Các mô thức của tính cá nhân, tính cộng đồng ở Việt Nam - TS. Lê Văn Hảo

CAC MO THQC C U A TINH CA NHAN<br /> TINH CONG DONG 6 VIET NAM-"<br /> TS. L6 Van Hao<br /> Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hpc vdn hod, Vic-n Tdm ly hgc.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TOM TAT<br /> Cdc nhd nghiin cdu diu nhd'l Iri rang, tlnh cdng ddng Id mdt dgc diem ndi trdi<br /> ciia ngudi Viet, dii tinh cd nhdn ciing song song tdn tai. Kit qud nghien ciru d nhiiu<br /> nen van hda khac dd phdt hiin ra 4 md Ihilclmdu hinh cd nhdn vd cdng ddng: cd nhdn<br /> binh ddng vd thd bdc: cdng dong binh ddng vd thirbcic. Kit qua nghien cim trin mdl<br /> mdu chon 739 ndng ddn (tudi trung binh Id 49) tir Hd Tdy, Thdi Binh, Hue. Long An,<br /> Cdn Tha cho thd'y cdch thdc hdnh ddng, img xu theo chieu hudng cgng ddng thir bac<br /> dugc ddnh gid cao nhd'l, hay duac sir dung nhd'l. cdn cd nhdn llut bdc dugc ddnh gid<br /> thdp nhd't, it dirge sir dung nhdt. Tir viin cdnh qudc li'vd Viit Nam, bdi viet cimg bdn<br /> lugn vi'xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn vd tinh cdng dong a Viet Nam trong bdi<br /> cdnh xd hdi dang cd nhieu biin ddi.<br /> Ttr khoa: Tinh cd nhdn, Tinh cgng ddng: Md thdc tinh cd nhdn: Md thiic linh<br /> cdng dong: Cd nhdn binh ddng: Cd nhdn Ihu bdc: Cdng ddng binh ddng: Cpng ddng<br /> thu bdc: Ndng ddn Viet Nam.<br /> Ngdy nhdn bdi: 311012012: Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 2011012012.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Dat van de<br /> Cac nha nghien cun nhu Dio Duy Anh, Tran Qud'c Vuong, Phan Huy<br /> Le, Trin Dinh Hugu, Ha Van Tin, Phan Nggc, Hflu Ngoc, Nguydn Hdng<br /> Phong, Dd Long, Trin Nggc Thdm vi nhidu ngudi khic - true Hep hay gian tidp<br /> - ddu nhi't trf ring tfnh cdng ddng li mdt dac didm ndi trdi cia ngudi Viet Nam,<br /> cua van hoa Viet Nam. Mat khac, mdt sd nghien cflu khae cua Young (1998,<br /> tr. 147 - 155), Dd Long vi Phan Thi Mai Huang (2002), Le Vin Hao (2005)<br /> cho thi'y, ngudi Vidt cung the hien ci tfnh vi mdt sd bidu hien khae cia tinh ci<br /> nhin. Nhidu nghien cuii trong tim ly hpc vin hda vi xuydn vin hda (Triandis,<br /> 1995; Le Van Hao, 2005) da chihig minh ring, tfnh ca nhin va tfnh cdng ddng<br /> eung cd thd ldn tai song song, tuong phin nhung khdng loai irtt nhau. Vd y nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 13<br /> Triandis so sanh tinh cdng ddng va linh ci nhin vdi hinh anh cia nude va bing.<br /> Tinh cdng ddng gidng nhu nude, cdn tfnh ca nhan gid'ng nhu bing. Cic phin tut<br /> nude ed thd chuydn hda thinh bing da, nhung bing di cung cd thd lan ra thinh<br /> nude. Vi the ma tdn lai cac kidu loai tfnh edng ddng vi ci nhin khac nhau, phu<br /> thupc vio su uu trdi cua cac phin t i li nude hay li da ehuydn hda thinh bing.<br /> Quan didm nay dugc dinh gii li mang tfnh bidn ehiing va da duge ehung minh<br /> bang kdl qua nghidn cihi ttt nhidu nude trdn thd gidi nhu An Dd, Trung Qudc,<br /> Nhit Bin, Han Q u d c . (xem chi licI Ld Vin Hio, 2005).<br /> Trong ly thuydl vd tinh ei nhan/cdng ddng cua minh, Triandis (1999) dd<br /> xuat khii niem ci nhin/cdng ddng ndn dugc hidu theo mdt ciu true da chidu,<br /> biii ngay ci nhan luin vi edng ddng luin cung cd cae kidu loai khac nhau<br /> mang dac didm vin hda xa hdi cu thd. Vi du, tinh cdng ddng cia cic xa hdi nhu<br /> Nhit Ban hay Han Qudc khac vdi tinh cdng ddng d Israel (kibbutz) hay ti'nh<br /> cdng ddng o Xd Viet trudc diy (cic ndng trang tip thd). Tuang tu, tfnh ea nhin<br /> cia ngudi My khic vdi linh ca nhin cia ngudi Thuy Didn vi mdt vii nude Bic<br /> Au. Tfl thuc Id niy, Triandis (1995) dua ra 4 md thflc eua tfnh ea nhin/cdng<br /> ddng: tfnh cdng ddng va ca nhin theo chieu ngang va chieu dgc. Vd dai thd, md<br /> thflc flng xu theo chidu ngang (du li mang tinh cdng ddng hay ca nhin) la md<br /> thflc trong dd coi "cii tdi" It nhidu ddu gid'ng ngudi khic, nha'n manh ddn su<br /> binh ding. Cdn Irong md thflc ung x i theo chidu dgc thi coi "eai tdi" khic vdi<br /> ngudi khae, nha'n manh den thfl bic, trat tu trdn dudi. Nhu vay, chung ta co 4<br /> md thflc khac nhau: tfnh cdng ddng binh ding vi thfl bic, tinh ci nhin binh<br /> ding va thfl bic. Qua thuc te kidm nghiem, cac nhi nghien cun vd tfnh ci<br /> nhin/cdng ddng trdn the gidi ddu ed su nhi't tri cao vd quan didm niy va cho<br /> ring vide nhin manh den mdi quan he xa hdi theo chidu ngang hay chidu dgc la<br /> mdt dac diem quan trpng nhat cua linh ca nhin/cdng ddng.<br /> Cu thd hon, tinh cd nhdn binh ddng (CNBD) the hien qua vide con ngudi<br /> mud'n ddc lap vi ed ban sic rieng, theo dang "Tdi mud'n lim cic cdng vide cia<br /> rieng minh, theo cich cua rieng minh". Tfle li rit dde lip, "tfl tn" nhung khdng<br /> dac biet quan tam de'n viec phai cd vj thd cao han ngucri khac, ft canh tranh htJn.<br /> Trong khi dd, ngudi cd tinh cd nhdn thd bdc (CNTB) lai quan tim den viec<br /> minh phii thit khac biet vdi ngudi khac, phai ed vj thd cao' thdng qua canh<br /> tranh vdi mpi ngudi, cd xu hudng mud'n "tdi li sd 1". Trong md thflc theo tinh<br /> cgng ddng binh ddng (CDBD), moi ngudi ddu coi minh la gid'ng nhu nhau (mdi<br /> ngudi mdt phidu) va nhin manh den mue dich chung, de'n su phu thude liu<br /> nhau, nhung hp khdng dd ding luin theo ap dit cua quydn luc. Vdi tinh cgng<br /> ddng thii bdc (CDTB), ngudi ta nha'n manh ddn tfnh loan ven eua nhdm ndi, sin<br /> sing hy sinh muc dfch ea nhin cho mue dfch cia nhdm ndi, ing hd viec canh<br /> tranh cua nhdm minh (nhdm ndi) vdi nhdm ngoai. Vi Igi ieh hay vi thd didn cia<br /> nhdm ndi, ca nhin theo md thiic nay dd dang tuin theo y chi cua quydn luc cho<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 14 TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012<br /> dii hp khdng thfch. Cic nghien cflu trdn thd gidi sau niy chflng minh ring quan<br /> didm ciia Triandis phi hgp vdi thuc td bidu hidn cua tinh ca nhin/cdng ddng d<br /> nhidu nude khae nhau.<br /> Kdt qua nghien cuu tfnh ca nhin/cdng ddng 6 nhidu nude da cho thi'y<br /> mpt sd didm khic biet ly thu theo khia canh thfl bic va binh ding. Cin cfl vao ti<br /> le lua chgn cua 4 each ung x i tren diy, cae nhi lim ly hpc cd thd lip mpt "hd<br /> so van hda" cho tflng nude. Vi du nhu "hd sa van hda" cia Australia (qudc gia<br /> mang xu hudng ci nhin d mflc cao) nhu sau:<br /> CNBD > CDBD > CNTB > CDTB (ca nhin binh ding hay dugc s i dung<br /> nhi't, cdn cdng ddng thfl bic it dugc su dung nhit). Trong khi dd "hd so van<br /> hda" cua Hdng Kdng (nai dugc cho la mang xu hudng cdng ddng d mflc vfla<br /> phai) li CDBD > CNBD > CNTB > CDTB (khac vdi Australia, d Hdng Kdng,<br /> edng ddng binh ding hay dugc s i dung nhit, edn edng ddng thfl bac it duoc sfl<br /> dung nhi't).<br /> Ciu hdi dit ra "hd so van hda" niy d Vidl Nam ra sao, dac biet trong bdi<br /> cinh hien dai hoa, trong dd cd thay ddi dinh hudng gia In d Viet Nam lfl coi<br /> trpng cdng ddng sang coi trgng ci nhin (Thii Duy Tuydn, 1994; Nguydn<br /> Quang trin, Nguydn Thac va Mac Van Trang 1995; Le Thi, 1-997; Dd Nggc<br /> Ha, 2001; Pham Minh Hac, 2002; Doan Dflc Hidu, 2003) ti'nh ci nhin/cdng<br /> ddng d ngudi Viet thd hien theo cac md thflc nio theo chidu canh binh ding vi<br /> thfl bic vfla trinh biy trdn diy? Md thflt nio chie'm im the?<br /> 2. Phuong phap nghien ciru<br /> Phuceng phdp<br /> Chung toi s i dung thang do gdm 24 item dugc rflt ra va chinh sfla ttt<br /> nghidn cflu cia hai tic gia Triandis vi Gelfand (1998). Thang niy gdm 4 tidu<br /> thang, mdi tidu thang cd 6 item do ludng 2 chidu canh cia tfnh ca nhin va cdng<br /> ddng, cu thd li ca nhin binh dang, ci nhin thfl bic vi cdng ddng binh dang,<br /> cdng ddng thfl bic. Thang nay da dugc djch ra tidng Viet, didu chinh va su<br /> dung trong mdt nghidn cflu trudc diy (Le Van Hao, 2005). Trong nghien cflu<br /> nay.Cronbach's a CNBD = 0,66; CDBD = 0,72; CNTB =0,68; CDTB = 0,71.<br /> Chgn tndu<br /> Miu nghidn cun 739 ndng din (ludi trung binh la 49), ti le nam ntt gan<br /> bang nhau (nam 49,7%, ntt 50,3%), dang sinh sd'ng d cic vung da vi dang dd<br /> thi hda d Ha Tiy (chiem 16% trong miu ehpn), Thii Binh (18,6%), Hud<br /> (27,4%), Long An (19,9%), Can Tha (18,2%). Trong loin miu, ti Id lam ndng<br /> nghiep chidm 76,0%, nghd phu 10,0%, budn bin vit 6,3%, kinh doanh 2,4%,<br /> lam thud 8,8%, djch vu 0,7%, can bd nha nude 8,6% vi nghd khac chidm<br /> 11,0%.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAMiynCiG, S d l l (164), 11-2012 15<br />  3. Ke't qua va ban lu$n<br /> Kdt qua nghidn ciiu thuc td dugc trinh biy chi tidt trong bang 1 dudi diy.<br /> <br /> Bdng 1: Tinh cd nhdn, tinh cdng ddng theo 4 md thuc (N = 710)<br /> <br /> Didm Cd lech<br /> trung chuin<br /> Noi chung, TOI... binh<br /> ca nhan binh dang (A) Didm trung binh ciia 6 item 1,88 0,60<br /> i. Lam "viec rieng cia minh". it ii 2,50<br /> tren thang 3 didm. Trong sd dd cd 3 ilem thude linh cdng ddng, 1 item Ihudc<br /> tinh ci nhin. Ba item thude nhdm ilem do ludng tinh cdng ddng li "Day con<br /> cai minh phai dat bdn phin, trach nhidm eao hon vide hudng thu cua ban than"<br /> (DTB = 2.59); "Cham sde gia dinh ngay ca khi phii hy sinh nhflng didu minh<br /> mudn" (DTB = 2,58) vi "Tuin theo quydt djnh cua tap the" (DTB = 2,53). Ca 3<br /> item ddu xoay quanh mdl didm chung la vi ngudi khde, ddt sii hdi hda trong<br /> nhdm vd led ich ciia ngtriri khde cao hon ciia minh. Til nhidn, ngudi khic trong<br /> trudng hgp nay chi ydu li thinh vien gia dinh, tfle li nhdm ndi. Du sao thi diy<br /> cung li mdt die diem lim ly ri't tfch cue dugc hinh thanh va hun due liu dai<br /> trong Ijch si. Chung tidp luc ddng vai trd tich cue trong vide gan kdl gia dinh,<br /> ddng hp vi rdng han li cdng ddng.<br /> Cung vdi ilem do ludng tinh ci nhin via ndu ("ung x i - suy nghT, ndi<br /> nang, hinh ddng mdl each thing thin khi trao ddi, thao luin vdi ngudi khic"<br /> vdi DTB = 2,54), ba item khac cung thupc tidu thang do tinh ca nhin li "Dua<br /> vao chi'nh minh hon la vio ngudi khic". DTB = 2,49; "Phin ldn dua vio ban<br /> thin minh vi ft dua vio ngudi khae", DTB = 2,17 vi "Cd ging phi'n diu de lam<br /> td't hon ngudi khic", DTB = 2,39 cung thude sd cac item cd didm trung binh<br /> cao (DTB > 2). Diy la mdt di'u hieu thd hidn mdt xu hudng quan trgng trong<br /> phit tridn con ngudi Viet Nam trong giai doan cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoi<br /> theo hudng tu luc, tu cudng, phat huy sfle manh cua mdi ca nhin va cia loan<br /> cpng ddng. "Cd ging phan dau lim td't hon ngudi khac" cung phan inh su sin<br /> sing eanh tranh nhu mot yeu td lit ye'u cia kinh td thj trudng da dugc tidp nhin<br /> trong hon 20 nim qua, die bidt trong bdi cinh loan ciu hda, dd thj hda hidn<br /> nay. Cd le diy li ndt mdi tidp nhin, mdi Ihay ddi trong nhflng nim ddi mdi vi<br /> hdi nhip?<br /> Kdl qui nhu phin tfch vua ndu giup hinh dung cu the han theo hudng<br /> khing dinh xu hudng ci nhin/cdng ddng cung tdn lai, nhung tfnh cdng ddng<br /> (theo ea hai ehidu li thfl bic va binh ding) dugc the hien trdi hem.<br /> +-H- Hai item cd diem trung binh thip nhi't (va cung 6 trong ngudng<br /> thip < 1) trong tdng sd 24 item li "Tdi thi'y.khd chju khi ngfldi khae lim tdt<br /> <br /> <br /> 18 TAP CHI TAMiy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012<br /> han minh" (DTB = 0,85), "Tdi cam thi'y cang thing vi bi khui'y ddng khi<br /> ngudi khie lam td't hon minh" (DTB = 0,92). Diy la cam giic "chip nhin" su<br /> khac biet trong cude sd'ng vd'n ngiy cing mang tfnh canh tranh vi phin hda<br /> hon. Diem sd cing thi'p (gid'ng nhu thuc te via ndu), thi cang cd xu hudng<br /> khdng chip nhin duong diu vdi canh tranh. Ndi each khic ngudi khae ed lim<br /> tdt han thi tdi vin khdng cim thi'y "khd chju" hay "cang thing", bdi tdi khdng<br /> mang tinh chi't canh tranh, ganh dua. Kd tidp, 3 item "Tdi tin ring nhttng viec<br /> xiy ra vdi^mpi ngudi la viec cia hg" (DTB = 1,29); "Lam "vide ridng cia<br /> minh", ft dd y ddn viee cia mpi ngudi" (DTB = 1,35); "Hinh ddng nhu thd nio<br /> khdng phu Ihudc vao viec ngudi khic nghT gi, ndi gi" (DTB = 1,37) cung dat<br /> didm d mflc trung binh gin vdi ngudng dudi (< 1,50/thang 3 didm). Tuang ttr<br /> nhu 2 item vfla ndu trdn, ehung ddu thude sd cac item do ludng tfnh ca nhin,<br /> vdi didm cang cao tinh ca nhan cang cao va ngugc lai. Mflc diem & mflc trung<br /> binh gin vdi ngudng dudi cflng cd nghTa la ngudi tham gia nghidn cflu nghieng<br /> ve phia phdn ddi nhieu hon Id ddng y. Kdl qua nay phin anh tinh cdng ddng<br /> trdi hem tinh cd nhdn vd "sd'ng chi bie't minh" khdng dugc coi trgng.<br /> Kdl qua trinh bay d bang 1 cho bidt xu hudng chung cua ti'nh ca nhan va<br /> cdng ddng. Cau hdi bay gid li sd lugng vi li le khach thd phan bd theo tflng<br /> mflc dd (tha'p, trung binh, cao) thd nao? Dd tra ldi ciu hdi nay, chung ldi linh<br /> didm trung binh cia tflng trudng hgp theo 2 lieu thang do ludng linh cdng ddng<br /> (li die diem ndi trdi 6 ngudi Viet) va chia didm sd ttt 0 ddn 3 eung theo 3 mflc<br /> dd nhu da trlnh bay d trdn. Kdt qua 6 bang 2 cho thiy mdt bflc tranh rd ban.<br /> <br /> Bdng 2: Ty le khdch the chia theo 3 miic do thdp, trung binh, cao<br /> <br /> Diem trung binh Diem trung binh<br /> Mure dp<br /> cpng dong binh dang (B) cdng ddng thir bac (D)<br /> Sd ngudi Ti le % So' ngudi Ti le %<br /> Tha'p (DTB ttt 0 - 1 ) 21 2,8 24 3,2<br /> <br /> Trung binh (DTB ttt 1,1-2) 227 30,7 198 26,8<br /> Cio (DTB ttt 2,1 de'n 3) 470 63,6 489 66,2<br /> Khdng cd thdng tin 21 2,8 28 3.8<br /> Tdng 739 100 739 100<br /> <br /> <br /> Xdt ridng cac nhdm theo chidu canh cdng ddng binh ding thi thi'y cfl<br /> 100 ngudi trong miu nghien cflu thi cd tdi gin 64 ngudi thd hien tfnh cdng<br /> ddng b mflc dp cao, 31 ngudi d mflc trung binh vi gin 3 ngudi d mflc thi'p. Ndu<br /> xem xdt theo chidu canh cdng ddng thfl bic, chung ta cung cd mdt kdt qua gan<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 19<br /> tuang tu (3 con sd tuang flng d 3 mflc eao, trung binh, thip li 66,27 vi 3). Thd<br /> hien qua hinh anh la se thi'y nhu trong bidu dd I.<br /> <br /> 70 j-<br /> 60<br /> 50<br /> 40 - -<br /> 30 -<br /> 20<br /> 10<br /> ()<br /> <br /> Bieu dS I: Cgng dSng ihi'fhdc vd Cdng (lan,ii binh ddng<br /> chia theo 3 muc do (thap, trung hinh, cao)<br /> <br /> <br /> Mot so khac biet<br /> Khac biet theo gidi linh<br /> So sanh theo gi6i ti'nh thi tha'y chi co ti^u thang ca nhan thu: bac (ph^ C<br /> trong bang 1 tr6n day) ia co su khac biSt m6t each co y nghia v6 mat thC'ng kfi<br /> nhu trinh bay trong bang 3 dir6i day. Cu the, nam gi6i co xu hudng thi hifin<br /> tfnh ca nhan thii bac (tinh canh tranh) cao hcfn niJ gidi (DTB^^^ = 1,74 > DTB^s<br /> = 1,57 6 miic c6 y nghia vdi p < 0,001). Ket qua nay kh6ng gay ngac nhien, no<br /> chi khang djnh nhitng gi thudng quan sat tha'y trong cupc s6ng hang ngay.<br /> <br /> Bdng 3: Khac biet d chieu canh cd nhdn thi'f bdc theo giai tinh<br /> <br /> Gidi tinh N DTB DLC 1 Muc cd \ nghia<br /> <br /> Nam 340 1,7438 0.65749 3,491 0.001<br /> Nu 363 1.5721 0,64593 3,489 0.001<br /> Ghi chti: DTB la diem trung binh: DLC Id dp lech chudn<br /> <br /> <br /> Khde biet theo hoc vd'n<br /> So sinh theo trlnh dd hpc vi'n eung cho thi'y mpt vai khac biet. Kiem<br /> dinh ANOVA cho ra ke't qua bang 4 dudi diy. Nhung ngudi cd hpc vi'n thip<br /> hon cd xu hfldng the hien cac hanh vi xa hdi theo hudmg cdng ddng thfl bic rd<br /> hon. Didu nay cung cd nghTa la hp thd hien cic hanh vi mang tfnh ea nhin it<br /> <br /> <br /> 20 TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012<br /> hon hay thip han. Cu thd, ngudi cd hpc vi'n tidu hpc va THCS cd xu hudng thd<br /> hien hanh vi mang tinh edng ddng cao han so vdi ngudi cd hpe vin THPT. Phi<br /> hgp vd mat Idgfc vdi kdt qui nay, ngudi ed hge vi'n THPT hay cao dang cd xu<br /> hudng thd hidn tinh cdng ddng thi'p han so vdi ngudi cd hgc vi'n tidu hgc hay<br /> THCS. Ly giai didu nay can phii nghien euu thdm, nhung mdt nghien cflu d<br /> Han Qud'c giup soi sing phin nao ciu hdi lidu hgc vi'n cd luang quan thd nao<br /> tdi linh ca nhan hay cdng ddng. Jae-Ho Cha (1994) trong phin nghidn cflu vd<br /> cic khia canh cia tfnh ci nhin/cdng ddng hidn nay d Han Qud'c cd dfla ra mdl<br /> ke't luin lidn quan ddn bidn sd nhin khau d Hin Qud'c: nhdm "hien dai" hon (cd<br /> hgc vi'n dai hgc trd ldn, sd'ng d Seoul) cd xu hudng ci nhan cao nha't (lflc la xu<br /> hudng cdng ddng thip nhit); nhdm it "hidn dai" hon (hge vi'n phd thdng hoac<br /> thi'p hon, sd'ng d ving ndng thdn) cd xu hudng ci nhin thi'p nha't (tfle la xu<br /> hfldng cdng ddng cao nhit). Nhdm cang "hidn dai" bao nhieu (hgc vin cao,<br /> sd'ng d dd thj, nhidu tai sin) thi cang djnh hudng ddn gia dinh cia rieng minh<br /> (n|dm ndi, nhd) nhidu hon va dinh hudng ddn da't nude (nhdm ldn) il hon.<br /> <br /> Bdng 4: Chieu cgnh ciing ddng thd bdc theo trinh dd hgc vdn<br /> <br /> (I) Trinh dp (J) Trinh dd Khac biet DTB IVIlirc cd y nghTa<br /> hoc van hoc van (I-J)<br /> Ti^u hoc THPT 0,13988(*) 0,025<br /> CTao dang 0,52533(*) 0,042<br /> THCS THPT 0,12797(*) 0,010<br /> THCS Cao dang 0,5I342(*) 0,044<br /> Ghi chu: * Khac biet diem trung binh co y nglua a miic 0,05<br /> <br /> <br /> Khde biet theo Ida tudi<br /> Cau hdi tie'p theo li Ueu tfnh ci nhin hay linh cdng ddng cd lidn quan gi<br /> den Ifla tudi (dung han la thd he) hay khdng? Dd tra ldi cau hdi nay, chung tdi<br /> chia cac khich the theo 3 nhdm ludi nhu sau: nhdm dfldi 35 tudi li nhdm Ire, tfl<br /> 36 de'n 59 li nhdm trung tudi va ttt 60 trd ldn tam ggi li nhdm eao tudi. Kidm<br /> dinh ANOVA cho ra ke't qua nhu trong bang 5 dudi diy.<br /> Ttt bang 5 cd the thi'y, ne'u xem xet tfnh cdng ddng thi thi'y, theo chidu<br /> canh binh dang (CDBD), nhdm trung tudi the hien cao hon nhdm Ire tudi vi<br /> nhdm cao tudi cung the hien mflc dp CDBD cao hon nhdm tre ludi. Ndu xem<br /> xdt tfnh cdng ddng theo chidu canh thfl bic (CDTB) thi nhdm trung tudi the<br /> hien nd d mflc dd cao hon so vdi nhdm tre tudi, nhdm cao tudi thd hien mflc dp<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 21<br /> cao hon nhdm trd tudi va trung ludi. Ndi cich khic, tudi cao hon thudng cd xu<br /> hudng thd hidn linh edng ddng (binh ding vi thfl bic) cao hem.<br /> <br /> Bdng 5: Chieu cgnh cdng ddng binh dang vd thii bdc theo 3 nhdm tudi<br /> <br /> Khac bi6t DTB<br /> (I) Tuoi Irun^ binh (J) Tuoi trung binh MlJ^c c6 y nghTa<br /> (I-J)<br /> Cdng d6ng binh dAng:<br /> Nhbm iriinR luOi Nhom Ire Iu6i 0.19298(*) 0,002<br /> Nhdm cao tudi Nh6m tre Iu6i 0.21438(*) 0.003<br /> C\iiip dOng thu bac:<br /> Nlinin trung tu6i Nhom tre tu6i 0.27011{*) 0,-000<br /> Nhom cao lu6i Nh6m tre ludi 0.37397(*) 0,000<br /> Nh6m trung tu6i 0.10386(*) 0,046<br /> Ghi chii: * Khac biet diem trung hinh cd y nglna dindc 0,05.<br /> <br /> <br /> 4. Thiy phac thao xu hudng bien ddi tinh ca nhin, tinh cpng dong d<br /> Viet Nam<br /> Nhin tic vien cdnh Viet Nam<br /> Qui trinh dd thj hda d Viet Nam dang didn ra nhanh chdng. Luc bit diu<br /> ddi mdi (1986) chi cd 19,3% din sd Viet Nam sdng d dd thj. Hai muai nim sau<br /> (2006) con sd niy li 27,1% (VGSO, 2006). Tmh trang qui tai, die biet 6 eac<br /> dd thj ldn duge tic gia Mac Dudng ggi la "dd thj qui dd" di kem vdi "dd thj<br /> khung hoing" (Mac Dudng, 2010). Cic cude tranh luin trdn didn din bio chf<br /> lien tuc dd cip ddn su xud'ng ci'p vd mat van hda, van minh dd thj, vd dd thj hda<br /> ndng thdn (vd mat xay dung) vi ndng thdn hoa dd thi (vd mil van hda)... Trong<br /> bdi canh ay, tinh ca nhin vi cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet se bidn ddi ra sao?<br /> Tinh cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet Nam dugc nhidu ngudi thfla nhin, nhung<br /> d ci'p dd lang, nude, tim ly cd kdt cdng ddng co ve ehi thd hidn trong mdt sd<br /> didu kien dac biet. Khi sd phan chung (vi du su de doa lfl ben ngoai hay thidn<br /> tai, djch benh) ma ro ring thi eic ca nhan rit cd thd se trd thanh ngfldi mang xu<br /> hudng ed ke't (tinh cdng ddng) trong ri't nhidu mdi quan he cia minh. Cdn trong<br /> didu kien binh Ihudng thi cai "tinh rdi rac cin ban" (tinh ci nhin) cd xu hudng<br /> anh hudng den hinh vi flng x i nhidu hon. Tfnh cich cd die didm la nd khi bdn<br /> vflng nhung khdng phai la bit bien, kd ca tfnh cich din tdc.<br /> Nhu da ndi 6 tren, mpt sd tic gia cho ring: (i) chd dd rudng cdng cia<br /> cdng xa ndng thdn, (ii) eudc di'u tranh chdng thidn nhidn trucmg ky gian khd va<br /> <br /> <br /> 22 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012<br /> (ill) eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim cua din tdc ta li 3 nguydn nhin hinh<br /> thanh tim ly tip thd - cdng ddng cd truydn (Nguydn Hdng Phong, 1963; Hoing<br /> Vinh, 2002). Ngay nay khi co sd hinh thinh va nudi dudng nd la rudng dil da •<br /> dugc chia cho cic hd, tfnh chit vi hinh thflc di'u tranh ehd'ng thien nhidn da<br /> khae di, eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim da kdt thflc thing lai each diy 1/3 thd<br /> ky. Thay vio dd li kinh Id thi trudng vd'n dua tren su trao ddi thuang mai va<br /> phin ldn dugc thuc day bdi Igi nhuin. Kinh id thj Irudng thflc diy tfnh ci nhan<br /> - vdn vin ludn ludn ldn tai song song vdi tinh cpng ddng, nhung chi bi che<br /> khuit phin nao ma thdi - phit Hicn theo ca nghTa tich cuc vi tidu cuc. Tdm lai,<br /> ci 3 CO sd hay didu kidn nudi duong tinh cdng ddng da thay ddi. khdng cdn hay<br /> ydu dl nhidu. Theo Idgfc thi tinh cdng ddng se giam di vi tfnh ca nhan se tang<br /> ldn. Tam ly cia con ngudi li su phan anh nhttng didu kien sd'ng, duoc hinh<br /> thanh trong nhttng didu kidn kinh td xa hdi nhit djnh cho ndn khi nhung didu<br /> kien kinh te. xa hdi ma thay ddi thi tim ly con ngfldi cung thay ddi theo. Dd li<br /> quan didm Ijch sfl.<br /> Cung can phai ndi thdm ring, each dat vi'n dd vd ti'nh ci nhan thudng<br /> lam cho nd mang mdl ham y xi'u, lidu cue, li cai cin phi bd. Chung tdi hidu<br /> tfnh ci nhin hoan loan khdng ddng nghTa la chi nghTa ca nhin hep hdi, ich ky,<br /> chl bie't cd bin thin minh mi khdng bidt den cii chung, cii cdng ddng. Tinh<br /> lip thd, cdng ddng cung khdng don gian li chu nghTa tip thd chung chung. Ndu<br /> xuit phit lfl quan didm nhu vay thi la thay tinh ca nhan cd thd cd lidn quan chat<br /> che de'n tfnh tu chu, tu lap, khi nang tu duy ddc lip va khi nang sing tao, ddn<br /> nhin thach thflc td't ban cia con ngudi. Cdn tfnh cdng ddng (nhi't la cdng ddng<br /> nha hay cdng ddng nhdm ndi) d Viet Nam cung cd mdt sd mat trii nhu din de'n<br /> chi nghTa gia dinh vd'n khdp kin vi chi quan tim tdi Igi Ich gia dinh, gia tdc,<br /> cue bd. Tdm lai, ca tinh cdng ddng va ci nhin ddu cd cai hay, cii dd (xem<br /> them Phan Nggc, 2000; Dd Long, 2000).<br /> Tfl nhflng nim 1930 tie gii Dio Duy Anh (1938/1998, tr. 374) da nhan<br /> xdt ring: "Vi inh hfldng cia Au hda, vi sfle thuc due cia nhflng didu kien sinh<br /> hoat mdi, xa hdi ta (vidt ve nhirng nam 1930) duong cd khuynh hudng ttt gia<br /> dinh ban vi din sang ca nhin bin vj". Nhu vay su anh hudng cia Au hda va<br /> didu kien sinh boat mdi cung cd thd la ydu id lim tang tinh ca nhan, xdt theo<br /> quan didm cia Dio Duy Anh. Trong 2 thip ky ddi mdi vi hdi nhip vfla qua, he<br /> gia tri vi dinh hudng gii trj cua ngudi Viet Nam cung trai qua nhidu thay ddi.<br /> Kdt qua cia cic nghien ctru trong thdi gian qua ddu khing djnh ring ngudi Viet<br /> Nam "tfl viec chi hfldng vio nhiing gia tri lip thd, xa hdi la chi'nh chuydn sang<br /> hudng vao eae gia trj ca nhin la chfnh" (Nguydn Quang Uan, Nguydn Thac va<br /> Mae Van Trang, 1995) hay neu gia dinh Iruydn thd'ng chi ye'u giio due tinh<br /> cdng ddng cho tre em phii tuin theo khudn phdp sin cd: phuc lung, trflng phat<br /> thi ngay nay giao due hien dai trong gia dinh lai hudng tdi cd nhdn (Le Thi,<br /> 1997) hay "tim ly con ngudi dang cd nhttng ehuydn ddng ro ret hon bao gid hdt<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 23<br /> theo hudng nang ddng hon y lai, tu dpng han chd dgi, xu hudng ci thd hda didn<br /> ra manh hon, trich nhidm ei thd eao hon; dim thich thflc, canh tranh..." (Pham<br /> Minh Hac, 2002). Cic nghidn cuu gin day hon do tic gii Dd Long - Phan Thi<br /> Mai Huong chi Iri nam 2002 hay Le Van Hio (2005) ddu khing djnh su thay<br /> ddi cua nhung ydu id lidn quan dd'n tfnh edng ddng/ci nhin theo xu hudng: tinh<br /> c(5ng ddng c6 phin giam, tinh ci nhan cd phin ting. Chi nghTa ca nhin - la cii<br /> xi hdi Viet Nam (vi nhidu xa hdi khic) khdng thd chip nhin, nhung su phat<br /> tridn cia linh ca nhin theo nghTa linh manh d ci'p dd nhin cich con ngudi ddu<br /> dugc cae lac gia dinh gii tfch cue.<br /> Nhin td vien cdnh qud'c te<br /> Triandis (1995) va Hofstede (1991) tranh luin ring su giiu cd, sung lie<br /> li mdt trong nhflng ydu id chi ydu phi v6 didu kien xa hdi cd Igi cho tfnh cdng<br /> ddng. Didu niy xay ra bdi vi sU giiu cd, sung lflc cho phdp cac ci nhin cd co<br /> hdi lich minh khdi nhdm ndi vi nhflng ngudi quan Irgng khic, md dudng cho<br /> Cii nhin lua chgn nhung gi mi minh mudn mi khdng nhi't thidl cin cd su tin<br /> thanh cia nhdm.<br /> Quan didm nay cd y ring cung vdi edng nghidp hda vi hidn dai hda, xu<br /> hudng ci nhin se tang len. Didu nay di xiy d Han Qud'c vi Nhit Bin du su<br /> thay ddi khdng didn ra theo md'i tuang quan tuydn linh. Khi nghien cflu, 6 cip<br /> dp van hda, eic thay ddi vd djnh hudng gii tri vi hinh vi cia ngucri Han Qudc<br /> trong mdt thd ky (1870 - 1970), Jae - Ho Cha (1994) di dd'n kdt luin ring: tuy<br /> tinh cdng ddng vin cdn kha trdi trong xa hdi Hin Qud'c nhimg cdng ddng d<br /> mdl sd khia canh da ydu di vi su thay ddi didn ra theo xu hucmg ca nhin.<br /> Tucmg lu, qua trinh cdng nghiep hda vi hidn dai hda d Nhit Ban da lam cho<br /> mdi quan he giao tiep qua lai vdi hang xdm ling gidng cua ngudi Nhit ngay<br /> cing lanh nhat, long leo va thua thdt (Trin Manh Cit, 2003). Til nhien, du<br /> nhidu dac didm ben ngoii cua van hda Nhat Ban da thay ddi, nhung cac ydu td<br /> can bin cia van hda nhin manh mdi quan he eon ngudi (xu hudng cdng ddng)<br /> vin cdn khi manh. Mdl nghidn cun khic d Hy Lap cung cho kdt qua theo<br /> hudng tuang tu (Doumanis M., 1983).<br /> Nhidu tic gia nude ngoai nhu J. Berry (1994), H. Triandis (1995) hoic<br /> U. Kim (1994) cd didm chung la qui nguydn nhin sinh ra tfnh cdng ddng/ca<br /> nhin vd didu kien sinh thai. Trong nhflng didu kidn sinh thai ddi hdi phai cd sU<br /> hgp lue thi nhdm se cd uu the. Trong nhiing didu kien sinh thai ft ddi hdi hgp<br /> luc thi nhdm cd uu thd ft hon va ea nhin "ddc lip" nhidu han. Khi kinh td phat<br /> trien cao han, mflc dp tu lip cia ci nhin tang thi uu thd cua nhdm se giam di.<br /> Mdt sd tie gia nhu H. Barry, I. Child va M. Bacon (1959 din trong Triandis,<br /> 1999) da nghien cun va phit hien ra ring, trong cic ndn van hda dan sa, khi su<br /> tfch luy luong thuc lang len thi trong nudi day con cii, tinh phuc tilng va su phu<br /> thupc Iin nhau dugc nhin manh hem. Nhung khi xa hdi chuydn tfl ndng nghidp<br /> <br /> <br /> 24 TAP CHITAM Ly HC)C, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012<br /> sang giai doan edng nghidp va thdng tin thi cae flu the cia hinh ddng ci nhin<br /> (tg chu, sang tao, dam lim, dim mao hidm) tang len. Trong cae giai ci'p khac<br /> nhau o cing mdt xa hdi hien dai cung cd cich thflc niy. Ting ldp thi'p nhin<br /> m^nh ddn phue tung, ving ldi vi giao due con eii nghidm khic; dfla con "ly<br /> tuong cua hp la mdt dfla con "ngoan", di theo phong each cia cha me minh.<br /> Ngugc lai, ting ldp trung luu cd chuydn mdn cao, coi trong giao due con cii<br /> tinh ddc lip, tu lip, sang tao va dfla con "ly ludng" cia ho limdl nha chuydn<br /> mdn, cd kha nang thanh dat ca nhin.<br /> Ve xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn, tinh cgng ddng a Viet Nam<br /> Tfl nhidu nghien cflu, Triandis tdng kdl ring, su Ihay ddi sinh thii, su<br /> giiu cd, tfnh di chuydn (ea vd mat xa hdi Iin dja ly) va su bidn ddi tfl bdi canh<br /> ndiig thdn sang mdi trudng dd thi (phflc lap) se lam thay ddi quan he tdi - ngudi<br /> khde lfl xu hudng cdng ddng sang xu hudng ci nhin. Dua tren nhttng phin tich<br /> va lip luin vd tinh ca nhin va tinh cdng ddng ttt vidn cinh Viet Nam vi qud'c td<br /> trdn diy cd thd tin ring, Viet Nam cung se di theo xu hudng nhu vay ndu nd<br /> khdng phai la mpt ngoai le. Kdl qua trong nghien cun cia chung tdi cho tha'y,<br /> nhdm nhidu ludi han cd xu hudng cdng ddng eao hon. Ngugc lai, nhdm cd hoc<br /> vin cao hon cd xu hudng ei nhin cao hon; nhdm trd hon, sd'ng d dd thi cd xu<br /> hudng ca nhin cao hon. Xu hudng niy se tidp tuc trong nhttng nam tdi khi qui<br /> trinh hien dai hda va cdng nghiep hda tang ldc vi qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c id<br /> didn ra siu rdng hon.<br /> <br /> Cic ling xa truydn thd'ng dang thay ddi dudi tie ddng cia dd thj hda vi<br /> hign dai hda, nhung van hda, ldi sd'ng dd thj dudng nhu lai qua ydu dd cd thd<br /> din dit sir thay ddi dd. Sd'ng d dd thj, ngudi ndng din se flng xfl vdi nhau, vdi<br /> cdng ddng nhu the nao? Lieu ed su tan ri cia cii cdng ddng ling d nhttng vung<br /> ven dd hay khdng? Su tan rd niy thd hien d chd cic ci nhin sd'ng trong cic khu<br /> dd thi cam tha'y xa la, thidu td chflc, qua quan tim tdi Igi feh ca nhin hay gia<br /> dinh minh, cd khi vd cim vi mil y thflc vd cdng ddng? Didu nay da ttmg gay lo<br /> ngai trong cac cdng ddng d My nhung nam sau chidn tranh the gidi thfl II vi<br /> chfnh nd da thuc day su ra ddi cia nganh tim ly hge cdng ddng (Wiesenfeld,<br /> 1996). He qua tidu cue ttt viec dd thj hda ngay cang ting trong xa hdi hien dai<br /> da li ndi lo ngai cia nhidu nha khoa hoe xa hgi. Tfl nhflng nam 1930, Wirth<br /> (1938, din theo Royal & Rossi, 1996) da ndi ldi sfl thidu td chflc vd mil xa hdi<br /> d cac cdng ddng dd thj, cdn Milgram (1970, din theo Amato, 1983) thi ndi ddn<br /> ly thuye't qua tii thdng tin cua viec sd'ng trong eic thinh phd. Theo Wirth, kieh<br /> cd, mil dd (dan so) va su da dang vd din cu d eic khu dd thj se lam sdi mdn<br /> quan he gin bd hg hang va cdng ddng truydn thd'ng. Didu nay xay ra vi dd thj<br /> hda, vi di cu tdi khu dd thj da phi vd cic md'i quan he xa hdi va lim cho ca<br /> nhin xa each w&i cac ngudn hd trg xa hdi ma hg da tflng cd. Tinh ban thuc sfl d<br /> thanh phd cung khdng dd thie't lip vi ngudi dd thi thudng gap gd, giao dich<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAPCHITAMLynOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 25<br /> trong cic vai trd cd tinh chit ngin ngii, thidu siu sic vi khuydt danh. Kdl qua<br /> cia mdi trudng sd'ng niy li eac lidn kdl xa hdi ydu di ding kd, tic ddng tidu cue<br /> ddn sic khde tim ly cia cic ci nhin (cing thing, cd don, thu minh, i'm flc...).<br /> Sd'ng liu trong mdi Irudng niy, iheo Milgram, eon ngudi cd thd phit tridn cii<br /> chuan muc xa hdi (social norm) la khdng can du (d Viet Nam, din gian ggi li<br /> chu nghia "mackeno"/mie ke nd), vd cam.<br /> 6 mdl mflc dl") nhi't djnh, dfldng nhfl didu ndi trdn da vi dang didn ra<br /> trong xa hdi Viet Nam. dac biet la d khu vfle dd thj khi tlnh cdng ddng giam vi<br /> tinh ei nhin tang. Nhidu ngfldi cd ly do dd lo ngai. Tuy nhidn, cic nghien cflu<br /> gin diy irdn thd gidi ggi y ring cac cdng ddng dja phuong khdng "mil di", tinh<br /> edng ddng cung khdng bidn mil mi lai dugc "tu do" htm (din theo Royal &<br /> Rossi, 1996) hay "Idng" hon. Cac mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hg vi hing xdm<br /> ydu hon trong cac khu dd thj, d nhdm ngudi trd ludi vi kha gia hem vd mil kinh<br /> id si; duge thay thd bdi cic mdi quan he vdi ngudi ngoai dja phucmg. Cac<br /> phucmg lien giao thdng nhanh hon, tidn dung han, phuong tien truydn thdng<br /> hidn dai hon, cac trang mang xa hpi ri't cd sfle manh da xda bd khoang cich vl<br /> khdng gian. Nhu viy, lim quan trpng cia cdng ddng/nhdm theo dja ly da giam,<br /> trong khi tim quan trpng cua cac cdng ddng theo cic mdi quan he (il bj han<br /> chd vd dja ly, khdng gian) lai phit Iridn dd thay thd. Vi con ngudi li cic sinh<br /> vat xa hdi ndn cd thd tin ring vd dai han, cdng ddng dja phucmg d khu vuc ven<br /> dd va dd thj se lim ra cic cich Ihflc mdi dd thidt lip vi duy tri cae mdi lidn ket<br /> mdi, da dang hon. Ndi nhu Durkheim, su gdn ke't cd hgc (mechanical<br /> solidarity) se dugc din thay the bing su gdn ke't hint cd (organic solidarity).<br /> Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep/truydn thd'ng (dugc die Irtmg bdi su gdn ket cd hgc,<br /> tinh cgng ddng vdi cic cdng ddng quan he chit che, tat ca mgi ngucri ddu bidt<br /> nhau, mdi quan he lien ei nhan gin gui se din bj pha vS bdi cdng nghidp hda,<br /> hien dai hda. Xa hdi cdng nghiep vi hien dai cd dac trung li sir gdn ke't hBu cd,<br /> tinh cd nhdn rd hdn trong dd cic md'i quan he lien ca nhin long hon, thim chi<br /> hdi hgi hon. Didu kien niy cho phdp cae ea nhin cd CO hdi theo dudi cac muc<br /> dfch ca nhin cua minh mi il bj tic ddng bdi ap luc nhdm/edng ddng. Tit nhien,<br /> thdi ky "dd thj qui dp" vi "dd thj khing hoang" theo each ggi cia tic gia Mac<br /> Dudng se la mdt qui trinh kdo dai vi khd khan.<br /> <br /> Chu thich<br /> 1. Bai viei dugc hoin thinh trong khudn khd cua dd tai "Nghien cflu tam ly xa hdi cua<br /> cpng ddng cu dan ndng Ihdn trong bdi canh dd Ihi hda". thuc hien nam 2011 - 2012.<br /> Xin cam cm Quy Phat tridn Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Qud'c gia da tai trg cho dd tai nay.<br /> <br /> Tai lieu thain khao<br /> 1. Allick, J. & Realo A., "Individualism - Collectivism and social capiiai', Joumal of cross -<br /> cullural psychology, Vol. 35 No. 1, January 2004, u. 29 - 49, 2004.<br /> <br /> <br /> 26 TAP CH( TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012<br /> 2 Amato. P.R., The effects of urbanization on interpersonal behavior. Field study in Papua<br /> /VewGrnnsa, Joumal of Cross cultural psychology. Vol 12No3.tr. 353-367. 1983.<br /> 3. Baughler. Peter Frederic, The Contradtcnon of Colonialism: The French Experience in<br /> Indochina, 1860 - 1940, Ph. D. Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980,<br /> 4. Chavis. D.M., Hogge. J.H., McMillan. D.W., & Wandersman. A.. Sense of community<br /> through Brunswick's lens. A first foot, Joumal of Community Psychology, 14 (I), u. 24 - 40,<br /> 1986.<br /> 5. Dalton. Russel, "Civil Society, Social Capital and Democracy", In: R. Dalton and Doh<br /> d u l l Shin (eds.). Cilizens, Democracy and Markets Aiound the Pacific Rim, Oxforrl: Oxford<br /> University Press Freedom House See