing Hdn vi liing Vi$l<br /> 2.3.1. Nghta biiu trung cda mdu dd trongId mto cua sy may mto, vui vd, tit ldnh, Vi<br /> dy: ttX^lR (cfiu dll dd) dupc cdc'gia dinh<br /> vdn hda Hdn<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> 68<br /> <br /> Trung Qaoc treo vao dip Tit; cdng ty ptidt<br /> tiln thudig gpi Id phat S E ^ (hong bao); khi<br /> kit hdn ngudi ta ddn chft S hi mdu dd ( S E ^<br /> S ? ) ; cd ddu chfl re mdc trang phyc mdu dd<br /> ( SE?!c ) . tii^ nen dd ( S E i g ^ ) .<br /> 2) Ld mau mang y nghia trft td: thdi quen<br /> tfim If ndy da hinh thdnh 1ft tfiu. Thdi c l khi ra<br /> trgn, cdc buih sT thirdng deo mpt cm tiia do gpi<br /> td SE9 d dau giao de trdnh nhftng dieu khdng<br /> may mfin. Tdc dyng trft td cfta mdu dd dd cd tfl<br /> thdi CO dgi, ngudi ta dflng mdu dd de nhufm<br /> qudn do, rdc bpt mdu dd, khdng phdi vi sy<br /> chdi lpi cfla mdu dd md vl nd Id mdu dupc<br /> dung trong cdc nghT le cdu cflng cfla xd hfi<br /> thdi dd, nd hodn todn la tfn hifu cfta cdc nghi<br /> le cau cung. Do vgy md mdu dd dupc gdn cho<br /> nghTa la " trft td ma". Tft quan nifm nay, ngudi<br /> Trung Quoc hay cho tre con m|ic mdu dd, do<br /> chai khdu bdng vdi dd, deo dfiy timg mau dd,<br /> dflng mdu dd dilm vdo trdn diu mang nghTa<br /> trdnh dieu khdng may mfin, trdnh t)f nh t§t,<br /> mong muon dupc khde mgnh, binh an.<br /> 3) Mau cfla sy tdn quy: dd Id mdu chfnh<br /> thing, quan nifm mau chfnh thong (chfnh sdc)<br /> vd mdu dan gian (gian sdc) md hlnh thdnh nen<br /> khdi nifm tdn quy vd ti tifn, chinh thong vd<br /> phi chinh thing. Tft quan nifm ndy n£n mdu<br /> dd trong xd hfi phong kien dupc dung cho quy<br /> tfc. Tudng nhd cfla hodng cung, tu thdt cfla<br /> quy tfc, den milu thudng dupc son mdu dd.<br /> Do v^y tft SEP (hong mdn) dupe dflng de chl<br /> cfla cung difn.<br /> 4) Tupng trung cho tiidnh cdng, thugn Igri,<br /> thjnh vupng, phdt dgt: Id mdu cfla sy may mfin,<br /> nen tft chi mau dd SE kit hpp vdi mpt s l tft dl<br /> bieu thi sy thdnh cdng, thjnh vupng, phdt dgt,<br /> vf dy: S E s (vgn may) , SEA (ngudi dupc<br /> ldnh dgo coi trpng vd danh gid cao) , S E ; ^ ^<br /> (phdt dgt, thjnh vupng) , 5f HSE (thanh cdng<br /> budc ddu).<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> 5) Chi ngudi phy ntt tie: Khdng chl mang<br /> cdc nghTa bilu trung trfin, SE trong tilng Hdn<br /> ket hpp vdi mft so tii cdn dimg dl chi n g i ^<br /> phy nft trd dpp, vi dy: S t S , SE®.<br /> 6 ) Mdu cfla cdch mgng, chfl nghTa xd hfi:<br /> Trung Quic giai dogn hifn dgi, dd td mdu bilu<br /> trung cfla Ddng cfng sdn, chfl nghia x3 hfi,<br /> gidc ngf cdch mgng, do vfiy rdt nhilu cdc cym<br /> tft dupc edu tgo tft SE dl chl cdch mgng ho$c<br /> xd hfi chfl nghia dupc hlnh thdnh nhu: SE^<br /> (hong qudn) , SEffil (nhgc dd) . S E f e ^ ^ (dja<br /> chidd) . £ E i g ( c d d d ) .<br /> 2.3.2. Nghta biiu trung cda mau do trong<br /> vdn hda Vi^tNam<br /> Trong quan nifm cfla ngudi Vift Nam, d6<br /> cung td mdu sdc ciia sy vui vd, may mdn, hgnh<br /> phflc. Khdo sdt hai cuin trong "Tft diln tieng<br /> Vift" (1977) vd "Tft diln tilng Viff* (2011)<br /> chflng tdi thu thgp dupe 52 tft cd chfla "dd",<br /> "hing". Trong dd cd 34 tii chl dftng dl miSu \k<br /> (chilm 65%), 18 tft mang nghta bilu trung<br /> ho$c vira mang nghTa bilu trung vfta mang<br /> nghTa mieu td (chiem 35%). Cdc tft vd cym tir<br /> chua "dd", "hong" trong tilng Vift cd nhibig<br /> nghTa bilu tnmg sau:<br /> I) Bilu trung cho sy may mdn, cdt tudng,<br /> vui vd, hgnh phuc: tieng Vift cd cdc tft ".»<br /> do ", " vgn do " dk bilu thj sy may mfin. Ngudi<br /> Vift Nam ciing dflng mdu dd trong nhttng djp<br /> long trpng nhu le dn hdi cd dau thudng m$c jo<br /> dm mdu dd, te cudi ddn chtt hi mdu dd.<br /> 2) Bilu thj sy trang trpng, chdo ddn: tilng<br /> Vift dflng tft "trdi thdm do" dl bilu tiij sv<br /> nhift tift chdo mfltng. Nhung cd thl nghta bilu<br /> tnmg ndy khdng li€n quan din ddc tnmg vSn<br /> hda dfin tpc, md nd dugc djch tryc tilp tft tieng<br /> Anh "red carpet".<br /> 3) Chi ngudi con gdi trd: tijr "hSng nhan",<br /> "hdng qudn" trong tilng Vift chf ngudi con<br /> gdi tr* vd dpp.<br /> 4) Bilu thj cdch mgng, xd hfi chfl n ^<br /> cdc tii "nhgcdd". "hdng qudn". "dfa chi do'<br /> Id nhflng tfl lien quan din cdch mgng.<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & Bin S 6 N G<br /> <br /> 5) Bieu thj sy tflfc gidn ho§c mong mdi: cdc "SEA" khdng ndi la "ngudi dd", ho$c "SE'^"<br /> cym tft "dd mdt tia iai", "tdc dd mdt". "mong ngudi Vift Nam khdng ndi td "bao dd" md gpi<br /> dd mdt" bieu thj sy tftc gi^n hodc mong mdi.<br /> td "tien", "tiin thuang", ddi khi cd the gpi td<br /> 2.3.3.S0 sdnh hdm nghta vdn hda cda mdu<br /> "phongbi" "phongbao".<br /> do trong tiing Hdn vd tiing Viit<br /> Sy gilng nhau vl nghTa bilu tnmg cfla mdu<br /> Ham nghTa vdn hda cfla tft chi mdu sdc<br /> trong ngdn ngtt cd mli liSn hf m§t tiiilt vdi sy dd trong vfin hda Hdn vd vdn hda Vift Nam,<br /> tu duy liSn tudng dan tfc, do dd thdng qua ngodi cd nguygn nhfin tfl sy tu duy lidn tudng,<br /> mdu sdc cd the nhln thay tdm tf vdn hda cfla mdu dd td mdu cfla Ifl^ cfla mdt trdi n6n tgo<br /> dan tfc dd. So sdnh cdc cym tft chf mdu dd cdm gidc dm dp vui vd, thl cdn cd nguydn nhfin<br /> trong tieng Hdn vd tilng Vift, chung tdi r\h$n tft sy tiep xflc vfin hda gitta hai ddn tfc.<br /> thdy cd sy gilng vd khdc nhau sau:<br /> 3. Ket lugn<br /> 1) Tuang duong vi mdt chu vd cOng<br /> Tft chi mdu dd SE trong tilng Hdn vd<br /> giong nhau vi nghta bieu tnmg. Tilng Hdn cd "dd", "hing" tilng Vift diu mang hdm nghTa<br /> vdn<br /> hda phong phu. Ngodi cdc tfl tuong duong<br /> cdc tft SE@5, SEIS dl chi ngudi con gditihdpp,<br /> nhau vl m$t chtt vd cung tuong duong vl<br /> thi tieng Vift eiing sfl dyng cdc tft Hdn Vift<br /> nghTa bilu trung thl cung cd rdt nhilu tft ngft<br /> "hdng nhan", "hdng qudn". Tilng Hdn cd tft tucmg duong vl m^t chft nhung khdng tuong<br /> SEW;tilltilngVift cdtiJr"nhgc dd".<br /> duong vl nghTa bilu trung ho$c nghTa m^t chft<br /> 2) NghTa mdt chit tuang duang nhau, vd ng^Ta bilu tnmg deu khdng tuong duong.<br /> nhung nghia biiu tnmg khdc nhau. Tilng Hdn Lf do Id vl, chftng chju tdc dpng cfla hdng logt<br /> vd tilng Vift cd nhieu cym tft ve m^t chtt Id cdc nhdn tl xd hf i-ngdn ngtt. Ket qud so sdnh<br /> hdm nghta vdn hda cfla cdc tft chl mdu dd giflp<br /> tuong duong nhau, nhung vl nghTa bilu trung<br /> cho vifc hpc tdp cung nhu djch thugt.<br /> Igi khdc nhau. Vf dy tft SE^ trong tilng Hdn,<br /> TAI LI^U THAM KHAO<br /> tilng Vift cflng cd tft hodn todn tuong flng<br /> 1. Nguyin Khdnh Hd, (2010), Nghlit<br /> "thdm dd" , nhung hdm nghTa vdn hda cfla hai phdi sinh cOa tit chi mdu s^c trong tiing Viit<br /> tfl ndy hodn todn Ichdc nhau: SE^ dftng dl chl Ngdn ngtt & Ddi slwg; 9, tr 6-9.<br /> hdn ll, cdn 'Uhdm do" bilu thj sy nhift lift<br /> 2. ^ S S # , (1999), ±*3l@®fe^1Bl<br /> hoan nghdnh; tilng Hdn cd tft HSM,tilngVift<br /> cd cym tft "dd mdt" , nhung SEBS bilu thi sy<br /> ^en tj, cdn "dd mdt" trong tilng Vift khdng<br /> 3. K I E ^ , M i i a , (2008), S5XA^b^<br /> mang nghta ghen tj.<br /> 3) Nghia mdt chit khdng tuang duang,<br /> nghta biiu trung cSng khdc nhau: Cd nhilu<br /> 4. $SEei , (2007), 5ftit5X^Sife^S<br /> sy v§t hifn tupng, tilng Hdn dflng mdu dd dk<br /> bilu thj, nhung tilng Vift khdng dflng mdu dd.<br /> Ngupc tgi, cd rdt nhieu sy vgt hifn tupng tilng<br /> 5. SS'h^. ( 1988 ) , 3i2|s:@ifeteStfe<br /> Vift dftng mdu dd dk bilu thj, nhung tilng<br /> Hdn igi khdng dimg. Vf dy: tilng Hdn cd tfl<br /> ?f SEH, tilng Vift khdng ndi Id "md cfta dd"; ig|fe^%^?e, 1,25-28.<br /> <br />