Chính sách của vua Lê Thánh Tông đối với việc bảo vệ lãnh thổ đất nước

CHiNH SACH CUA LE THANH TdNG DOI VOTI<br /> VIEC BAD y l HTHdOATWl&e<br /> <br /> TRUONG VINH KHANG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> L e Thanh Tdng (1442-1497) (1) la<br /> mdt hoang de cd vai trd quan trong<br /> trong sii nghiep cung cd' vd phat trien nha<br /> Trong rat nhieu cdng trang to ldn cua Le<br /> Thanh Tdng cd viec xay diing vd bao ve td<br /> qud'c tren cd sd doc Idp thd'ng nhd't vd bao<br /> nUdc phong kie'n quan lieu. Ong da cd cong toan lanh thd dd't nUdc, dng da cd nhflng tU<br /> lao to ldn trong viec bao ve toan ven lanh tudng, chinh sach sdng sud't, chu dong vd<br /> thd dd't nUdc va md rong bd coi quo'c gia. tien quyet trong tri vi de xdy diing ddt nUdc<br /> Dudi trieu dai Le Thanh T6ng, nha nUdc vd bao ve bien gidi ca d phia Nam, phia<br /> dUdc td chflc diia tren nhflng the che dien Tay vd nhd't la phia Bdc. Trong bd Ludt<br /> chUdng, phdp ludt do hodng de dat ra: Hong Ddc la bd ludt ddy du vd tien bd nhd't<br /> chuong van trong vo, md mang dd't dai, bd cua nhd nUdc phong kie'n Viet Nam ra ddi<br /> c5i, bao ve chu quyen bien gidi tren bo va dudi trieu dai Le Thanh Tdng cung da the<br /> bd bien, hai dao. Nha vua khuye'n khich hien rdt nhieu dieu luat ve bao ve lanh thd<br /> phdt trien ndng nghiep, bao ve de dieu, dd't nUdc.<br /> khai hoang bdng cac chinh sach va phap<br /> 1. Chinh sach cua vua Le Thanh<br /> ludt cu the. Ve van hoa, "nha vua dinh<br /> Tong ve x a y diJing mot nha nvfdc thong<br /> phep thi hUdng, sifa phdp thi hoi, de chon<br /> nha't tren ccf sd bao toan lanh tho<br /> nhan tai. Thudng Ngai ra ldm chu cac ky<br /> thi dinh" (2). "Chinh Le Thanh Tong md Sau Khdi nghia lam Sdn, nha Minh mac<br /> rong nhd thdi hoc d phia sau. Phia trUdc thi du bi bai trdn nhUng vdn khdng thdi am<br /> ldm nhd Van Mieu, ldm kho bi thU (thU mUu xdm lUdc vd vdn tim each gdy bd'n, vua<br /> vien) de ma chfla sach". Ong ciing la nha bao trieu thdn Id phai kien quyet gifl ^ n dd't<br /> van hod ldn, nhd thd, chu soai cua Hoi 'Tao dai cua td tien, khdng de ma't mot phdn niii<br /> dan nhi thdp bat tu". Thd cila dng vd cua sdng ndo. Sil chdp: "Ngdi da bao vdi trieu<br /> Hdi Tao ddn rd't nhieu, cd vi tri dac biet thdn rdng: Ta phai gifl gin cho c§ja thdn,<br /> trong van hoc Viet Nam. Dudi trieu dai cua dflng de cho ai Idy md't mot phdn niii, mgt<br /> Le Thanh Tdng, bo lich sfl dd so cua Viet phdn song cua vua Ly Thai To de lai" (3).<br /> Nam "Dai Viet sfl ky toan thu" hoan thanh<br /> Ke ca khi dd't nudc thanh binh, nha vua<br /> nam Ky Hdi - 1497.<br /> vdn khdng ngflng nang cao y thflc ve viec<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ' Th.S. Vien Nhd nil6c va PhaD luat<br /> Chfnh sach c i a vua L& Th6nh Tdng... 19<br /> <br /> bao ve lanh thd qu6'c gia. Ldi Du cua nhd rd't r5 ndt qua cac chinh sach cu the cua<br /> vua cho thd'y ro dieu do. Nam 1471, ldi Du 6ng.<br /> quan Thai bao Le Canh Huy rdng: "Mdt Triidc hei, de lam cd sd cho viec khdng<br /> thudc nui, mot ta'c s6ng cua ta cd le ndo tU dinh nen doc Idp, Le Thanh Tdng quan tam<br /> nhien vflt bd di dUdc. Phai kien quye't tranh<br /> tdi viec xac dinh ro rang cUdng vUc cua dd't<br /> ludn, kh6ng de ho ld'n ddn. Neu ho kh6ng<br /> nUdc. Dudi trieu dai cua minh da cd den hai<br /> theo, cdn cd the sai sfl sang tdn trieu ^ n h<br /> ldn dng cho dinh lai ban dd ca nUdc. Ldn<br /> cila ho, bien bach r5 le phai trai. Neu ngfldi<br /> thfl nhd't, vdo ndm cudi nien hieu Quang<br /> nao dam dem mdt thUdc nui, mot td'c dd't<br /> Thudn (1469): "Dinh lai ban dd cac phu,<br /> dai cua Thai To de lai de ldm mdi cho giac,<br /> chau, huyen, xa, trang, 'sdch" (5). Ldn thfl<br /> ke d'y se hi trflng tri nang (tru di)" (4). Cdu<br /> hai, vao ndm thfl 21 nien hieu Hdng Dflc<br /> ndi dd bieu Id y chi manh liet cua Le Thdnh<br /> Tdng trong viec bao ve nen ddc lap dan tdc (1490): "Mua ha, thdng tU ngdy mdng 5,<br /> vd lanh th6 quo'c gia, ddng thdi cd the dUdc dinh lai ban dd trong nUdc: 13 xfl thfla<br /> xem nhu mot quan niem chinh tri rdt cd tuyen, cd 52 phu, 178 huyen, 50 chau, 20<br /> ban trong nhan thflc ve trdch nhiem quan hUdng, 36 phudng, 6.851 xa, 322 thdn, 637<br /> ly nha nfldc cua dng. trang, 40 sach, 30 nguyen, 30 tnidng" (6).<br /> Ban dia dd toan qud'c dUdc ve vd cdng bd'<br /> Le Thanh Tdng cd mot thudn ldi rd't<br /> cho thdn dan trong nUdc deu biet Id sU<br /> quan trong Id khi len ldm vua, dd't nfldc da<br /> chinh thflc xac nhdn bdng mot vdn ban cd<br /> thanh binh, sach bdng quan xam lUdc nhd<br /> tinh nhd nfldc vd la van ban phap ly nha<br /> cdng lao khdng ngoai cua nhflng vi vua<br /> nUdc ve chu quyen dan tdc dd'i vdi Idnh thd<br /> sang ddu trieu Le Sd md ngudi khai qud'c<br /> Dai Viet. Ngdy nay, qua sao chep nhieu<br /> ma Le Thai To, ngUdi da lanh dao nhdn<br /> ldn, ban dia dd cd the khdng cdn hodn toan<br /> ddn Dai Viet khdng chien, danh dudi quan<br /> chinh xdc nhUng cai ten Hong Ddc bdn do<br /> xam lUdc nha Minh gidnh doc Idp, todn ven<br /> thi dd di vdo chinh sfl va ndi tieng trong<br /> lanh thd cho Td qu6'c va ddt nen mdng cho<br /> lich sfl dan tdc Viet Nam. Va dieu quan<br /> vUdng trieu Le Sd. Ong lai tiep thu dUdc<br /> trong hdn, Hdng Dflc ban dd Id mot trong<br /> truyen thd'ng tU tudng dUdc b u n due ngdn<br /> nhflng minh chflng ve y thflc bao todn nen<br /> ddi cua ngUdi Viet coi ddt dai, bd c5i la<br /> ddc Idp, th6'ng nha't dan toe cua Le Thanh<br /> thieng lieng, chu quyen vd toan ven lanh<br /> Tdng.<br /> th6 qu6'c gia Id ba't kha xam pham, bien<br /> gidi la phen dau, yet hdu quan ye'u cua dd't 2. C h i n h s a c h ve x a y d i i n g n e n quo'c<br /> nUdc. Vi vdy, trong quan niem cua nha vua p h o n g viing m a n h<br /> ve mot nha nUdc qudn chu tap quyen Mot nha nfldc ddc lap, thd'ng nha't ddi<br /> chuyen che, trong dd vai trd ldn manh cila hdi trUdc het phai loai trfl dUdc nhflng nguy<br /> mot hodng de' gdn lien vdi sU ldn manh cua cd xdm ldn tU ben ngoai va nhflng nguy cd<br /> qud'c gia dan toe toe doc Idp, tU chu. Tu phdn tan cat cfl tfl ben trong. Dieu ndy da<br /> tudng ve xay diing mot nhd nUdc doc lap, trd thanh mot trong nhflng dinh hfldng cd<br /> th6'ng nhat tren cd sd bao todn va md rong ban cho nhflng chinh sach cai tri cua Le<br /> Idnh thd cua Le Thanh Tong la mot tU Thanh Tong. Chinh sach ve xdy diing nen<br /> tudng chi dao nhat qudn, dUdc bieu hien qudc phdng manh cua vua Le Thanh T6ng<br /> 20 RghiSn curu Lich siJr. s6 6.2010<br /> <br /> the hien d ba ndi dung: Mpt la, xdy diing diing lai theo hUdng chinh quy. Qudn ddi<br /> liic lUdng quan doi tinh nhue, hung manh; dUdc bien che thdnh hai lUc lUdng, dd la<br /> Hai la, chu trong ve bien phdng; Ba la, quan cua trieu dinh vd qudn cua cac dao,<br /> ngan chan nguy cd cat cfl trong nfldc. cdn goi la quan trong kinh va quan ngoai<br /> cac dao. Che do quan ngu dUdc xdt dinh<br /> Le Thanh Tdng cho rdng, dd't nUdc<br /> lai. Ngay tU nhflng nam ddu lam vua, Le<br /> "ludn dUdc phdng bi long bung nanh vud't<br /> Thdnh Tdng da lenh cho ca nfldc Idp sd ho<br /> ma gifl vflng viec tri an de'n mdi vd cung",<br /> tich vd phdn hang dan dinh ldm cd sd thflc<br /> vi vdy dng coi viec cham lo xdy dflng quan<br /> hien cac chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi va<br /> ddi vflng manh lam cdi nen vo bi cho Nhd<br /> tuyen linh. Nam 1470 trieu dinh dinh le<br /> nfldc la m6'i quan tdm dau tien. Chinh<br /> tuyen linh: nhd cd ba dinh thi mot sung<br /> sach quan trong nhd't cua vua Le Thanh vao hang linh (quan thfldng tnic), mot<br /> Tdng Id cai each todn dien nen binh dich sung vao hang quan (quan dfl bi), ngfldi<br /> nha nfldc, lam cho qudn ddi gon nhe cdn lai dfldc mien binh dich... Nha nfldc,<br /> nhUng tinh nhue, cd qudn thudng tnic tai mot mat, nghiem cdm vd trflng tri ndng<br /> ngu manh vd cd lUc lUdng dii bi ddng dao toi an Idu ddn dinh, ban tha quan nhan va<br /> cd the huy ddng khi cdn thiet. Bien phdp toi bd tr6'n qudn ngu, nhflng mat khdc md<br /> ndy dUdc bdt ddu tU viec nhd nUdc chu rdng dien m i i n tuyen, nhd't la dd'i vdi dien<br /> trong xay diing quan doi, ddt qudn ddi nho sinh hoc gidi, ddng thdi cd chinh sdch<br /> dudi sU chi huy thd'ng nhd't cua trieu dinh Uu ddi de ddng vien binh linh. Vi du, Dieu<br /> md dflng ddu la nhd vua. Trong Quo'c trieu 387 bo Ludt Hong Ddc quy dinh: "Con trai<br /> hinh ludt (Bo ludt Hdng Dflc) cd tdi 43 tfl 16, con gdi tfl 20 trd len ma ruong dd't<br /> dieu quy dinh ve "Quan chinh" rd't nghiem cua minh de ngfldi trong ho hay ngfldi<br /> khdc. Vi du: Dieu 1: "Nhiing quan tiidng ngodi cay hay d, da qua nien ban mdi<br /> hieu cai qudn td ba van qudn trd xuong, mien cUdng ddi lai thi xfl phat 80 trUdng<br /> 50 linh trd len, neu khong sdn soc luyen vd md't ruong dd't. Neu vi chien tranh (di<br /> tap dehdng ngU khong chinh te, qudn linh linh) hay di phieu bat mdi ve thi khdng<br /> khong tinh nhue, bieng nhdc viec qudn, theo ludt naj^'. NhU vdy, quan linh dUdc<br /> ldm cho qudn khi hii hong phdi sda chda, chia ruong dd't c6ng cua c6ng xa va dUdc<br /> hao ton tien cong, hay dn bdt cua cdng, bao ve quyen chie'm hflu ruong dd't dd.<br /> ldm viec rieng bo viec cong, xet tgi nhe thi Ngodi ra, che do "Ngu binh fl ndng" cd tfl<br /> bi bie'm hay cdch chdc, tgi ndng thi bi do thdi Ly, Trdn vd vdn dUdc duy tri thiic<br /> hay liiu. Neu khi chdng giac md pham hien d thdi Le Sd. Va, d thdi Le Sd, chinh<br /> nhiing loi tren, thi khong ke ndng nhe deu sdch "Ngu binh U ndng" thiic hien md rong<br /> phdi chem" (7). hdn de'n ca quan Ca'm ve. Quan linh thay<br /> phien nhau ve tham gia san xudt, vfla<br /> Trong cdng cudc cai cdch td chflc bd<br /> dam bao nhan liic cho lao ddng, giam bdt<br /> may nhd nfldc Le Thdnh Tdng bai bd chUc<br /> ngUdi thodt ly san xud't, vfla dd phdn chi<br /> te tudng. Cling cd' lai bd Binh, thiet Idp<br /> phi cho qudn doi, bao dam can dd'i gifla<br /> khoa Binh (mot cd quan khdng thudc qudn<br /> kinh te vd qud'c phdng. Vdi ta't ca nhflng<br /> ddi, chiu sii chi dao tnic tiep cua vua) de<br /> bien phdp dd, qudn ddi dUdi thdi Le Thanh<br /> giam sat boat ddng cua bo Binh va qudn<br /> Tdng la mot liic lUdng qudn sU hung hau-<br /> ddi, ddng thdi duyet dinh lai he tho'ng vo<br /> chd diia vflng chdc cho sU tdn tai cua<br /> quan. Tiep dd, che' do binh dich dUdc xay<br /> Chfnh sdch c i a vua L& Thinh T6ng... 21<br /> <br /> VUdng trieu vd nen ddc Idp qudc gia. Tren nhdn sdc phong cua trieu dinh. 0 cd'p<br /> thiic te', luc lUdng quan doi nay dd ddng vai chau, huyen d mien nui vdn hdu het deu<br /> trd quan trong ngan chan cdc hanh vi qud'y do cac tu trudng ngUdi dan tdc ndm gifl.<br /> rdi bien gidi lanh thd Dai Viet cua phong Nhd Le dat chUc Tri chdu, Dai tri chau de<br /> kien phUdng Bdc. Sfl cu cd chdp lai mdt so' bd nhiem cho cac tu trudng, lang dao d<br /> sU kien nhu: Quan nhd Minh d chau An ngoai phien. Mat khdc, nhd Le cdn c^ mot<br /> Binh, phu Thai Binh, tinh Quang Tdy Id sd' quan lai cao cd'p, nhflng cdng thdn cua<br /> Bdt Lan da cho quan sang danh chau Ha trieu dinh hoac con chau cua ho len mien<br /> Lang, nhUng bi quan nhd Le danh bai, phai nui, vung bien viin de quan lanh, cai tri<br /> rut ve nudc; Quan nhd Minh d Bdng Tudng dia phfldng vd chieu ddn Idp d'p d day,<br /> nhieu lan vUdt bien gidi vdo cUdp bdc d ddng thdi cdn lam nhiem vu bao ve bien<br /> vung Lang Sdn nhUng deu bi ngan chan vd cfldng cua dd't nfldc. Nhieu quan lai dUdc<br /> phai rut ve nUdc. cii len trd'n tri tai dia phUdng da cha<br /> truyen con nd'i trd t h a n h nhflng phien<br /> Dd'i vdi viec bien phdng, Le Thanh T6ng<br /> thdn cila trieu dinh.<br /> kh6ng chi chu trong xdy diing qudn doi<br /> ma cdn nhdn thd'y cdn cd nhflng chinh Quan tdm tdi bien gidi lanh thd nhdm<br /> sdch bien phdng thich hdp, bao gdm ca bao toan lanh thd dfldc bieu hien dac biet<br /> viec td chflc liic lUdng qudn ddi canh gifl ro qua thai do va hdnh dong cua Le Thdnh<br /> chat che cdc vung bien gidi ddt lien vd T6ng trong quan he vdi Chiem Thanh tai<br /> bien dao, ca viec thi hdnh chinh sdch an bien gidi phia Nam. Sau nhieu lan tranh<br /> dan mien bien vien thdng qua bien phdp chd'p mdc gidi va da sii dung nhieu bien<br /> tranh thu cac tu trfldng ddn toe thieu s6', phdp qudn sU de phdng ve bien gidi khdng<br /> bien ho thdnh quan chflc cua trieu dinh, cd hieu qua, n h a n ldn chd'ng tra cudc tdn<br /> cung nhu cac bien phdp Uu dai vd t6n cdng quy md ldn cua qudn Chiem Thanh<br /> trong le tuc rieng cila cac toe ngUdi thieu vdi "hdn 10 van qudn thuy, quan bd cung<br /> sd'. Nhieu ngudn tU lieu lich sfl deu cho voi ngiia den danh up Hoa chdu", Le<br /> biet: ddng ho D6o d Mudng Li, ho Cdm d Thdnh Tdng da tnic tiep cdm qudn ddnh<br /> Tdy An, ho Xa, ho Cdm d HUng Hoa, ho Vi thdng quan Chiem vd theo da thdng ldi da<br /> d Lang Sdn (8), ho Hodng, ho Be' d Cao tien thdng den kinh dd Chd Bdn (thdnh<br /> Binh (Thai Nguyen)... deu la nhflng phien Dd Bdn, huyen An Nhdn, tinh Binh Dinh<br /> thdn nhdn quan chflc cila nha Le. Nhfl ngay nay) quy phuc dUdc Chiem Thanh.<br /> chung ta da biet, dudi thdi vua Le Thanh Dao thUa tuyen thfl 13 (dao Quang Nam)<br /> Tong, d cd'p chinh quyen huyen - chau, cdc cila Dai Viet ra ddi trong hodn canh dd.<br /> huyen mien xudi thi td't ca nhflng ngudi Cung tUdng tU vdi khu viic vung bien<br /> dflng ddu cd'p huyen deu do trieu dinh bd gidi Tay Bdc Nghe An den Quang Binh, doc<br /> nhiem. Nhflng cdc chau d mien nui thi vdn day Trudng Sdn vdi ddng ho Cdm ddi ddi<br /> giao cho cdc tu trUdng quan ly. Vdi sU tang lam tu trUdng. TrUdc ddy dUdi thdi vua Le<br /> cUdng cao do cua nha nUdc trung Udng tdp Nhdn T6ng dd "ddi ten Bdn Man thdnh<br /> quyen, viec trd'n gifl mien nui ndi chung chau Quy Hdp vdn cho ddng ho Cdm gifl<br /> vd vung bien gidi ndi rieng dUdc trieu dinh chflc phu dao vd tfl cai tri nfldc ho nhfl xfla"<br /> quan ly chat che hdn Mot mat trieu dinh (9). Den nam thfl 10 nien hieu Hdng Dflc<br /> vdn sfl dung lUc lUdng thd tu, cho ho dUdc (Le Thdnh T6ng) thd tu Id Cdm N6ng ldm<br /> 22 RghiSn curu Lich 5i3r. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> phan mudn tach ra. Nhd vua da sai tfldng Nhu da neu d tren, viec nha nUdc chu<br /> Le Niem danh dep vd dfla ca vung ndy trong xay diing, dieu ddng va chi huy quan<br /> thdnh phu vd bay huyen dd Id phu Trd'n ddi da loai trfl hodn todn kha ndng cac quy<br /> Ninh thudc tinh Nghe An ngdy nay. tdc cd qudn ddi rieng nhU trUdc, ciing cd<br /> nghia la loai trU kha nang cac quy tdc gay<br /> Dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi gifl quan ai ma de<br /> thanh the, tU Idp liic lUdng de cat cfl tai<br /> ke quan lot vdo thi tuy theo tdi nang nhe<br /> dia phfldng. Ngay qudn ddi cua nhd nfldc<br /> ma tri toi. Nhflng ngfldi bat dUdc ke gian<br /> cung dfldc td chflc chat che theo hfldng tdp<br /> thi dUdc thudng: "Nhflng ngudi gifl quan<br /> trung sfl chi huy thd'ng nhd't vao trieu<br /> ai khdng kham xdt clln thdn, de ke gian dinh trung fldng. Le Thanh Tdng mudn<br /> dfla lot tin tflc r a ngodi hay cd ke gian lot tdng cfldng liic Ifldng quan sfl tai dia<br /> vdo trong h a t minh dd la tinh hinh, thi xfl phfldng nhUng lai mudn han che' quyen lUc<br /> tdi dd, tdi Iflu hay toi chet. Ngudi khac ma cila cdc tudng, vi vdy, mot mdt ong thay<br /> bat dUdc ke gian, dUdc thudng tUdc hai tii" ddi td chflc quan ddi theo 5 dao nhfl trfldc<br /> (10). kia vd chia ca nUdc thdnh 13 dao thUa<br /> Ngan chan nguy cd cat cU trong nUdc, tuyen, mdt khdc dng dat d mdi dao ba ty<br /> nhdm xdy diing mot Nhd nUdc ddc Idp, de quan ly trong dd cd D6 ty Id cd quan cai<br /> thd'ng nhdt. Dd'i vdi cdc dia phUdng, vai quan viec qudn ma d dd cd quan Tong<br /> trd, trach nhiem ciia cdc quan d huyen, binh, Tdng binh thiem sii vd Tdng binh<br /> chau dUdc quy dinh ro: "Tudn hdnh (trong ddng tri dai dien cho nhd nUdc trung Udng<br /> hat), vo ve, khuyen bao giup dd ddn chung, ndm gifl binh quyen trong mdi dao. Di ddi<br /> phai cham chudc dieu le cua trieu trUdc da vdi bien phdp ngdn chdn, ban che' quyen<br /> chudn dinh. Trong huyen hat neu cd ke liic cua cdc the liic dia phUdng, Le Thanh<br /> mUu ngdm ldm loan ru nhau tu tdp be Tdng tdng cUdng dan dp bao loan, nhd't la<br /> dang, thi cho tra khdm cho dUdc dich thiic, nhflng h a n h vi bao phan d vung bien gidi<br /> mot mat phai trinh quan trd'n thu de tuy cd sU tiep tay cua cac the liic ngoai bang d<br /> each bdt nd, mot mat lam td khai de len de ca phia Tdy, phia Bdc vd phia Nam. Bd trd<br /> cd bdng cfl xdt Ifldng sai bdt. Vien ndo trinh cho boat ddng dd, trieu dinh tien hdnh<br /> cdo dfldc sU thiic thi thdng thudng vUdt quan ly chat che hdn trUdc ddi vdi nhflng<br /> mflc; neu kh6ng biet kh6ng trinh, cung Id thd quan mien bien viin: ngodi viec cii<br /> cd trinh md khdng dung thiic, deu xfl theo nhflng vien quan tin cdy ngfldi mien xudi<br /> tdi nang. Xa ndo cd trdm cfldp xay ma cdo len trd'n tri nhflng vung hiem ye'u cua bien<br /> tai trd'n quan thi cho viet mot ban ddn cfldng, trieu dinh cdn budc ho phai thflc<br /> rieng nfla nop d nha mdn, chuyen trinh len hien nghiem ngdt cac quy dinh, nghi thflc<br /> Hien ty, de lam tai lieu khao khda" (11). cua trieu dinh; mac du dUdc tU tri ldn song<br /> Nhflng quan lai d cac dia phUdng tii tien tu cdc vien quan ngUdi dia phUdng phai chiu<br /> hop qudn dan thi bi ghdp vdo tdi phan sU gidm sat cua tridu dinh vd ho khdng cd<br /> nghich. Dieu 35, chUdng Quan chinh trong quyen the' tdp ne'u khdng cd quye't dinh cua<br /> Quo'c trieu hinh ludt quy dinh: "Nhflng trieu dinh; Khi tiep kie'n quan tren, nhflng<br /> ngfldi cai quan quan dan, khdng cd chieu thd quan phai doi mu deo dai gid'ng cac<br /> chi ma tU tien dieu ddng qudn dan hop vien quan khac, kh6ng cd quyen tfl y an<br /> thdnh ddi ngu, ghdp vao toi dm mUu phan mac theo ldi rieng; neu cd cdng ho dUdc ban<br /> nghich..." (12). thudng, neu cd toi ho hi xfl ly nghiem khdc<br /> Chfnh s^ch ciia vua L& Th^nh T6ng. 23<br /> <br /> <br /> theo ludt nudc... Ngodi ra, nhU da neu d thu trong, gidc ngoai. Day cung la mdt<br /> tren, cdc bien phap cai cdch hdnh chinh do trong nhflng ye'u td' xac dinh vi vua cd tfl<br /> Le Thanh Tong tien hdnh tren pham vi ca tudng phap tri nhd't trong xay diing dd't<br /> nudc theo hUdng thu hep quyen hanh cua nUdc va bao ve td quoc thdi Le Sd.<br /> quan lai dia phUdng, rang budc trung Nhan xet: Xay diing nhd nUdc ddc lap,<br /> Udng vdi dia phUdng, cung gdp phdn ban thd'ng nhd't tren cd sd bao todn lanh thd la<br /> che khuynh hUdng cat cfl, bao todn sfl mot noi dung tU tudng nhd't quan trong<br /> thd'ng nhd't vd quyen lUc tdp trung cila dudng lo'i tri nUdc cua Le Thanh Tdng. Tu<br /> vUdng trieu. tudng dd kh6ng chi la tU tudng chi dao moi<br /> 3. Ban hanh phap luat ve xay diing hanh ddng ma cdn the hien d nhflng chu<br /> va bao ve lanh tho dat nufdc trUdng, chinh sach cu the ciia vua Le<br /> Thdnh Tdng. Nhflng chinh sach dd khdng<br /> Nhdm chd'ng nguy cd xdm ld'n tfl ben<br /> chi la cd sd md cdn tdc dong sdu sdc tdi cac<br /> ngodi vd lam p h a n tU ben trong, Le<br /> trieu dai sau.<br /> Thanh Tong coi trong viec sfl dung cac<br /> bien phap phap ludt. Trd lai Bp ludt Tri vi trong 38 nam cua vua Le Thanh<br /> Hdng Ddc, cd the giup thd'y ro dieu dd. Bd Tdng vdi viec bao ve lanh thd vd xay dflng<br /> ludt da the che hod nhflng tU tudng, nUdc Dai Viet hUng thinh trong lich sfl Id<br /> chinh sach, bien phap de bao ve chu nhflng bai hoc cho hdu the'. Va, nhdt Id trong<br /> quyen lanh thd, an ninh qud'c gia qua kha cdng cudc xay diing vd bao ve Td qud'c Viet<br /> nhieu dieu ludt, c h i n g b a n nhu: Cdc quy Nam Xa hoi Chu nghia. Mot nhd nUdc doc<br /> dinh trflng phat cac h a n h vi xam pham lap, tho'ng nhd't ddi hdi trUdc bet phai loai<br /> chu quyen lanh thd, chu quyen kinh te trU dUdc nhflng nguy cd xdm ld'n tfl ben<br /> qud'c gia, nhfl: trd'n r a nUdc ngoai (Dieu ngoai va nhflng nguy cd phan tan cat cfl tfl<br /> 71), ban ruong dd't d bd coi cho ngUdi ben trong. Dieu nay da trd thanh mdt trong<br /> nUdc ngodi (Dieu 74), ban binh khi va nhflng dinh hfldng cd ban cho nhflng chinh<br /> thud'c nd cho ngUdi nUdc ngodi (Dieu 75), sach tri vi dd't nUdc cua vua Le Thanh Tdng.<br /> chat tre, gd phd the hiem yeu vung bien<br /> Cac gid tri ve doc Idp chu quyen va toan<br /> gidi (Dieu 88), vdn chuyen trdi phep hang<br /> ven lanh thd, ve xay diing mdt nhd nUdc<br /> hod thiet ye'u qua bien gidi (Dieu 76); Cac<br /> tdp quyen cua dan manh ve kinh te, van<br /> quy dinh trflng p h a t hdnh vi pha hoai an<br /> ninh qud'c gia vd t r a t tu ven bien, nhU: hda xa hoi, ve xdy diing mot nhd nUdc de<br /> mUu phan (Dieu 25), thong ddng vdi cao vai trd cua phap luat trong quan ly xa<br /> ngudi nUdc ngodi tiet Id bi mat qud'c gia hdi vd bao ve td quo'c de'n nay cdn nguyen<br /> (Dieu 79); Cdc quy dinh trflng phat hdnh gia tri.<br /> vi vi pham trdch nhiem cua quan lai trd'n Vd'n de doc Idp dan tdc, bao ve todn<br /> ai ndi bien gidi, nhU: tUdng si tra'n gifl ndi ven lanh thd dd't nUdc ludn ludn Id vd'n de<br /> bien ai md't canh gidc lam tdn hai nghiem quan trong hang dau cua qud'c gia. Dd la<br /> trong de'n chu quyen vd an ninh qu6'c gia va'n de ra't thieng lieng dd'i vdi dan toe<br /> (Dieu 613). NhU vdy c6 the tha'y rdng viet Nam, dfldc phap luat cua Nha nUdc<br /> trong mot Bp ludt Hong Bdc vdi 13 Viet Nam xac lap vd bao ve. Dieu 1 cua<br /> chUdng 722 dieu dd cd 8 dieu quy dinh ve Hien phap 1992 k h i n g dinh: "Niidc Cong<br /> bao ve an ninh, lanh tho dd't nUdc, chong hod Xd hpi chu nghia Viet Nam Id mpt<br /> 24 Rghi&n curu Lich sJr. s6 6.2010<br /> <br /> niidc dpc lap; co chu quyen tho'ng nhd't vd hien h a n h vi p h a m tdi nay. Qua day cd<br /> todn ven lanh tho, bao gom cd ddt lien, the thd'y rdng hdn bao gid hdt, va'n de ddc<br /> cdc hdi ddo, vung bien vd vung trdi". Bo lap dan tdc, thd'ng nha't da't nUdc dUdc<br /> ludt Hinh sU cua N h a nUdc Vidt Nam da tha'm n h u d n sau sdc, the hien ro rang<br /> xep tdi p h a n bdi td qud'c, gay nguy hai trong chu trUdng, dudng 16'i, chinh sach<br /> den ddc Idp chu quyen, thd'ng nhd't vd cila Dang va trong cac van b a n phap luat<br /> todn ven lanh thd cila Td qud'c vdo cac tdi cua N h a nUdc Viet Nam hien nay. Nha<br /> ddc biet nguy hiem xam p h a m a n ninh nUdc ta da t h e hien diidc k h a ndng tiep<br /> qud'c gia. Bd ludt dii lieu k h u n g h i n h t h u va p h a t h u y gid tri tich cUc ndy trong<br /> p h a t cao nhd't dp dung dd'i vdi ngudi thiic giai doan ddi mdi ddt nUdc.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Le Thanh Tong - Le Tvr Thanh, con c6 ten (8). Co gia stt cho r^ng. Ho Vi, dong ho co nhieu<br /> la H90, cl ngoi 38 nam (1460 - 1497), 10 nam diu the hp tra'n giQ viing bien ai phia Bac (den diu the<br /> dat nien hipu la Quang Thulln. TCf 1470 - 1497 dat ky XX nhu Vi Van Dinh) von goc la ngucli Kinh cl<br /> nien hipu la Hong Dilc. Dien Chau, Nghp An. Du6i trieu Le dupc phong<br /> tii6c va dUdc cil len phia Bac dinh cU, ket hon v6i<br /> (2). TrSn Trong Kim. Viet Nam sd luac. Nxb.<br /> con gai dan tpc Tay va sinh cd lap nghipp Idu dai b<br /> van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 263.<br /> do va la lUc lupng tra'n ai dang tin cfty cua trieu<br /> (3). Trin Trong Kim. Sdd, tr. 263. dinh Dai Vipt b Thang Long.<br /> (4). Khdm dinh Viet sii thong gidm ciiOng (9). Hoang Cao Khai, Viet sU yeu. Nxb. Nghp<br /> muc, tap (T 1 - 2). Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, 1998, An - Trung tam van hoa ngon ngii Dong - Tay,<br /> tr. 112. 2007, tr. 269.<br /> (5). Dai Viet svC ky todn thii, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa (10). Dieu 38, ChUdng Quan chfnh, Qudc trieu<br /> hgi, Ha npi, 2004, tr. 464. hinh ludt trong Co ludt Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 64.<br /> (6). Dai Viet sd ky todn thU, sdd, tr. 538. (11). Phan Huy Chii: Lich trieu hien cht/ctng<br /> loai chi, tap 1, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa h§i. Ha Npi,<br /> (7). Qudc trieu hinh luat, trong Co ludt Viet<br /> 1992, tr. 500.<br /> Nam, Nxb. Giao due Vipt Nam, Ha Npi, 2009, tr.<br /> 59. (12). Cdluat Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 64.<br />