Báo cáo khoa học: " Semantic Ambiguity"

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The extent of the problem of multiple meaning in translation is illustrated in this analysis of a sample page of Russian scientific text. The use of an idioglossary represents only a partial solution to the problem. AN ANALYSIS of a sample page of Russian scientific text 1 revealed the following distribution of words, with respect to semantic clarity or ambiguity:

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[Mechanical Translation, vol.4, no.3, December 1957; pp. 68-69] Semantic Ambiguity Kenneth E. Harper, University of California, Los Angeles, California T he extent of the problem of multiple meaning in translation is illustrated in t his analysis of a sample page of Russian scientific text. The use of an idio- g lossary represents only a partial solution to the problem. AN ANALYSIS of a sample page of Russian scientific text 1 revealed the following distribution of w ords, with respect to semantic clarity or ambiguity: Single Value Idioms Multiple Values Word-for-word C larified by MT s tructural analysis Words 77* 7 24 46 ( 30% of total) Running 40 24 7 5 ( 28% of total) words Total number of words: 151 Total number of running words: 266 Figure 1 C allaham's Russian-English Technical and Conclusion: 30% of the total words in the pas- Scientific Dictionary was consulted for English s age analyzed should be represented by three equivalents of the multiple-valued words. The English equivalents. This figure has no mean- average number of equivalents for these words ing as applied to any given word; it is perhaps was 8.6. Many of these equivalents may be a n indication of the extent of the problem of c onsidered as synonyms; when there is a m ultiple meaning. The problem can be par- f airly distinct change in meaning, the listing t ially solved by an arbitrary selection of a i s divided into groups, separated by a semi- g iven equivalent for certain fields (the Idio- colon. The average number of such groups, g lossary). Even here, there are definite limits, r epresenting distinct meanings, is 3. 0 ( see a s the list of typical multiple meaning words in F ig. II). F ig. II shows. * O f this number, 22 words (42 runnings 1 . F. M. Gol'tsman and SH. SH. Raskin, w ords) were "technical" words of one value, "O dielectricheskikh svoistvakh nekotorykh s uch as 'polymorphic', 'dielectric', etc. polimorfnykh organicheskikh soedinenii", T hese words composed 15% of the total. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. LXXIX, no. 5. 1953. p. 187.
S emantic Ambiguity 69 Multiple listings of equivalents, taken from Callaham's Technical Dictionary, are illustrated by the following sample entries. (The figures indicate, left, the total number of equivalents, and right, the lexicographer's attempt to distinguish between groups of synonyms.) 7-4 строение: 9-3 изменение: building, construction; formation; change, alteration, variation, modifica- tion, conversion, transformation; fluc- structure; constitution; texture, grain tuation, deviation; correction 5-4 явление: phenomenon; effect; (med.) symptom; 9-2 объем: appearance, occurrence volume, size, bulk, space, capacity, contents; compass, extent, amplitude 6-3 увеличение: increase, growth, augmentation; en- hancement; enlargement, magnification 11-4 переход: transition, passing over, passing, con- 5-2 потеря: version; passage, crossing, migration loss, disappearance, waste, escape (of ions); exchange (of places), switch- (of gas, etc.); (mil.) casualty ing; blending, shading (of colors) 7-2 скачок: 15-6 величина: jump, skip, leap, spring, bound; rapid size, dimension, measure; (math.) change, drop value, magnitude, quantity, amount; volume, bulk; degree, extent (of error), 8-2 нарушение: s cope; intensity (of force, etc.); big- breaking, breach, infringement, infrac- ness, greatness tion, transgression, violation; disturb- ance, dislocation 9-3 смешанный 6-2 отличаться: mixed, miscellaneous, composite, com- differ, be distinguished (by), be charac- pound, combination, blended; hybrid; terized (by); surpass, out-do, excel stirred, agitated F igure 2