Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " IMPROVING CAPABILITY FOR ASSESSING SOIL CONSTRAINTS USING THE SCAMP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM "

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Xóa đói giảm nghèo nông thôn ở Việt Nam sẽ không thể đạt được trừ khi năng lực của nông dân thông qua lợi nhuận và bền vững hệ thống nông nghiệp được tăng cường thông qua công nghệ và kiến thức sản phẩm. Việt Nam có hiệu quả mạng lưới khuyến nông quốc gia, và mạng này được chấp nhận rộng rãi nông dân như một nguồn thông tin và tư vấn. Tuy nhiên, cán bộ khuyến nông thường thiếu một cơ bản nền khoa học đất làm cho nó khó khăn cho nông dân để có được thông tin về đất bền...

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " IMPROVING CAPABILITY FOR ASSESSING SOIL CONSTRAINTS USING THE SCAMP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM "

Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program IMPROVING CAPABILITY FOR ASSESSING SOIL CONSTRAINTS USING THE SCAMP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Project title: Improving capability of provincial extensionists for assessing soil constraints to sustainable production through the use of the SCAMP decision support system Project code: CARD 009/06 VIE Dr. Phan Thi Cong1; Dr. Philip W Moody2 Author(s): Project implementing organizations: 1 Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Southern Vietnam 2 Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management Sydney University, Australia SUMMARY Rural poverty reduction in Vietnam will not be achieved unless the capacity of farmers to adopt profitable and sustainable agricultural systems is enhanced through technology and knowledge products. Vietnam has an effective national extension network, and this network is widely accepted by farmers as a source of information and advice. However, agricultural extensionists often lack a basic background in soil science making it difficult for farmers to obtain information on sustainable soil management. The result is ‘one size fits all’ advice on cropping and tillage management. Fertiliser recommendations follow a recipe book based on the crop without regard to existing levels of soil fertility or inherent soil characteristics. However, the key to sustainable and profitable cropping is a soil-specific approach to soil management and nutrient inputs. This CARD project addressed the capacity gap in the soils knowledge of extensionists by providing basic training in soil and fertiliser management. In a previous ACIAR-funded project, the decision support package (‘SCAMP’- Soil Constraints and Management Package) was developed to identify soil constraints from simple field observation of soil features, supported by simple field and laboratory chemical analyses. SCAMP uses this soil-specific assessment to develop sustainable practices for soil and nutrient management. In the CARD project, SCAMP training courses were held for district and provincial extensionists in Gia Lai, Ninh Thuan and Tay Ninh Provinces. The workshops comprised in-field training to determine field texture, pH, and EC of soils and to observe and record properties such as position in the landscape, drainage, permeability, colour, structure and compaction. The implications of these properties for soil management were explained and discussed. At the Gia Lai and Tay Ninh workshops, participants visited local field experiments that had been set up to demonstrate how soil constraints identified in the SCAMP assessment could be addressed with management practices. Benefit/cost analysis of these practices demonstrated the benefits of using SCAMP to assess soil constraints to productivity. In total, 167 participants were trained at the workshops and answers to questionnaires indi cated that over 90% of participants would apply the knowledge and concepts presented at the workshops to their local situation by organising training workshops and one-on-one interactions with farmers. In addition, the IAS project team provided SCAMP training to project staff involved in the Agricultural Development Projects of the non-government organisation World Vision Vietnam. These World Vision 204
CARD 009/06 VIE – Capacity building in soils assessment using SCAMP project staff then trained over 500 smallholder farmers in basic soil management, thus efficiently extending the SCAMP training to individual farmers. Outputs from the project included reports that identified soil constraints to crop production in the target areas of the Central Highlands, South Central Coast and South East Regions. Site -specific management guidelines for sustainable production of focus crops on major soil groups in these areas were documented. In addition, the SCAMP manual has been translated into Vietnamese and is used as resource material at the workshops. observations made on crop growth responses 1. Project contents, methodology and to the farmer’s practice and the SCAMP results treatments. On the last day of the workshop, 1.1 Training Workshops teams reported back their results and these The training workshops consisted of one day were discussed. of lectures on basic soil properties, how they 1.2 Demonstration Field Experiments are measured and what they mean. The second The workshops in Gia Lai and Tay Ninh were day consisted of a field trip to local sites on supported by demonstration field experiments different soil types. Soil pits were dug to 150 that compared SCAMP-assessed treatments cm depth to examine soil profile characteristics with local farmer practice. Maize was grown at and to discuss the soil constraints and both sites. SCAMP treatments (balanced sustainable management using SCAMP. fertilisation using fertiliser ‘straights’ such as Participants were then split into groups to FMP and urea, and the application of locally undertake their own SCAMP assessments at available plant amendments) had higher different sites. The local demonstration field benefit cost ratios than farmer practice (Fig. 1). experiments were also visited, and 4 3.5 3 Benefit/Cost 2.5 Yr 1 Yr 2 2 Yr 3 1.5 1 0.5 0 Farmer Practice SCAMP Farmer Practice SCAMP Ferralsol Acrisol Figure 1. Benefit/Cost ratios of SCAMP treatments and Farmer Practice applied to maize at Gia Lai (Ferralsol) and Tay Ninh (Acrisol) 205
Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program project managers from several World Vision Documentation of Soil-specific 1.3 agricultural development projects in Vietnam. Management Guidelines for Regional Soils 2. Recommendation Based on available information on regional It was clearly identified by the extensionists soils and cropping systems, SCAMP that there was a high priority need for a assessments were prepared on soil constraints national mobile soil-testing service. This was to crop production in the target areas of the because fertiliser recommendations currently Central Highlands, South Central Coast and follow a recipe approach based on crop type South East Regions. These reports also without consideration of the existing soil provided site-specific management guidelines fertility status. This situation leads to over- for sustainable production of focus crops on application of inorganic fertilisers or major soil groups within the regions. unbalanced nutrient addition. To counteract this, on-site soil analyses for nitrate, Capacity Building 1.4 phosphorus and potassium are required. IAS The questionnaires at the training courses staff have been trained to do these analyses indicated some major changes in the rapidly in the field with a minimum of perceptions of extensionists as a result of the equipment. National mobile soil testing workshops. In particular there was increased services are funded by the national understanding of the impacts of key soil governments in Thailand (Dr Soils Program) properties such as field texture on soil and the Philippines. In these countries, rapid management, and greater awareness of the soil analyses are undertaken on farmers’ soil reasons for the beneficial effects of green samples at farmer field days, and on-the-spot manure residues on soil productivity. In fertiliser recommendations are given in particular, a better understanding of the effects conjunction with advice on other issues such as of specific soil properties on constraints plant disease and pest management. resulted in specific, rather than general, It is strongly recommended that such an suggestions for sustainable management approach be adopted in Vietnam as a national practices. It was also recognised that agricultural initiative. SCAMP assessment of application of fertilisers was not the answer to local soils in association with a mobile lab to all soil productivity problems. undertake analyses on farmer samples has All participants indicated their intention to tremendous potential for extending sustainable train local farmers in sustainable soil land management practices throughout the management using the SCAMP framework as country. the basic resource tool. It is expected that this will lead to widespread dissemination of knowledge. A mobile soil testing laboratory was identified by the participants as a high priority to improve fertiliser management. A very notable achievement of the Vietnamese project staff was the close interaction with the agricultural development projects of the NGO World Vision, particularly in Bac Binh. The IAS project staff ran a special SCAMP workshop in Ho Chi Minh City in 2007 for 206
CARD 009/06 VIE – Capacity building in soils assessment using SCAMP Some pictures from a training course Participants from the Southern Central Coast at Australian Project Leader, Dr Philip Moody Phan Rang Thap Cham on 25-27 June 2008 and the IAS Director, Prof. Dr Bui Chi Buu at the training course Dr Philip Moody and Dr Phan Thi Cong were Group discussion on soil texture, pH, EC explaining soil constraints to crop production of an alluvial soil where surface runoff is the main water supply mean practiced An Extremely compacted alluvial soil from In contrast, so easy to make a soil pit on a Phan Rang Thap Cham, Ninh Thuan where sandy soil grown to onion and garlic from Phan custard apples and grapes are grown Rang Thap Cham, Ninh Thuan. Participants from each group examined the soil by themselves. 207