Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 9 * Phuï baûn cuûa Soá 1 * 2005<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
CHAÅN ÑOAÙN TEO ÑÖÔØNG MAÄT BAÅM SINH<br />
Nguyeãn Ñöùc Trí* vaø cs<br />
<br />
TOÙM TAÉT<br />
Muïc tieâu: Nghieân cöùu giaù trò cuûa vaøng da, caàu phaân traéng, tieåu saäm maøu, gan to vaø hình aûnh cuûa tuùi<br />
maät baèng sieâu aâm, nhaèm goùp phaàn chaån ñoaùn sôùm beänh teo ñöôøng maät baåm sinh.<br />
Phöông phaùp: Hoài cöùu laïi 85 tröôøng hôïp töø thaùng 1/1998 ñeán thaùng 10/2004 taïi Beänh vieän Nhi Ñoàng<br />
1 vaø Beänh vieän Nhi Ñoàng 2.<br />
Keát quaû: Giaù trò cuûa vaøng da, tieâu phaân traéng, tieåu saäm maøu laø 100%. Giaù trò cuûa gan to laø 80%. Giaù<br />
trò baát thöôøng cuûa tuùi maät trong sieâu aâm laø 100%.<br />
Keát luaän: Vaøng da keùo daøi sau 2 tuaàn, ñi caàu phaân traéng, tieåu saäm maøu vaø coù baát thöôøng cuûa tuùi maät<br />
laø beänh caûnh cuûa teo ñöôøng maät baåm sinh. Tuy vaäy, muoán quan saùt roõ tuùi maät phaûi cho treû nhòn 12 giôø.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY<br />
THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE BILE DUCTS<br />
Nguyen Duc Tri * Y Hoc TP. Ho Chi Minh * Vol. 9 * Supplement of No 1 * 2005: 46 – 49<br />
<br />
Objective: To evaluate the neonatal jaundice accompanied with white stools, dark urines,<br />
hepatomegaly and abnormal gallbladder by ultrasonography, in order to diagnose early the congenital<br />
atresia of the the bile ducts.<br />
Methods: Retrospective study 85 cases from January 1998 to October 2004 at the Children’s Hospital<br />
N 1 and Children’s Hospital NO 2.<br />
O<br />
<br />
Results: The mean of the neonatal jaundice, decoloured stools, dark urines was 100%. The mean of<br />
the hepatomegaly was 80%. The abnormal gallbladder on US scans was 100%.<br />
Conclusion: Biliary atresia can be suspected if every neonatal jaundice which lasts more than two<br />
weeks accompanied by white stools, dark urines and abnormal gallbladder, however ultrasonography of<br />
the liver is performed after 12 hours fasting..<br />
<br />
ÑAËT VAÁN ÑEÀ<br />
Naêm 1962 Prochiantz ñaõ noùi “teo ñöôøng maät taát<br />
nhieân luoân luoân ñöa ñeán töû vong vaø thaät ñaëc bieät<br />
hieám nhöõng tröôøng hôïp chöõa khoûi baèng phaãu thuaät”.<br />
Ngaøy nay quaù trình beänh lyù teo ñöôøng maät coù theå<br />
ñöôïc ngaên chaän hoaëc caûi thieän bôûi phaãu thuaät.<br />
Naêm 1968, Thaler vaø Gillis khuyeán caùo raèng<br />
khoâng neân phaãu thuaät sôùm maø neân trì hoaõn ñeán 4<br />
thaùng tuoåi, vì trong thôøi gian naøy haàu heát caùc tröôøng<br />
hôïp teo ñöôøng maät khoâng theå chaån ñoaùn phaân bieät<br />
ñöôïc vôùi vieâm gan sô sinh, vieâm gan seõ naëng hôn neáu<br />
* Beänh vieän Nhi ñoàng 2, TP. HCM<br />
<br />
46<br />
<br />
can thieäp phaãu thuaät. Sau 4 thaùng tuoåi, ña soá beänh<br />
teo ñöôøng maät ñaõ bò xô gan, suy gan vaø chæ phaãu<br />
thuaät gheùp gan môùi cöùu ñöôïc beänh.<br />
Vaäy coù caùch naøo ñeå chaån ñoaùn beänh teo ñöôøng<br />
maät tröôùc 4 thaùng tuoåi khoâng ?<br />
<br />
ÑOÁI TÖÔÏNG VAØ PHÖÔNG PHAÙP NGHIEÂN<br />
CÖÙU<br />
Thieát keá nghieân cöùu<br />
Hoài cöùu, caét ngang moâ taû.<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 9 * Phuï baûn cuûa Soá 1 * 2005<br />
<br />
Ñoái töôïng nghieân cöùu<br />
<br />
Ñòa phöông:<br />
<br />
Daân soá muïc tieâu<br />
<br />
Taát caû beänh nhi chaån ñoaùn laø teo ñöôøng maät baåm<br />
sinh nhaäp vieän taïi Beänh vieän Nhi Ñoàng 1 vaø Beänh<br />
vieän Nhi Ñoàng 2 töø thaùng 1/1998 ñeán thaùng 10/2004.<br />
<br />
22%<br />
<br />
Daân soá choïn maãu<br />
<br />
Taát caû beänh teo ñöôøng maät ñaõ moå, xaùc ñònh laø teo<br />
ñöôøng maät baåm sinh trong thôøi gian naøy.<br />
<br />
78%<br />
<br />
Côû maãu<br />
<br />
Laáy troïn<br />
<br />
TP. HCM<br />
Tænh<br />
<br />
Tieâu chí choïn beänh<br />
<br />
Taát caû beänh nhi sau khi moå taïi 2 Beänh vieän nhi<br />
trong thôøi gian treân ñöôïc chaån ñoaùn laø teo ñöôøng maät<br />
baåm sinh.<br />
Tieâu chí loaïi tröø<br />
<br />
Sau khi moå khoâng phaûi laø teo ñöôøng maät baåm<br />
sinh.<br />
<br />
KEÁT QUAÛ<br />
<br />
Vieâm gan 28 ca (32,94%):<br />
<br />
5 thaùng: 17 ca (20%)<br />
<br />
Vieâm gan A: 1 ca (1,1%)<br />
<br />
6 thaùng: 6 ca (7%)<br />
<br />
Vieâm gan B, C: 1 ca (1,1%)<br />
<br />
> 7 thaùng: 12 ca (14,1%)<br />
<br />
CMV: 26 ca (30,58%)<br />
<br />
Giôùi<br />
Nöõ<br />
<br />
53<br />
<br />
Nam<br />
<br />
50<br />
<br />
10<br />
0<br />
<br />
Tuaàn hoaøn baøng heä, coå tröôùng: 46 ca (54,11%)<br />
<br />
Bilirubine giaùn tieáp taêng: 85 ca (100%)<br />
<br />
4 thaùng: 11 ca (12,9%)<br />
<br />
20<br />
<br />
Nöôùc tieåu vaøng saäm: 85 ca (100%)<br />
<br />
Bilirubine tröïc tieáp ngaøy caøng taêng: 85 ca (100%)<br />
<br />
3 thaùng: 22ca (26%)<br />
<br />
30<br />
<br />
Phaân traéng: 70 ca (82,35%), trong ñoù maùt-tít: 15<br />
ca. luùc traéng luùc vaøng: 15 ca (17,64%).<br />
<br />
Caän laâm saøng<br />
<br />
2 thaùng – 2,5 thaùng: 17 ca (20%)<br />
<br />
40<br />
<br />
Vaøng da, vaøng maét: 85 ca<br />
<br />
Gan to sôø ñöôïc döôùi haï söôøn phaûi: 68 ca (80%)<br />
<br />
Tuoåi<br />
<br />
60<br />
<br />
Laâm saøng:<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
Sieâu aâm: nhòn 4 giôø: 77 ca<br />
Tuùi maät xeïp: 50 ca + 10 ca nang roán gan<br />
(64,93%)<br />
Khoâng thaáy tuùi maät: 27 ca (35,06%)<br />
Khoâng daõn ñöôøng maät trong gan: 77 ca (100%)<br />
Sieâu aâm: nhòn 12 giôø: 8 ca<br />
Khoâng thaáy tuùi maät: 5 ca (62,5%)<br />
Tuùi maät khoâng thay ñoåi sau buù: 3 ca (37,5%)<br />
Khoâng thaáy oáng maät chuû: 8 ca (100%)<br />
Gan vaø laùch: Caû ôû treû nhòn 4 giôø vaø nhòn 12 giôø:<br />
<br />
47<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 9 * Phuï baûn cuûa Soá 1 * 2005<br />
Laùch to: 5 ca (5,88%)<br />
Xô gan: 46 ca (54,11%)<br />
Phaãu thuaät Kasai: 85 ca<br />
<br />
keùo daøi, ñi caàu phaân baïc maøu vaø coù baát thöôøng tuùi<br />
maät treân sieâu aâm sau khi ñaõ nhòn 4 giôø thì treû bò<br />
teo ñöôøng maät.<br />
<br />
Loaïi II: 2 ca<br />
<br />
- Ñoái vôùi treû coù keøm vieâm gan do gan bò toån<br />
thöông gan vaø giaûm baøi tieát maät, cho neân baét buoäc<br />
phaûi cho treû nhòn 12 giôø lieân tuïc thì môùi quan saùt<br />
ñöôïc tuùi maät moät caùch ñaày ñuû nhaát(7,8,10).<br />
<br />
Loaïi III: 75 ca<br />
<br />
TAØI LIEÄU THAM KHAÛO<br />
<br />
Trong ñoù xô gan vaø öù maät: 78 ca<br />
Loaïi I: 8 ca<br />
<br />
Töû vong: 3 ca (haäu phaãu) do xô gan, suy gan<br />
naëng<br />
<br />
1.<br />
<br />
BAØN LUAÄN<br />
<br />
2.<br />
<br />
Coù söï khaùc bieät tæ leä beänh ôû nam vaø nöõ(2,9,16).<br />
Coù söï khaùc bieät tæ leä beänh ôû thaønh phoá vaø caùc<br />
tænh(5).<br />
Beänh luoân luoân bieåu hieän laø söï vaøng da sau 2<br />
tuaàn tuoåi vaø tieåu saäm maøu, ñaây laø 2 daáu hieäu trung<br />
thaønh nhaát.<br />
Phaân baïc maøu cuõng gaëp trong haàu heát caùc tröôøng<br />
hôïp: 70 ca laø phaân hoaøn toaøn traéng, vaø 15 ca phaân luùc<br />
vaøng, luùc traéng, gaëp ôû nhöõng beänh nhaân coù bilirubin<br />
tröïc tieáp taêng raát cao(8).<br />
Gan to chæ coù ôû treû ñaõ beänh > 2 thaùng.<br />
Vieâm gan chieám tæ leä cao 28 ca (32,94%), coù phaûi<br />
laø beänh teo ñöôøng maät vaø vieâm gan laø rieâng bieät, hay<br />
laø vieâm gan laø nguyeân nhaân daãn ñeán teo ñöôøng maät<br />
nhö giaû thuyeát nhieãm truøng(1,3,18).<br />
Sieâu aâm luùc naøo cuõng thaáy söï baát thöôøng cuûa tuùi<br />
maät: khoâng thaáy hoaëc xeïp, hoaëc khoâng thay ñoái sau<br />
buù. Tuy vaäy, neáu chæ nhòn 4 giôø, thôøi gian chöa ñuû ñeå<br />
maät tieát nhieàu (24 giôø = 50ml) thì khoù khaúng ñònh<br />
ñöôïc laø coù thaáy tuùi maät hay khoâng(7,12,14).<br />
Coù 78 ca (91,76%) gan ñaõ xô vaø öù maät treân giaûi<br />
phaãu beänh lyù, tieân löôïng heát söùc deø daët(6,11).<br />
<br />
3.<br />
<br />
4.<br />
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5.<br />
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6.<br />
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7.<br />
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8.<br />
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9.<br />
<br />
10.<br />
<br />
11.<br />
<br />
12.<br />
<br />
KEÁT LUAÄN<br />
Qua phaân tích 85 beänh nhi ñaõ phaãu thuaät Kasai<br />
chuùng toâi nhaän thaáy:<br />
<br />
13.<br />
<br />
- Chaån ñoaùn sôùm vaø phaãu thuaät sôùm laø yeâu caàu<br />
heát söùc caàn thieát trong ñieàu trò beänh teo ñöôøng<br />
maät baåm sinh. Ñoái vôùi treû sau 2 tuaàn tuoåi vaøng da<br />
<br />
14.<br />
<br />
48<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
A-Kader HH, Nowicki MJ, Kuramoto KL, Baroudy B,<br />
Zeldis JB, Balistreri WF. Evaluation of the role of<br />
hepatitis C virus in biliary atresia. Pediatr Infect Dis J<br />
1994; 13: 657 – 9.<br />
Chardot C, Carton M, Spire-Bendelac N, Le Pommelet C,<br />
Golmard JL, Auvert B. Epidemiology of biliary atresia in<br />
France: a national study 1986 – 1996. J Hepatol 1999; 31<br />
(6): 1006 – 13.<br />
Danks DM, Campbell PE, Jack I, Rogers J, Smith AL.<br />
Studies of the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and biliary<br />
atresia. Arch Dis Child 1977; 52: 360 – 7.<br />
Ecoffey C, Rothman E, Bernard O, Hadchouel M,<br />
Valayer J, Alagille D. Bacterial cholangitis after<br />
surgery for biliary atresia. J Pediatr 1987; 111 (6 Pt<br />
1): 824 – 9.<br />
Ibrahim M, Miyano T, Ohi R, Saeki M, Shiraki K,<br />
Tanaka K, et al. Japanese Biliary Atresia Registry, 1989<br />
to 1994. Tohoku J Exp Med 1997; 181 (1): 85 – 95.<br />
Karrer FM, Lilly JR, Stewart BA, Hall RJ. Biliary<br />
atresia registry, 1976 to 1989. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25<br />
(10): 1076 – 81.<br />
Kasai M, Kimura S, Asakura Y, Suzuki Y, Taira Y,<br />
Obashi E. Surgical treatment of biliary atresia. J Pediatr<br />
Surg 1968: 3: 665 – 675.<br />
Kasai M, Suzuki H, Ohashi E, Ohi R, Chiba T,<br />
Okamoto A. Technique and results of operative<br />
management of biliary atresia. World J Surg 1978; 2<br />
(5): 571 – 9.<br />
McKiernan PJ, Baker AJ, Kelly DA. The frequency and<br />
outcome of biliary atresia in the UK and Ireland. Lancet<br />
2000; 355 (9197): 25 – 9.<br />
Morecki R, Glaser JH, Cho S, Balistreri WF, Horwitz<br />
MS. Biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection. New<br />
Engl J Med 1982; 307: 481 – 4.<br />
Morecki R, Glaser JH, Johnson AB, Kress Y. Detection of<br />
reovirus type 3 in the porta hepatis of an infant with<br />
extrahepatic<br />
biliary<br />
atresia:<br />
ultrastructural<br />
and<br />
immunocytochemical study. Hepatology 1984; 4: 1137 – 42.<br />
Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R, Hausleithner V,<br />
Sokal E, Chardot C, et al. Sequential treatment of biliary<br />
atresia with Kasai portoenterostomy and liver<br />
transplantation: a review.<br />
Petersen C, Bruns E, Kuske M, Von Wussow P.<br />
Treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia with interferonalpha in a murine infectious model. Pediatr Res 1997; 42<br />
(5): 623 – 8.<br />
Redkar R, Davenport M, Howard ER. Antenatal<br />
diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the biliary tract.<br />
J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33 (5): 700 – 4.<br />
<br />
Chuyeân ñeà Ngoại Chuyeân Ngaønhi<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
15.<br />
<br />
16.<br />
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Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 9 * Phuï baûn cuûa Soá 1 * 2005<br />
<br />
Smith BM, Laberge JM, Schreiber R, Weber AM,<br />
Blanchard H. Familial biliary atresia in three siblings<br />
including twins. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26 (11): 1331 – 3.<br />
Strickland AD, Shannon K. Studies in the aetiology of<br />
extrahepatic biliary atresia: time – space clustering.<br />
Pediatrcs 1982; 100: 749 – 53.<br />
<br />
17.<br />
<br />
18.<br />
<br />
Valayer J. Atreùsie des voies biliaires. Encyclopeùdie<br />
Medico Chirurgicale 1990. Techniques chirurgicales.<br />
Appareil digestif: 40980 – 9.<br />
Weaver LT, Nelson R, Bell TM. The association of<br />
extrahepatic bile duct atresia and neonatal Epstein Barr<br />
virus infection. Acta Paediatr Scand 1984; 73: 155.<br />
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49<br />
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