A suppressive role of guanine nucleotidebinding protein subunit beta-4 inhibited by DNA methylation in the growth of antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Although the endocrine therapy that targets estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling has been well established as an effective adjuvant treatment for patients with ERα-positive breast cancers, long-term exposure may eventually lead to the development of acquired resistance to the anti-estrogen drugs, such as fulvestrant and tamoxifen.