Các văn bản Hiến pháp làm nên lịch sử: Phần 2

348<br /> <br /> C A C BAN HIEN PHAP LAM NEN LICH<br /> <br /> SC<br /> <br /> va pham chat, se bao ve va buoc phai bao ve va thuc hien tuan<br /> thii day du cac quy dinh cua Hien phap kern theo nay, n h u la<br /> luat CO ban ciia Cong hoa Bolivia.<br /> Da thong qua, ky, dong dau bang con dau cua Cong hoa va<br /> ky pho t h u b a i cac bo truong.<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> ><br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Hien phap Bi nam 1831<br /> <br /> (dau da dong) Tong thong<br /> A N T O N I O JOSE D E S U C R E<br /> Bo truong Npi vu va Ngoai giao '<br /> FACUNDO INFANTE<br /> Bp truong Quoc phong<br /> AGUSTIN JERALDINO<br /> '<br /> <br /> Bp truong Tai chinh<br /> JUAN DE BERNABE Y M A D E R O<br /> <br /> Trong suo't the ky XIX, Hien phap Bi nam 1831 duoc xem la<br /> hien phap kieu mau cua ca chau A u . Hien phap Tay Ban Nha<br /> nam 1833, Hien phap H y Lap nam 1844 va 1864, Hien phap<br /> Luxembourg nam 1848, Hien phap Pho nam 1850, va Hien<br /> phap Bulgaria nam 1864 deu la nhirng hien phap chiu anh<br /> huang true tiep t u mo hinh cua Hien phap Bi.<br /> Tinh chat truong ton cua ban hien phap nay cGng la dieu<br /> dang ghi nhan. Chi Hien phap Hoa Ky nam 1787 va Hien phap<br /> Nauy nam 1814 la c6 lich su dai hon Hien phap Bi. Nguyen<br /> nhan la do Hien phap Bi da sua doi can ban nhiing quy dinh ve<br /> cac quyen su dung tieng noi trong nhiing thap ky 70, 80 cua the<br /> ky XIX; Hien phap Bi nam 1831 da dap ung duoc su kiem<br /> nghiem khac nghiet cua thoi gian de truong ton do Hien phap<br /> duoc quy dinh mot each rat chat che. Hien phap Bi nam 1831 da<br /> xay dung nen mot nha nuoc thong nhat, nhiing sua doi moi<br /> day da phan nao tao ra mot cau true nha nuoc gan giong voi<br /> lien bang.<br /> Hien phap Bi nam 1831 c6 anh huong t u mo hinh lap hien<br /> so khai cua Hoa Ky va chau A u . Cau true co ban cua Hien phap<br /> nay gan giong voi cau true cua Hien phap Phap ngay 3-9-1791.<br /> Ngoai ra, phan Ion cac muc ke thira t u Hien phap Phap hgay<br /> <br /> 350<br /> <br /> C A C B A N HIEN<br /> <br /> PHAP L A M N E N LICH<br /> <br /> SU"<br /> <br /> Hien phap Bi nam<br /> <br /> 1831<br /> <br /> 351<br /> <br /> 14-8-1830. M u c t h u 15 cua H i c h p h a p H a L a n n a m 1815 cung<br /> <br /> m a n g cua Bi n h u n g n a m 1830 da cham d u t s u ap dat cua hien<br /> <br /> dxxgc ket h a p chat che theo each thuc t u a n g t u . T u y vay, hoc<br /> <br /> p h a p nay, va v u o n g quoc Bi doc lap da d u a e cong bo.<br /> <br /> gia A . V . Dicey da t u y e n bo rSng " H i c h p h a p Bi rat gan v a i cac<br /> quy dinh trong Hien phap A n h " ' .<br /> <br /> :, (.;.<br /> <br /> T u t u a n g hien p h a p c h u dao cua H i e n p h a p n a m 1831 da<br /> u n g ho, c u n g co cac n g u y e n tac n h u t i n h toi eao cua n g a n h lap<br /> <br /> H i e n p h a p Bi da d u o c N g h i v i e n - ca q u a n l a p h i e n t u<br /> <br /> p h a p , q u y e n luc q u a n chu h a n che, bao ve r o n g m a cua t u do<br /> <br /> t h a n g 11-1830, d e n t h a n g 2-1831 d u thao. H i e n p h a p Bi la san<br /> <br /> d a n su va q u y e n t u h i i u , p h a n tach giira nha t h a va nha nuoc.<br /> <br /> p h a m cua t u t u o n g t r i e t hoc c h i n h t r i ciia n h u n g n g u a i l a n h<br /> <br /> Viec n g h i n g a ve V u a va co q u a n h a n h p h a p n h i n c h u n g la kha<br /> <br /> d a o p h o n g trao l y k h a i t h a n g 7-1830. D o n g t h o i c u n g la ket<br /> <br /> ro rang - d a y la dac d i e m h a p dan nhat cua H i e n p h a p d o i v a i<br /> <br /> qua cua m o t s u ket h o p gii>a l u c l u o n g H o i giao bao t h i i va<br /> cac giai cap t r u n g g i a n t u d o , d u n g d a u la cac l u a t s u va cac<br /> thuong nhan.<br /> T r u a c s u k i e n nay da xay ra hai giai d o a n xao t r o n . Mac d u<br /> de che cua Ao t u cupc cai each va tai t h a i d i e m each m a n g Phap<br /> n a m 1789, Bi c6 t i n h t h a n t u q u a n dia p h u o n g kha r o n g rai.<br /> C h i n h v i vay, cac eong d a n Bi da d o n chao q u a n d o i cua Phap<br /> n h u la n h i i n g n g u a i giai p h o n g k h o i q u a n x a m l u a c A o . N h u n g<br /> d a n g tiee la c h i n h q u y e n t u chu dia p h u o n g lai m o t lan n u a<br /> d u a e k i e m n g h i e m k h i Bi sap n h a p v a i C o n g hoa Phap va q u a n<br /> ly v a i t u each la m o t bo p h a n k h o n g tach r a i cua<br /> <br /> Phap.<br /> <br /> N a p o l e o n da kc thua va p h a t trien v i t r i nay; t u y n h i e n , N g h i<br /> v i e n cua Vienna da d u a e<br /> N a p o l e o n n h a p cac<br /> <br /> t r i e u tap ngay sau that bai<br /> <br /> t i n h cua Bi vao cac<br /> <br /> t i n h cua H a<br /> <br /> cua<br /> Lan<br /> <br /> ( H o l l a n d ) v a i cai ten la H a Lan (Netherlands). N a m 1815, m o t<br /> <br /> cac luc l u o n g theo d u a n g l o i eong hoa (trai n g u a e v a i d u a n g<br /> loi bao hoang) tren toan chau A u .<br /> Mac d u H i e n p h a p da g h i n h a n v a i tro cua q u a n chu ke<br /> t r u y e n , H i e n p h a p c i i n g g h i n h a n t h a m q u y e n che n g u cua<br /> N g h i v i e n d o i v a i nha V u a . H i e n p h a p c i i n g chi ro L e o p o l d I<br /> cua Saxe - C o b u r g la q u a n chu va n g u a i ke n g o i la con trai<br /> t r u a n g . D o n g t h a i , H i e n p h a p c i j n g neu ro t r o n g t r u a n g h a p<br /> k h o n g CO con trai, nha V u a se k h o n g the t r u y e n n g o i cho n g u a i<br /> ke v i neu k h o n g co s u d o n g t h u a n cua N g h i v i e n . D i e u 78 q u y<br /> d i n h lien q u a n den g i a i han cua nen q u a n chu, d o la " N h a V u a<br /> k h o n g C O q u y e n luc nao khac ngoai n h i r n g q u y e n m a H i e n<br /> p h a p va eac luat dac biet da trao cho".<br /> V a i v i t r i la m o t t r o n g n h i i n g hien p h a p d a n chu nhat tren<br /> the g i a i tai t h a i d i e m ban h a n h , H i e n p h a p Bi d u a n g n h i e n<br /> <br /> ban hien p h a p da d u a e xay d u n g , n o i d u n g de cap den nen<br /> <br /> k h o n g the d e m so sanh tai t h a i d i e m h i e n nay ve m u c d o d a n<br /> <br /> q u a n chu m a i me nay. Ban M e n p h a p nay q u y d i n h rSng co<br /> <br /> chu. Ca hai v i e n d e u d o d a n b a u ; t u y n h i e n , p h u n u k h o n g co<br /> <br /> q u a n lap p h a p cua ca hai n u a e d u a e de c u v a i so l u o n g n h u<br /> <br /> q u y e n bau cu, va d e n tan n a m 1921, q u y e n b a u c u m a i d u a e<br /> <br /> n h a u , mac d u a t h a i d i e m d o Bi co dan so d o n g h a n . Cuoe each<br /> <br /> d a n h cho tat ca n a m g i o i . N g o a i ra, H i e n p h a p cung q u y d i n h<br /> ve thue theo d a u n g u a i , va q u y e n b a u c u p h a i d a p u n g d u a e<br /> <br /> 1 . A . V . Dicey: An Introduction<br /> P-90.<br /> <br /> to the Study<br /> <br /> of the Law of Constitution,<br /> <br /> 1885,<br /> <br /> n h i i n g y e u eau ve tai san d u a e q u y d i n h t r o n g H i e n p h a p . Dac<br /> b i e t T h u a n g n g h i v i e n g i a i t h i e u cac t h a n h p h a n ehue sac:<br /> <br /> 352<br /> <br /> C A C BAN HIEN P H A P L A M NEN LjCH SU<br /> <br /> H i e n phap Bi nam<br /> <br /> 353<br /> <br /> 1831<br /> <br /> " U n corps aristocratique, une i n s t i t u t i o n conciliatrice et u n<br /> <br /> Antwerp,<br /> <br /> p o u v o i r m o n d e r a t e u r . - q u y toe, hoa giai v a t r o n g t a i " ' .<br /> <br /> Liege, L i m b o u r g , L u x e m b o u r g , N a m u r , t r u n h i r n g p h a n lien<br /> <br /> Su ket h o p y e u to dan chu cua cac nuoc chau A u d i truoc,<br /> <br /> Brabant,<br /> <br /> West<br /> <br /> Flanders,<br /> <br /> East Flanders,<br /> <br /> q u a n cua L u x e m b o u r g d o i v o i L i e n m i n h D t i c '<br /> <br /> Hainaut,<br /> (Germanic<br /> <br /> cung v o i su cai to, d o i m o i cua Bi da tao nen t i n h nhat quan trong<br /> <br /> C o n f e d e r a t i o n / Deutscher B u n d ) . K h i can thiet, l a n h t h o co the<br /> <br /> viec hien phap hoa cac q u y d i n h ve n h i r n g n g u y e n tac co ban cua<br /> <br /> d u g c chia thanh n h i e u t i n h h o n n u a theo q u y d i n h ctja luat.<br /> <br /> h m h thuc chi'nh quyen quan chu va t u do, m a n g dac t r u n g Hen bo<br /> cua hien p h a p chau A u ma hang t r a m n a m sau m o i c6. N g o a i ra,<br /> cau true cua H i e n phap Bi cung cho phep s u hien dai hoa ve luat<br /> p h a p va thuc t h i lau dai q u y d i n h han che sua d o i hien phap. Su<br /> l i n h boat trong viec ap d u n g nay trai nguoc v o l t h u tuc ve sua d o i<br /> hien p h a p m o t each c u n g nhac, cu the la n h i m g t h i i tuc d a u tien<br /> q u y d i n h ve viec giai tan cua N g h i vien va s u ke tiep da so 2/3 so<br /> thanh vien cua N g h i vien 6 n h i e m k y tiep theo. V i vay, H i e n p h a p<br /> d u g c sua d o i rat it chi vao n h u n g n a m 1893,1921,1970, va 1980.<br /> F. R E Y N T J E N S<br /> Giang vien Luat<br /> Dai hoc Antwerp va Louvain<br /> Antwerp va Louvain, Bi<br /> <br /> Dieu 2<br /> Cac d o n v i d u o i cap t i n h k h o n g the d u g c p h e p tao ra, t r u<br /> k h i d u g c q u y d i n h bang luat.<br /> Dieu 3<br /> <br /> xa- k h o n g the bi thay d o i hay sua chira, t r u k h i d u g c q u y d i n h<br /> <br /> C O N G D A N vA<br /> <br /> Dieul<br /> <br /> ' '<br /> <br /> QUYEN CONG D A N<br /> <br /> Dieu 4<br /> <br /> tac d u g c q u y d i n h t r o n g l u a t d a n su.<br /> <br /> ]<br /> <br /> H i e n p h a p nay va cac dao l u a t khac lien q u a n d e n<br /> '<br /> <br /> t i n h . Cac<br /> <br /> Phdnll<br /> <br /> Q u y e n cong d a n Bi co d u g c , n a m g i i i va b i m a t theo cac q u y<br /> <br /> L A N H T H O V A S\J P H A N C H I A L A N H T H O<br /> <br /> t h a n h cac<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> Phdnl<br /> <br /> chia<br /> <br /> 'y')^f.\'y-/:••:.'[. -•.V .^r ']^":-^'<br /> <br /> Cac ranh g i o i cua nha nuoc, hoac cua cac t i n h , hoac cua cac<br /> <br /> H I E N PHAP Bi<br /> <br /> Bi d u g c<br /> <br /> >; j ^ ' ; :<br /> <br /> bang luat.<br /> <br /> D a i d i e n cho n h a n d a n Bi, Quoc h o i t u y e n bo:<br /> <br /> :<br /> <br /> tinh<br /> <br /> nay bao<br /> <br /> gom:<br /> <br /> D i c h bai John Martin Vincent, P h . D : Associate Professor of History, Johns<br /> H o p k i n s University, and A d a S. Vincent Annals (Philadelphia: A m e r i c a n<br /> A c a d e m y of Political and Social Science, 1896).<br /> 1. G.Smets: La reforme du Senat, 1919, p.19: " M o t co quan quy toe, mpt<br /> d i n h che'hoa giai va mot quyen luc dieu p h o i " .<br /> <br /> cac<br /> <br /> q u y e n c h i n h t r i xac d i n h n h i r n g d i e u k i e n khac can p h a i thoa<br /> m a n de d u g c thij'c h i e n cac q u y e n nay.<br /> <br /> 1. Day la mot lien minh long leo gom 39 n u c k nho noi tiong D u e d u o c<br /> thiet lap boi Nghi vien V i e n n a nam 1815 n h a m tao ra lien ket kinh te de thay<br /> cho De che L a Ma truoc do ( N D ; .<br /> 2. C o n CO the goi la cpng dong<br /> <br /> (ND).<br /> <br /> 354<br /> <br /> CAC<br /> <br /> Dieu5<br /> <br /> B A N H I E N P H A P L A M N E N L I C H SU"<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Chi<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> 355<br /> <br /> 1831<br /> <br /> Dieu 10<br /> <br /> Chi ca quart lap phap lien bang moi c6 quyen cho phep<br /> nhap quoc tich.<br /> <br /> H i e n phap Bi nam<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> ; '<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> CO viec trao quoc tich day du moi c6 the chap nhan<br /> <br /> nguoi nuoc ngoai binh dSng voi nguoi Bi trong viec thuc thi<br /> <br /> Nha 6 cua ca nhan la bat kha xam pham; khong co su kham<br /> xet t u gia nao co the duoc thuc hien ngoai cac truong hop luat<br /> dinh va theo each thuc luat dinh.<br /> Dieu 11<br /> <br /> cac quyen chinh tri.<br /> <br /> Khong ai co the bi tuoc doat tai san cua m i n h t r u khi phuc<br /> Trong vuong quoc khong c6 su phan biet giai cap.<br /> Tat ca cong dan Bi deu binh dSng truoc phap luat; chi c6 ho<br /> CO the lam viec trong cac co quan dan su hay quan su, nhung c6<br /> nhirng ngoai le ma luat co the quy dinh cho cac truong hop ca<br /> biet, cu the.<br /> <br /> va theo each thuc luat quy dinh, va phai duoc boi thuong thoa<br /> dang dinh truoc.<br /> Dieu 12<br /> Khong thiet lap h i n h phat do'i v o i viec tich thu sung cong<br /> tai san.<br /> <br /> Dieu7<br /> Tu do ca nhan duoc bao dam.<br /> Khong ai bi khoi to t r u trong nhiing truong hop luat dinh<br /> va phai tuan theo cac thu tuc luat dinh.<br /> Tru<br /> <br /> vu cho Igi ich cong cong, theo cac truong hop do luat quy dinh<br /> <br /> truong hop pham toi qua tang, khong ai bi bat trir khi<br /> <br /> theo lenh co ly do caa mot tham phan co tham quyen, duoc tong<br /> dat tai thoi diem bat giii, hoac cham nhat trong vong 24 gio.<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> •,<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> Dieu 13<br /> Viec tuoc doat hoan toan cac quyen dan su bi cam va khong<br /> duoc phep tai thiet lap'.<br /> Dieu 14<br /> Quyen t u do tin nguong va su t u do, cong khai the hien tin<br /> <br /> Dieu 8<br /> <br /> nguong, d i n g n h u quyen t u do the hien chinh kien ve bat ky va<br /> <br /> Khong ai, trai voi y nguyen ciia ho, bi tuoc bo quyen duoc<br /> <br /> tat ca cac van de deu duoc bao dam, trir cac toi pham duoc thuc<br /> <br /> xet x u boi tham phan^ ma phap luat chi dinh cho ho.<br /> Dieu 9<br /> <br /> hien trong khi thuc hien nhiing quyen t u do nay.<br /> <br /> ^:.:^'-/:^^:'^v:;Vv;v.::<br /> <br /> Khong hinh phat nao duoc thiet lap hoac ap dung ngoai<br /> <br /> 1. 6 chau A u , cho den tan the ky XIX, ton tai mot hinh phat dan s u bo<br /> sung ben canh h i n h phat hinh s u d u o c goi la "chet dan s u " (tieng Phap: tort<br /> <br /> quy d i n h ciia luat.<br /> <br /> civile, tieng D u e : burgerlicher T o d , tieng A n h : civil death). N g u o i bi ap d u n g<br /> hinh phat nay, mac du con song ve mat sinh hoc n h u n g se bj: tuoc doat<br /> q u y e n so huu;<br /> <br /> 1. Bj c h u y e n sang xem xet theo con d u o n g phi toa an<br /> <br /> (ND).<br /> <br /> h u y hon nhan, cac quan he than thuoc; mat kha nang lam<br /> <br /> Chung; ma't nang luc phap luat ( N D ) .<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> ;<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> 356<br /> <br /> C A C B A N H I E N P H A P L A M N E N L I C H SLT<br /> <br /> DieulS<br /> <br /> Hien phap Bi nam 1831<br /> <br /> 357<br /> <br /> Dieu 19<br /> <br /> K h o n g ai b i bat buoc p h a i t h a m gia, theo bat k y each thuc<br /> <br /> C o n g d a n Bi c6 q u y e n h o i h o p m o t each hoa b i n h va k h o n g<br /> <br /> nao, vao cac boat d o n g t i n n g u o n g hoac cac n g h i t h i i c cua bat<br /> <br /> m a n g theo v u k h i , v o i d i e u k i e n la h o p h a i t u a n theo p h a p luat<br /> <br /> k y t o n giao nao, hoac t o n t r o n g cac ngay n g h i cua t i n n g u a n g ,<br /> <br /> dieu c h i n h viec thuc h i e n q u y e n nay m a k h o n g can sye cho p h e p<br /> <br /> t o n giao d o .<br /> <br /> truoc do.<br /> <br /> Dieu 16<br /> <br /> ^<br /> <br /> ,<br /> <br /> D i e u k h o a n nay k h o n g ap d u n g d o i v o i viec h o i h o p ngoai<br /> t r o i , viec h o i h o p d o p h a i h o a n toan t u a n theo p h a p luat ve an.<br /> <br /> N h a n u o c k h o n g c6 q u y e n can thiep vao vice bo n h i e m hay<br /> <br /> n i n h trat t u .<br /> <br /> sap dat bat k y chue sac ton giao, hoac ngan cam ho lien lac v o l<br /> be t r c n cua ho hay ngan cam cong bo cac su kien, l u a n d a m cua<br /> <br /> Dieu 20<br /> <br /> n h u n g n g u o i do, k h i h o tuan t h i i trach n h i e m t h o n g t h u o n g<br /> <br /> C o n g dan Bi c6 q u y e n lap h o i ; q u y e n nay k h o n g b i ap d u n g<br /> <br /> lien q u a n d e n viec s u d u n g bao chi va cac x u a t ban p h a m .<br /> <br /> bat k y bien p h a p ngan chan nao.<br /> <br /> T h u tuc ket h o n d a n s u l u o n l u o n thuc hien truoc n g h i le<br /> ket h o n t o n giao, t r u n h i m g t r u o n g h o p ngoai le d u o c luat q u y<br /> <br /> Dieu 21<br /> <br /> d i n h , n c u c6 co so cho dieu do.<br /> <br /> Bat k y ai cijng c6 q u y e n g u i d o n k i e n n g h i d e n cac co q u a n<br /> <br /> Dieu 17<br /> T u d o t u t u o n g t r o n g giao due d u o c bao d a m ; tat ca cac<br /> <br /> nha n u o c co t h a m quyen, d u o c k y b o i m o t hoac n h i e u n g u o i .<br /> Chi cac C O quan co t h a m q u y e n h o p p h a p m o i co q u y e n d u a<br /> ra cac kien n g h i nhan d a n h tap the.<br /> <br /> b i e n p h a p can t r o d e u b i cam; viec k i e m soat n g u o i p h a m toi<br /> d u o c q u y d i n h b a i p h a p luat.<br /> Giao due cong lap d u o c t h u c h i e n d u o i s u g i a m sat cua nha<br /> n u o c se d u o c q u y d i n h b o i p h a p luat.<br /> <br /> Dieu 18<br /> <br /> Dieu 22<br /> <br /> •<br /> <br /> Q u y e n r i e n g t u ve t h u t i n la bat k h a x a m p h a m .<br /> Phap luat q u y d i n h cac v i e n chue p h a i c h i u trach n h i e m<br /> t r o n g viec v i p h a m q u y e n rieng t u ve t h u t i n d u o c g u i theo<br /> d u o n g b u u dien.<br /> <br /> Bao chi d u o c t u do; k h o n g bao g i o thiet lap viec k i e m duyet;<br /> k h o n g CO k h o a n tien bao d a m nao d u o c yeu cau d o i v o i cac tac<br /> <br /> Dieu 23<br /> <br /> gia, nha xuat ban hoac n g u o i i n ah.<br /> <br /> Viec s u d u n g cac n g o n ngi> t r o n g n u o c Bi la t u do. Viec s u<br /> <br /> N e u n h a n than cua tac gia d u o c biet den va anh ta dang<br /> <br /> d u n g nay k h o n g b i d i e u c h i n h n g o a i t r u b o i cac dao luat va chi<br /> <br /> d i n h c u 6 Bi, t h i nha xuat ban, n g u o i i n an hoac nha p h a n p h o i<br /> <br /> ap d u n g d o i v o i cac boat d p n g cua cac co quan nha n u o c va<br /> <br /> k h o n g the b i k h o i to.<br /> <br /> t r o n g t h u tuc to t u n g t u phap.<br /> <br />