Dấu ấn văn hóa của người pháp ở Hà Nội

D^a AN VAN HOfl cdA NGatfi PHAP or HA NOI<br /> PHAM XANH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> vflc Ddn T h i y len 18 ha, chay dpc theo sdng<br /> N gfldi Phap quyet tam tru lai tren<br /> d i t Ha Npi tfl cupc vien chinh Ble<br /> Ky l i n t h i n h i t nam 1873. Sau khi chiem<br /> Hdng t i Vien Bao t i n g Lich s i den Bpnh<br /> vipn Hflu nghi hien nay. T h i n g 10-1875,<br /> dflpc Ha Npi (ngay 20-11-1873), thflc dan ngfldi Phap khdi cdng xay dflng cac edng<br /> Phap, trong vdng khdng d i y mot thang, lin, trinh kidn t r i e kien cd' tren khu nhUdng dia<br /> Ifldt d i n h chiem cac tinh v i n g chau thd theo ban thidt kd c i a si quan cdng chinh<br /> sdng Hdng: Hflng Yen ngiy 23-11, P h i ' L y Varen nhU Tda Lanh sfl dfldc xay dflng<br /> ngay 26-11, Hai Dfldng ngay 3-12, Ninh theo phong each cd dien Pari, cac tda nha<br /> Binh ngay 5-12 va Nam Dinh ngay 12-12. hai t i n g lam ndi d cho si quan, tru sd chi<br /> Mac diu, ngay 21-12, quan dan Ha Npi da huy quan sfl, trai linh va kho tang... Dd la<br /> danh bai quan P h i p b trkn C i u Gily lam nhflng cdng trinh kien true d i u tien mang<br /> nflc long quan dan ta tren ca nfldc va d i y d i u I n van minh Phap hipn hflu tren<br /> quan Phap vao the hi ddng, nhflng trieu manh d i t Ha Npi ma bay gid ta v i n ed thd<br /> dinh Hud v i n trfldt d i i tren con dfldng thda tha'y dfldc trong khu Benh Vipn Quan dpi<br /> higp, d i u hang. Ngay 15-3-1874, Trieu 108. Chi'nh ndi nay trd thanh "vfldn fldm<br /> (finh Hue ky Hipp fldc mdi vdi 22 dieu van hda Phap" tai Ha Npi.<br /> khoan cdng nhan sfl thd'ng tri e i a Phap Sau khi thdn tinh toan bp nfldc Vidt<br /> tren mien Luc tinh, quydn di lai, budn ban, Nam va Campuchia, nam 1887, thflc dan<br /> truyen dao tren d i t nfldc ta va dac biet cho Phap lap Lien Bang Ddng Dfldng. Nam<br /> phdp ngfldi Phap dfldc quydn cfl tru va dat sau, ngay 1-10-1888, Phap dp vua b i nhin<br /> lanh sfl quan b Ha Npi, Hai Phdng va Quy Ddng Khanh chuyen t r i n thanh Ha Npi, cd'<br /> Nhdn. Trong Thfldng fldc ngay 31-8 nam dd dd Thang Long xfla, thanh nhfldng dia c i a<br /> nhle lai npi dung Hipp fldc tren v i ndi ro P h i p ma trUdc do, ngay 19-7, Tdng thdng<br /> them la tridu dinh Hue phai nhfldng cho Phap da ky Sic lenh thanh lap Thanh phd'<br /> chinh p h i P h i p mpt khu da't rpng 5 m l u Ha Npi va xdp Thanh phd' Ha Npi vao dd<br /> (khoang 2,5 ha) de xay dflng nha c i a cho thi loai I nhu Sai Gdn, Hai Phdng. T i dd,<br /> vien lanh sfl va nhflng ngfldi tuy tflng. Tfl dd thi H i Ndi xUa (gdm p h i n thanh Ha Npi<br /> thang 1-1875 mdi xac dinh dfldc v i n g d i t xay theo kieu Vdbang va p h i n thi vdi 36<br /> nhfldng la khu Ddn T h i y den t h i n g 5 nam phd' phudng bao quanh) de cho nhflng ten<br /> do, mpt thda fldc gifla Td'ng dd'c Ha Npi thflc dan va nhflng kien t r i e sfl Phap, tfl<br /> T r i n Dinh T i c vdi phia Phap md rpng khu Lidtay qua Hebra den Xeruyti, nhao nan<br /> <br /> <br /> •pGS.TS. Khoa Lich s i - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DJIQG HN<br /> 72 Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> thanh Thu phu cua Lien Bang Ddng dia gidi hanh chinh Ha Ndi dUde trai dai<br /> Dfldng. Trong q u i trinh cai bien dd, budi tren hai giai doan: Xac dinh ranh gidi<br /> d i u ngfldi Phap da flng x i tho bao, thieu thanh phd' va md rpng dia gidi b i n h chinh<br /> van hda ddi vdi di san van hda Viet Nam Thanh phd. 6 gai doan d i u , md d i u b i n g<br /> tren manh d i t nghin nSm van hidn nay. Hp vipc ngay 11-5-1886, Tdng tru s i Trung-<br /> da pha c h i a Bao Thien xay dung t i nam Blc Ky Vial ky Quyet dinh sd 1 giao cho<br /> 1057 de xay dflng Nha Thd Ldn nam 1884. Khu Cdng chinh Ble Ky do ve ban dd<br /> Tie'p dd, hp pha c h i a Bao An de dflng len Thanh phd Ha Ndi. Tiep dd, ngay 14-9-<br /> P h i Thdng Sfl Bic Ky v i Nha Bflu Dien. 1888, Quyen Tdng tru sfl Parreau ky Nghi<br /> NhQng pho tfldng Phat quy trong c h i a trd dinh sd 18 phan dinh ranh gidi ban d i u cia<br /> thanh tai san rieng cua Cdng sfl Bdnan (1). thanh phd. Theo Nghi dinh nay, Thanh phd<br /> Cho ddn nam 1894, hp da pha g i n bet Ha Npi l i e dd b i t d i u t i Sd Thud (nay la<br /> t h i n h Ha Npi. Ngay 13-2-1897, Pdn Dume Bao tang Cach mang) qua bdt phia Ble<br /> sang Ha Npi nham chflc Toan quyen Ddng (nay thupc phd Phd Dflc Chinh), dfldng<br /> Dfldng. Chflng kidn sfl i n g x i thd bao ddi Grand Bouddha (phd' Quan Thanh), dfldng<br /> vdi di san van hda ngfldi ban dia nhfl v^y, bao quanh thanh Ha Npi, c i a Sdn Tay k6o<br /> dng ta da phai thd't len: "Tdi de'n chdm qud dai den dfldng P h i Thanh Oai (pho' Van<br /> khdng the cdu vdn dUdc nhdng bp phdn Mieu, mpt doan phd' Quo'c T i Giam, mpt<br /> ddng chu y. Dgc biet nhdng cdng thdnh doan phd' Ton Dflc Thing), Pagode des<br /> ddng dUdc gin gid. Nhdng cdi do co nhdng Corbeaux (Van Midu-Qude T i Giam), Chia<br /> dgc tinh vd nhdng ky niem co gid tri lich sd Sinh t i , dfldng Hue (phd Day Tan, nay la<br /> ddng dUdc chung ta trdn trgng. Nhiing cdi phd' Hue) den de sdng Hdng, chd Khu<br /> dd CO thetd diem cho nhiing khu phdtUdng nhfldng dia (Khu Ddn Thiy). Mpt nam sau,<br /> lai..." (2). Tfl do, mpt mat, trong chflng mflc tai phien hpp c i a Hpi ddng T h i n h phd Ha<br /> nao dd ban chd nhflng hanh x i thd bao ddi Npi ngay 6-10-1889, Ddc ly Ha Npi cho<br /> vdi van hda truyen thd'ng c i a H i Ndi nghin r i n g "ranh gidi hien tai cua Thanh phd<br /> nam van hidn, mat khac, chan d i n g qua khdng dfldc rd rang, khd nhan biet, khd xac<br /> trinh "ndng thdn hoa" dd thi Ha Npi khi Ha dinh vd d i t dai va da bd ra ngoai thanh<br /> Npi m i t vai trd kinh sU cua d i t nUdc. phd' mpt vai v i n g budn ban va cdng nghiep"<br /> (3). Vi the, theo de nghi cua Hpi ddng<br /> Trong nhQng nam nhao nan Ha Npi<br /> Thanh phd, ranh gidi Thanh phd dfldc xac<br /> thanh Thu p h i Lien bang Ddng DUdng<br /> dinh lai theo Nghi dinh cua Thd'ng s i Ble<br /> n h i m tao mdi trUdng van hda xa hpi thu<br /> Ky ky ngay 15-11-1889 la: phia Ddng giap<br /> hut vdn d i u tU v i ngUdi Phap sang lam an<br /> vdi ddng chay sdng Hdng; phia Ble, phia<br /> lau dai, ngudi Phap da de lai ndi day<br /> Tay va phia Nam dfldc xac dinh bdi nhiing<br /> nhQng d i u I n van hda eua minh tren nhidu<br /> doan lliBng ndi tfl cpt mdc sd 1 Gang Co Xa)<br /> phUdng dien.<br /> ddn cpt mo'c sd 15. Ta cd the ve ranh gidi<br /> 1. Ve q u y h o a c h t h a n h p h o Ha Npi theo Nghi dinh tren b i t d i u t i cpt<br /> Theo cac van ban p h i p quy cua ele cip mdc so' 1 b lang Co Xa men theo bd nam hd<br /> chinh quydn thupc dia, qua trinh bien T r i n Tay bao gdm ca dao C h i a T r i n Qud'c, den<br /> thanh Ha Npi thanh "Thi do e i a Bic Ky, dfldng Hoing Hoa Tham, qua Dai La tdi<br /> "Thu do c i a Lien Bang Ddng Dudng thupc Dai Cd Viet den phd T r i n K b i t Chan, ra<br /> Phap" Cling la qua trinh xac dinh, md rpng phdLd Ldn (nha may xay Lfldng Yen).<br /> Eau 6n van hda c i a ngirgri Ph^p... 73<br /> <br /> <br /> Ranh gidi n i y tiing dfldc xem la ranh ngfldi P h i p da xac dinh hai trung tam<br /> gidi chinh t h i c lam can cfl phap ly cho hanh chinh-chinh tri: khu phia Ddng hd<br /> nhflng l i n md rdng dia gidi Thanh phd tidp Hoan Kidm vdi vfldn hoa Pdn Be (bay gid<br /> theo dfldi chinh quyen thupc dia. la vfldn hoa Ly Thai To') lam trung tam,<br /> O giai doan hai, giai doan md rpng pham mpe len nhflng tda nha theo phong each<br /> vi Thanh phd b i t d i u t i nam 1895 md rpng kien true Phap nhfl P h i Thd'ng sfl Ble Ky,<br /> theo hfldng ddng-blc den ngay 1-1-1943 N h i Bflu Dien trung tam, Tda Dd'c ly Ha<br /> dfla cae lang trong huyen Hoan Long, cae Npi, Khach san Metrdpdn, Ngan hang<br /> tdng Thanh Tri, Thinh Lipt, Khfldng Dinh Ddng Dfldng... Trung tam h a n h chinh-<br /> c i a huy§n Thanh Tri, cae tdng Dich Vpng, chinh tri thfl hai n i m d phia Nam hd Tay<br /> Xuan Tao, P h i Gia c i a p h i Hoii D i e vio ma tam diem la Dinh Toan quydn Ddng<br /> Thanh phd Ha Npi. Dfldng va eac cd quan trflc thupc, Sd Tai<br /> Ngfldi Phap da tien hanh quy hoach chinh Ddng Dfldng (bay gid la Bp Ngoai<br /> Thanh phd theo Id trinh md rpng khdng gian giao) dfldc ndi vdi trung tam hd Hoan<br /> do thi ndi day. Cd the chia quy hoach Thanh Kiem b i n g true phd' Paul Bert (bay gid la<br /> phd' theo 3 giai doan: Giai doan 1 tfl 1875 phd' Trang Tien va phd' Hang Khay) - phd<br /> den 1888, giai doan 2 t i 1888 den 1920 v i B. Desbordes (Trang Thi) - Dai Id Puginier<br /> giai doan cudi ciing t i 1920 ddn 1945. (Dien Bien P h i ngay nay). Ve quy hoach,<br /> Chang han, d chang diu, ben canh trien dang c h i y n h i t l i Nghi dinh sd 8962<br /> khai nhflng cdng trinh kien t r i e tieu bieu ngay 5-12-1942 cua T o i n quyen Ddng<br /> trong Khu Nhfldng dia, Phd Cdng sfl Ble Ky Dfldng phe c h u I n va cong bd' cac quy dinh<br /> bing mpt quydt, dinh ky ngiy 22-8-1886, cho trong dd an quy hoach va md rpng Thanh<br /> ph6p xay dflng mpt con dfldng rpng 10m phd' Ha Npi va v i n g ngoai d do Sd Quy<br /> xung quanh hd Hoan Kiem va khdng dfldc hoach dd thi v i Kien true Ddng Dfldng lap.<br /> phdp xay dflng mpt cdng trinh nao, d i l i Theo quy dinh cua Dd an, Thanh phd H i<br /> nha tranh, dpc theo khu vflc nay. Ndi dfldc chia lam 11 khu mang ky hieu tfl<br /> A den H: Khu A khu biet thfl, khu B, khu<br /> 0 mdi giai doan ddu ed nhflng diem<br /> thfldng mai; Khu C, khu bipt thfl kieu Viet<br /> nha'n quan trpng. Nhflng nhin chung, quy<br /> Nam; khu D, khu nha chia d; khu E, khu<br /> hoach tdng the mang tinh thflc dan d i m<br /> budn ban nho theo kieu Viet Nam; khu F,<br /> n6t, dfldc hidu hien rd tren thflc td b i n g sfl<br /> khu lang truyen thd'ng c i a ngfldi Vidt:<br /> phan chia Thanh phd' thanh hai khu vflc:<br /> khu G, khu dfl phdng cho cac muc dinh<br /> khu vflc sang trpng gianh cho ngfldi Phap<br /> b i n h chinh cdng; khu H, khu edng nghiep.<br /> va ngudi Au va khu vUc tdi tan gianh cho<br /> Ngoai ra cdn de nhflng khu trd'ng danh<br /> ngUdi ban dia. Trong qua trinh chinh<br /> cho xay dflng ele khu vui chdi, giai tri, the<br /> trang va xay dflng mdi, hp gifl lai va chinh<br /> thao, cdng vien. Dieu dang ndi la mdi khu<br /> trang khu pho' cd phia Ble hd Hoan Kidm,<br /> vflc deu cd quy dinh rieng vd kieu dang,<br /> cdn tren cac phia khac, dfldng phd' dfldc<br /> kich thflde, dipn tich va vat lieu xay dflng<br /> quy hoach theo d ban cd va phan khu theo<br /> nha c i a trong khu va quy dinh nhflng e l m<br /> cac c h i c nang c i a nd nhfl b i n h chinh,<br /> doan trong mpt so' khu nhfl khdng dan<br /> budn ban, san x u l t cong nghiep, giai tri<br /> quang cao, e l m cac chudng trai ldn, ngfla<br /> va cfl tru cho ngfldi Au va ngfldi Viet.<br /> va cac vat nudi khac.<br /> C h i n g b a n nhfl khu hanh chinh, t i d i u<br /> 74 Rghien c i u Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> 2. Ve kien true chinh Dong Dudng (nay la Bd Ngoai giao),<br /> Trfldc nam 1920, cac cdng trinh kien Vien Pastd (nay la Vien Vp sinh Dich t i<br /> t r i e c h i ydu nhfl Phu Thd'ng sfl, Dinh Toin Trung Udng)...<br /> quydn, n h i Bflu dipn, khach san Metrdpdn, C i n g vdi viec xay diing cac cdng trinh<br /> Nha hat Thanh phd'... ddu dfldc xay dflng kidn true tieu bieu nhU tren da ndi, ngUdi<br /> theo phong each kien true cd dien Phap. Phap cdn xay dflng Vfldn Bich thao, cae<br /> Lien quan tdi de t i i , c h i n g tdi xin lly N h i quang trfldng, eac cdng vien, vUdn hoa v i<br /> hat Thanh phd' (Theatre municipal) lam thi cac dai tudng niem-ma den bay gid v i n cdn<br /> du. Nam 1900, trong mpt phien hpp c i a tac dung. Chi rieng cum kidn true xung<br /> Hpi ddng T h i n h phd' de x u l t viec xay dflng quanh hd Hoan Kidm, chung ta v i n t h i y sU<br /> mpt nha hat mdi d Thanh phd' Ha Npi. Nam hien hflu c i a ele cdng trinh cdng cdng nhfl<br /> 1901, trong d i u t h l u xay dflng Nha hat Vudn hoa Paul Bert (bay gid la vUdn hoa Ly<br /> Thanh phd', Charavy va Savelon da t r i n g Thai To') ndi vdi Quang trUdng T h i n h phd<br /> t h l u t o i n bp cdng trinh... T h i n g 12-1902, trudc P h i Thdng sfl Ble Ky (Nhi khach<br /> Toan quydn Ddng Dfldng cho Thanh phd' Chinh p h i ) , tren dd cd dUng cdng trinh dai<br /> Ha Npi vay trfldc 100.000 ddng de xay dflng phun nUde tudng nipm Chavassieux (khanh<br /> Nha hat va mdi nam hoan tra mpt l i n , keo thanh nam 1901). Phia Bic hd Hoan Kidm<br /> dai trong 10 nam. Den nam 1911 edng la quang trUdng Negrier (bay gid la Quang<br /> trinh Nha hat Thanh phd' hoan thanh, sau trudng Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc), ndi dat Ga<br /> dd la chinh trang cdng trinh cho ddn nam trung tam cua he thd'ng tau dien Ha Npi.<br /> 1913. Sau khi khanh thanh, Nha hat<br /> Phia ddng, canh den Ba Kieu la nha bia<br /> Thanh phd' dem dem do den ddn khan gia<br /> tudng nipm Giam muc Aldcxan Dd Rd't, mpt<br /> tdi xem cac chfldng trinh bieu diin tfl am<br /> trong nhiing cha cd' gdp p h i n sing tao ra<br /> nhac den kich, chu ydu l i ngfldi Au va gidi<br /> chfl Qud'c ngfl. Phia tay, tfl trfldc vd'n da cd<br /> thfldng Iflu ngfldi Viet. Vd kich ndi Viet<br /> tfldng vua Le do Hoang Cao Khai xay nam<br /> Nam d i u tien Chen thudc dpc c i a Phong Di<br /> 1894 nhflng da xud'ng d p theo thdi gian,<br /> Vu Dinh Long dfldc cdng diin d i u tien tai<br /> nen nam 1902, Ddc ly Ha Npi xin ph6p<br /> N h i hat Thanh phd', nhan dip ky niem mpt<br /> Tho'ng s i Ble Ky dfldc s i a chfla lai cdng<br /> nam ngay thanh lap Hpi Bac Ky Cdng<br /> trinh n i y vdi khoan kinh phi 150 ddng lly<br /> ThUdng Dong nghiep.<br /> tfl ngan sach Ble Ky...<br /> Tfl nam 1920 trd ve sau, theo y tfldng<br /> T i t ca nhiing cdng trinh dd tao thanh<br /> thidt ke c i a kidn true sU Hebra, cac cdng<br /> mpt di san kidn t r i e quy bau v i trd thanh<br /> trinh kien true b i t d i u cd sU ket hdp sang<br /> mdt bd p h i n khdng the thieu trong long Ha<br /> tao, b i i hda c i a kidn true hipn dai Phap vdi<br /> Npi nghin nam van hien.<br /> nhflng ydu to' kien t r i e truyen thd'ng ban<br /> dia, tao t h i n h nhflng td hdp kidn t r i e p h i 3. Ve giao thong do thj<br /> hdp vdi mdi trfldng tfl nhien v i xa hpi Nam 1902, chide e l u s i t vi dai mang ten<br /> phfldng Ddng. Ta cd the chi ra nhflng cdng Pdn Dume, cdn dan ta v i n quen gpi la ciu<br /> trinh kien true thanh edng theo y tfldng c i a Long Bien hay c i u sdng Cai, do Cdng ty<br /> Kidn t r i e sfl Hebra nhfl Trfldng Dai hpc Daydd & Pilld thidt ke va thi cdng vdi 19<br /> Ddng Dfldng tren Dai Id Bobillot (nay l i nhip, dat tren 20 tru, dai 1680m, ndu tinh<br /> phd Le Thanh Tdng), Bao tang Lui Find ca dfldng d i n len hai d i u elu, la 2.500m,<br /> (nay la Bao tang Lich s i Viet Nam), Sd Tai da hoan thanh. Vao l i e 8 gid 30, ngay 28-2-<br /> Eau an van hda cia nauin Phap. 75<br /> <br /> <br /> 1902, chuyen tau d i u tien khdi hanh tfl Ga trinh xay dflng Ha Ndi chung ta khdng gifl<br /> Hang Cd (Ga Ha Ndi hien nay) dfla vua dfldc nd.<br /> Thanh Thai va Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng Vdi sfl boat dpng manh me c i a cac loai<br /> Pdn Dume ciing doan tuy tung tdi d i u ciu, hinh giao thdng, dac biet la dfldng sit, ndn<br /> elt bang khanh thanh trfldc sfl chiing kidn thfldng nghipp, trong dd cd npi thfldng,<br /> cia h i n g nghin ngudi dan Ha Npi va dan phat trien dang ke. Ndi ddn viec budn ban<br /> quanh viing. Ciing vdi Ga Hang Cd, viec trong nfldc, trfldc bet phai ndi den chp. Mpt<br /> Jdianh thanh elu Pdn Dume da bidn Ha Npi hd thd'ng chd da hinh thanh va phat huy<br /> thanh trung tam giao thdng van tai tren ca tac dung trong dia h a t kinh td, t i chd que -<br /> nUdc va tren toan Lien Bang. Nd hen di vao chd huyin - chd tinh - chd ldn. Ciing nhfl<br /> ca dao cua ngudi Ha Npi chflng ta: Hd Npi co chd ldn Ben T h i n h b Sai Gdn, chd ldn Ddng<br /> cdu Long Biin/Vda ddi vda rpng bdc tren Ba b Hud, chd Ddng Xuan d Ha Npi ddng<br /> sdng Hong. C i n g nam dd, vdi Nghi dinh so' vai trd trung tam budn ban e i a mpt v i n g<br /> 953, Toin quydn Ddng DUdng chinh t h i c rpng ldn, khdng chi c i a Ble Ky, ma ca Ble<br /> cho ph6p khai thac tuyen dudng t i u hoa Ha Ddng Dfldng v i v i n g Hoa Nam, Trung<br /> Npi len bien gidi Viet-Trung va bdn pha qua Qud'c. He thd'ng chd dd gdp p h i n giao Iflu<br /> sdng Hdng nging boat dpng (4). Den nam h i n g hda tren ca nfldc, thd'ng n h i t thi<br /> 1905, t i ga Hing Co ta cd the ddp tau hda di trfldng va tren t i t ca la tao ra c h i t keo cd'<br /> Lang Sdn, Ddng Dang, di Hai Phdng, di Viet ket cdng ddng dan tpc Viet Nam t h i n h mpt<br /> Tri, Lao Cai va di Vinh, de den nam 1936 di<br /> khdi vflng chic ma khdng mpt thd Iflc ngoai<br /> den tan ga Binh Chieu, Sai Gdn. Cau Long<br /> bang nao cd the pha ndi.<br /> Bien vd'n la chide e l u gianh cho dudng sit,<br /> nhUng den d i u nhiing nam 20 c i a thd ky 4. N h a i n v a c a c loai a n p h a m<br /> trUde, ngudi Phap da md rpng hai ben elu Trfldc khi cd mat ngfldi Phap b nfldc ta,<br /> cho xe CO va ngudi di bp. Theo thd'ng ke cac van ban v i sach cua trieu fflnh Hue phd<br /> ngUdi Phap, ta biet dUdc, nam 1925, lUu bien trong dan c h i n g ddu qua ky thuat in<br /> lupng xe va ngudi qua lai hang ngay tren b i n g mpe ban. V i a rdi, td chic UNESCO<br /> elu Long Bien la: 249 chiec (166 xe du lieh, da cdng nhan kho mpe ban e i a n h i Nguyin<br /> 79 xe khach va 4 xe cam nhdng), 141 xe bd, (hipn dang dfldc bao quan tai Da Lat) la di<br /> 1184 xe kdo, 344 xe dap va 4.756 ngUdi di bp sdn ky dc nhdn logi. Ngfldi Phap tdi mang<br /> (5). v a thiet lap hai ben xe d td: Kim Lien theo ky thuat in I n mdi, hien dai - ky thuat<br /> cho xe khach chay cac tuyen dudng phia in ti pd, vao nfldc ta. Di nhien d i u tien<br /> Nam va Bdn N i a (Long Bien) cho xe khach dupe du nhap vao Sai Gdn, Nam Ky, sau dd<br /> chay cac tuydn phia Ble. Ciing vdi nd, cac mdi tdi Ha Npi, Hai Phdng va lan tda khIp<br /> phUdng tien giao thdng ndi dd cflng tang Bic Ky. Ky thuat in I n mdi do nhU la mot<br /> trfldng theo hUdng hien dai nhU xe dap, d td phUdng tipn hflu hipu va nhanh chdng qua<br /> va dac bipt la eac tuydn tau dipn lly hd cac I n p h I m c i a nd m i mpt mat, truyen ba<br /> Hoan Kiem lam trung tam, md ra theo cac van minh phfldng Tay, van minh Phap vao<br /> hudng nhu Bd Hd - Chd Md, Bd Hd - Bach Viet Nam va mat khac, ban che d i n anh<br /> Mai, Bd Hd- Thai Ha - Ha Ddng, Bd Hd - hfldng van hda Trung Hoa ra khoi d i t Viet.<br /> Budi, Bd Hd-Yen Phu. Tieng Leng keng tdu Ta cd the hinh dung, neu sung dan giup<br /> diin trd thanh mpt loai am thanh ky flc ddi ngfldi Phap chiem d i t , thi ky thuat in I n<br /> vdi ngfldi Ha Npi. Dang tide la trong qua mdi la phfldng tien chu yeu giip ngfldi<br /> 76 Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> Phap thflc hien cudc xam laxig v i n hda, bdo, Hdu Thanh tgp chi khdng chi n h i m<br /> chinh phuc con ngfldi Viet Nam. bao ve quyen ldi chinh tri, kinh te cua tU<br /> Trong nghd in In, F.H. Scheneider ddng san dan tpc, ma cdn hda chung vao phong<br /> vai trd thflc sfl to ldn, khdng chi b Ski Gdn trao dan tpc sdi ndi tren ca nUdc thdi dd<br /> vdi viec bao t h l u p h i n ldn vipc x u l t ban nhu Phong trao t l y chay khach t r i (1919),<br /> cac td bao chinh, m l ca b Ha Npi. Nguyin Phong trio ddi an xa Phan Bdi Chau<br /> Van Vinh, mpt cay b i t chinh trong Ddng cd (1925), Phong trao truy dieu Phan Chu<br /> tiing bdo ciia Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc nam Trinh (1926)... Tfl cac phong trao dd da san<br /> 1907, dfldc Scheneider lUa chpn truyen sinh ra mot Idp nhflng "chang trai bai<br /> nghe, trd thanh chu b i t cua Ddng DUdng khda" gia nhap ele td chflc each mang v i a<br /> tgp chi nkm 1913 va sau dd tidp nhan toan mdi dfldc thanh lap nhfl Viit Nam Cdch<br /> bp cd sd in I n d xfl Ble Ky va trd thanh mpt mgng Thanh niin vk Hpi Phuc Viet. Hay<br /> dng c h i ldn trong nghd in d Ble v i Trung nhfl Nha xua't ban Nam Ddng c i a Pham<br /> Ky. Trong nhflng nam Chien tranh thd gidi T u i n Tai da c h u I n hi tfl tfldng cho sfl ra<br /> thfl Nha't, ldi dung sfl each trd gifla chinh ddi cua Viet Nam Qud'c ddn Ddng sau d6<br /> qud'c va thupc dia bdi bom dan va sfl didu b i n g vipc x u l t ban nhflng cud'n sach mang<br /> chinh chinh sach kinh td thupc dia cho p h i nang tinh t h i n dan tpc va long yeu nfldc,<br /> hpp vdi thdi chidn c i a Chinh quyen thupc dac biet t h i n g 11-1926 I n hanh cud'n sach<br /> dia, nhieu doanh nhan nfldc ta nhay vio Tieu sd vd hgc thuyi't cua Tdn Ddt Tien cia<br /> kinh doanh trong dia hat in In. Nhflng nha Dat Cdng (Pham T u i n Lam) va Nhfldng<br /> may in cua ngfldi Viet lan Ifldt ra ddi nhfl Td'ng (Hoang Pham Tran). Ndi tidp la bao<br /> Nha may in Ngd T i Ha, N h i may in Le chi theo khuynh hfldng mac xit, md diu<br /> b i n g td Thanh Niin, Linh Cdch menh cua<br /> Van Phuc, Nha in Thflc Nghiep Dan bao,<br /> Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien, rdi den<br /> Ddng Kinh I n quin, Nha in Le Van Tan...<br /> Bua Liim ciia Ddng Dfldng Cpng san Dang<br /> Mpt didu kha ly thu ma mpt td bao kinh td<br /> va td Lao Dpng cua Tong Cdng hpi Bic Ky...<br /> c i a Phap L'Eveil Economique, so' ra ngiy<br /> 2-1-1921, da dang bai NgUdi An nam vd Rd rang, in I n nhfl la phfldng tien thdng<br /> budn bdn, trong dd cd mpt nhsln xdt: qua dd tao ra nhflng I n p h I m truyen ba<br /> "Nhflng ngfldi Phap xa Ble Ky sau, bay van minh phfldng Tay, van minh Phap, khi<br /> nam nay quay trd lai se t h i y mpt sU thay n i m trong tay ngfldi Viet, nd trd thanh<br /> ddi ldn. Hp da cd nhflng c i a hang long lly d cdng cu, qua dd tao ra nhflng I n pham yeu<br /> nhQng phd' sang trpng. Mpt trong nhdng nfldc theo nhidu mflc dp va khuynh hfldng<br /> nhd in khd nhdt d Hd Npi Id cua mpt ngUdi khac nhau n h i m muc dich tdi thfldng la<br /> Viit Nam" (do P.X viet nghieng de n h i n chd'ng lai sfl thd'ng tri cua thflc dan Phap,<br /> manh). Khi p h i n ldn nha in n i m trong tay gianh lai nen dpc lap cho dan tpc.<br /> ngfldi Viet, dac biet nam 1926 x u l t hien 5. T h a y doi i n g ^ii d o i vdi d i san<br /> mpt nha x u l t ban do mdt nha yeu nfldc v a n h o a H a N9i<br /> Viet Nam chu trfldng - Nam Dong thU xd Theo tai lieu Iflu trfl, trfldc nam 1900,<br /> c i a Pham T u i n Tai thi phfldng tipn nay re chfla ed mpt cd quan vkn hda nao chuyen lo<br /> theo mpt hudng khac, khdng nhU ngUdi vd viec quan ly va bao tdn cac di tich lich s i<br /> Phap mong muo'n. Bao chi Ha Npi thdi n i y d Ddng Dfldng. Do vay, nhieu cdng trinh<br /> nhu ThUc Nghiep ddn bdo, Khai hoa nhdt lich s i , trong dd cd nhflng di tich thudc ve<br /> Eau an van hda e i a ngiidi Phap... n<br /> vkn hda tam linh hi xam hai trong qua T h i n h phd, ngay 15-2-1927, Ddc ly Ha Ndi<br /> trinh xay dUng va md rpng Thanh phd Ha da cho nghien cflu Dfl thao ve quan ly va<br /> Npi. Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng Pdn Dume s i dung cae cdng trinh tin ngfldng d H i<br /> sang nham chflc da tan m i t chflng kien sfl Npi gdm 7 dieu, nhflng khdng dfldc ban<br /> i n g x i thd bao vdi di san van hda ban dia hanh vi "day la v i n dd nhay cam va p h i c<br /> va dng da thd't len nhflng tide nudi nhfl tren tap lien quan ddn tap quan lau ddi cua<br /> da trich d i n . Va ciing chinh dng, trong dan ban xfl" (7). Nhan t h i c dfldc dieu do,<br /> nhiem ky lam Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng ngay 24-10-1927, Dd'c ly Ha Npi da* soan<br /> (1897-1902), da ban b d h a i nghi dinh (9-3- thao lai nghi dinh gdm 2 dieu quy dinh<br /> 1900 va 15-4-1905) vd xdp hang va bao tdn viec quan ly eac dinh, chua thupc quyen sd<br /> cac cdng trinh lich s i cua Thanh phd' Ha hflu cdng cpng cua T h i n h phd' va trinh len<br /> Npi. Thdi diem dd, tai Ha Ndi da xep hang Thdng sfl Ble Ky. Ngay 29-10-1927, nghi<br /> 7 cdng trinh la Van Mieu - Qud'c T i Giam, dinh dd dfldc Thd'ng sfl Abawse Ky chuIn<br /> Den Quan Thanh, Den Ngpc Sdn vdi Dai y va ban hanh vdi so' Nghi dinh la 351.<br /> But Thap, Den Hai Ba, Dinh Bach Ma, Thflc hien Nghi dinh dd, d i u nam 1928,<br /> C h i a Mpt Cpt (6). dd'c ly Ha Npi da chi thi cho cac Phd<br /> trfldng td chflc b l u cac Hdi ddng quan ly<br /> De dfla Nghi dinh c i a Toin quyen Ddng<br /> trdng nom viec thd cung tai cac cdng trinh<br /> Dfldng vao sau trong cupc sd'ng, t h i n g 6-<br /> tin ngfldng thupc dia phfldng minh va lap<br /> 1905 Doc ly Ha Npi da td chic mpt cupc<br /> danh sach cac thu tfl trinh len Dd'c ly. Do<br /> tdng dieu tra ve tinh hinh d i t dai va thd<br /> vay ma ngay 23-8-1930, Ddc ly Ha Npi da<br /> cing c i a t i t ca cac cdng trinh tin ngfldng<br /> ky mpt loat nhflng Quydt dinh thanh lap<br /> c i a Ha Npi. Hiep ly Thanh phd' la B i i<br /> cac Hpi ddng quan ly cac c h i a Ba Da, Ta<br /> Banh c i n g vdi t i t ca cac Phd' trfldng tham<br /> Khanh, Bao Khanh, Ddng Hfldng, Khanh<br /> gia vao qua trinh dd. Theo so'lieu cua cupc<br /> Thuy va den Thulln My.<br /> tdng dieu tra, l i e dd d H i Npi cdn khoang<br /> Khdng dflng lai d dd, den nam 1934, Hdi<br /> 400 dinh, den, c h i a , mieu...<br /> ddng Thanh phd' da vdi tay tdi cac cdng<br /> Bp trfldng Bp Thupc dia Anbe Sard ban trinh tin ngfldng thupc sd hflu tfl nhan<br /> h i n h Sic lenh ngay 3-4-1920 xlc dinh vi b i n g Quyet dinh trieu tap mot Ban gdm 13<br /> tri va nhiem vu e i a TrUdng Viin Ddng thanh vien dfldi sfl c h i tpa c i a Dd'c ly hpp<br /> Bac cd. Theo Sic lenh dd, Trudng Vien va lap mpt danh sach nhflng cdng trinh<br /> Dong Bac ed dat dUdi quyen quan ly trflc chfla dfldc xep hang. Theo do, chinh quyen<br /> tiep c i a Toin quydn Ddng Dfldng va dfldi Thanh phd' qua cac phfldng tipn thdng tin<br /> sfl kiem soat ve khoa hpc eua Vipn Han dai chung, thdng bao cho cac c h i sd hflu ve<br /> lam vd van hda va van hpc Phap vdi nhipm thdi gian trinh len Hpi ddng Thanh phd'<br /> vu "dam bao viec bao quan va gifl gin cac nhQng gily td chflng minh quydn sd hflu<br /> cdng trinh lich s i c i a cic nfldc Ddng cua minh neu khdng Thanh phd' se sung<br /> Dfldng thupc Phap". Tfl day, dfldi sfl tfl cdng vao muc dich cdng c i a T h i n h phd'<br /> v i n c i a Trfldng Vien Ddng Bic cd, Hpi n h i m ngan chan sfl lam dung tdn giao va<br /> ddng thanh phd' tidn h a n h xdp hang va dfla vipc quan ly dinh, c h i a vio trat tfl" (8).<br /> quan ly cac cdng trinh lich s i , bao gdm ca H l u bet cac cdng trinh thupc sd hflu tfl<br /> nhflng edng trinh van hda t i m linh. Vdi sfl nhan hi sung cdng thdi gian nay.<br /> tfl v i n c i a Trfldng Vien Ddng Bac cd, Sd Tfl nam 1937 trd vd sau, dfldc ph^p c i a<br /> Qud'c gia bao tdn cd tich v i c i a Hpi ddng Toan quyen Dong Dfldng, Thd'ng s i Bic Ky<br /> 7S RghiSn curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010<br /> <br /> va tfl van cua Trfldng Vien Ddng Bac Cd, ben nhau, cho nen trong qua trinh chung<br /> Dd'c ly ra nhflng quyet dinh chuyen ddi muc sd'ng, ddng thdi vdi viSc bao Iflu nhflng<br /> dich s i dung cua mdt so' cdng trinh tin truyen thdng van hda ma hp mang theo<br /> ngfldng c i a H i Npi do yeu cau quy hoach trong hanh trang c i a minh, hp da tiep<br /> Thanh phd' hoac do yeu e l u md rpng hay nhan nhflng gia tri van hda cua cac d i n<br /> chinh lai hUdng cac dudng phd'. tpc khac sd'ng ben canh hp. Cd le, vi da<br /> Ro rang, sau mpt thdi ky ddi x i khdng dfldc trai nghiem tai chd van minh cac dan<br /> van hda ddi vdi cac loai di san van hda cua tpc khac ma cac cu nha ta da r u t r a mpt<br /> ngudi Viet chung ta, b i t d i u t i Toin quyen ket l u i n t h i vi tren phfldng dien van hda:<br /> Ddng DUdng Pdn Dume, da lam dUde nhieu "An cdm Tdu, lay vdNhgt, dnhd Tdy".<br /> vipc de bao tdn va lUu gifl lau dai cac di san T i khi ngfldi Phap xay Lanh sU quan<br /> tren d i t Ha thanh cho den khi ngfldi Phap<br /> van hda c i a chung ta. Dd l i didu ta c i n<br /> rdi bo manh d i t nay bdi cupc dao chinh cia<br /> phai tran trpng.<br /> phat xit Nhat cd dp dai trpn 70 nam. Miy<br /> 6. H i n h t h a n h m o t 16'i s o n g t h i d a n mfldi van ngfldi Ha Npi da d i p ddi gin 4<br /> Trfldc khi ngfldi Phap chinh thflc hipn the he, ndu chflng ta tinh mdt the h§ la 20.<br /> dien tren manh da't van hien nay vao nam. Ngfldi Ha Ndi trai qua 4 the he dd da<br /> t h i n g 10-1875, Ha Npi da trai qua nhflng tao ra mdt ldl sd'ng mdi, tdi gpi la loi sdng<br /> cupc be dau ghe gdm: tfl vi tri Kinh dd thi ddn, khac xa vdi ldl sd'ng ndng dan. Ldi<br /> Thang Long cua nfldc Dai Viet trong sud't sd'ng thi dan dfldc bieu hien ro qua cdi dn,<br /> 800 nam, den trieu Nguyin bi h a xud'ng cdi mac, ndi d, cdc phUdng tiin di Igi vd nep<br /> tinh thanh, rdi T r i n thanh. Ha Npi dang dng xd. C h i n g ban, ngfldi thanh thi thich<br /> dflng trfldc ngfldng c i a "ndng thdn hda". an nhat khdng phai hp nhidu tien, ma la do<br /> Ngfldi Phap tdi trong chflng mflc nao dd chd d day hpp sud't ngay, g i n ndi d, tham<br /> da chan dflng dfldc lan sdng suy thoai e i a ehi hang dUa den tan nha. Hoac ngUdi<br /> H i Npi b i n g quyet tam bidn ndi day thanh thi mong cd dUde mpt can hp kh6p<br /> thanh T h i p h i Lien Bang Ddng Dfldng. kin... Ta cd the ke nhieu nfla vd ldl sd'ng<br /> Ha Npi dfldc sd'ng lai vdi mpt dien mao khac nhau c i a cfl dan b hai loai hinh cfl t r i<br /> mdi, mpt kich cd mdi. Ben canh gifl lai mot ndng thdn v i thanh thi. Mpt hinh anh<br /> p h i n t h i n h Vd bang dfldi thdi Nguyin va thfldng t h i y b Ha Npi hoac b b i t ky mpt<br /> 36 phd' phudng xfla, ngfldi Phap da tao ra thanh pho' ldn nao khac la ngfldi Ha Npi,<br /> mpt Ha Npi hien dai hda theo kieu dd thi sau bfla sang, thfldng ngdi nham nhi tach<br /> phfldng Tay. Ha Npi dfldc md rpng ra tren ca phe ndng va lat xem nhflng trang bao<br /> bd'n hfldng, dan cfl ddng due hdn. Cho den mdi ra, tim nhflng thdng tin c i n thidt cho<br /> nam 1928, Ha Npi la ndi cfl tru c i a cdng vipc cua minh.<br /> 126.137 ngfldi, gdm nhieu cpng ddng ngfldi Tdm lai, thi dan chinh l i cd sd vat chit<br /> khac nhau, ddng n h i t l i ngfldi Viet, de tiep nhan van minh phfldng Tay tfl ben<br /> 118327 ngfldi, rdi ddn cdng ddng ngfldi ngoai tran tdi va nhfl v^y mdi cd kha nang<br /> Hoa, 4.428 ngfldi, ngfldi Phap, 3.120 tien kip c i n g nhan loai. Vi vay, trong<br /> ngfldi, ngfldi Nhat, 19 ngfldi va cac ngoai cfldng linh xay dflng d i t nude eua Dang ta<br /> kidu khac. NhQng ngfldi cfl tru trong trUdc day thfldng neu ra mot k h I u hipu<br /> Thanh phd', b i t c h i p ngudn gd'c giai d p , p h i n d i u "dfla ndng thdn dudi kip thanh<br /> dan tpc, deu dfldc gpi 11 thi dan. Hp sd'ng thi", la n h i m thflc hien tieu ehi dd.<br /> Eau iin van hda c i a naudi Phap... 79<br /> <br /> <br /> Trong toan bd di san van hda Thang ban Phap v i "trdi chan" hp lau dai tren<br /> Long - Ha Npi nghin nam ed mpt p h i n di manh d i t nay. D i u sao, trong qua trinh<br /> san van hda ngudi Phap de lai cho c h i n g tfldc doat, ngfldi Phap de lai nhflng d i u I n<br /> ta. Dl nhien, nhflng t h i m i hp de lai n i m van hda quy gia va chung t a c i n phai tran<br /> ngoai y mud'n c h i quan c i a hp. Cai tfl trpng Iflu gifl nd, bdi dd, suy cho cing, l i<br /> tfldng c h i dao cua hp la bidn Ha Npi thanh mpt bp phan hdp t h a n h trong di san van<br /> diem den h i p d i n de gpi vd'n d i u tfl e i a tfl hda c i a n h i n loai.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> <br /> (1). Andrd Masson. Hanoi pendant la periode 1939). H6i Khoa hpc Lich s i Vi$t Nam xufi't<br /> heroique, tr. 316. ban-1994, tr. 134.<br /> (2). Andr6 Masson, sdd, tr. 85. (6). Journal officiel de I'lndochine francaise<br /> (3). Fonds de la Residence superieuse du (JOIF), Tap chi Cong bao Dong Dudng thupc Pliap<br /> Tonkin (viet t^t Ifi RST). Phong Phu Thong sii Bfic 1920, so97, tr. 2255.<br /> Ky. Ho sd 78647. (7). RTS, h6 sd 57777.<br /> (4). RST, Ho sd 7861, . (8). Fonds de la Matrte de Hanoi avant 1945<br /> (5). Jean-Pierre Aumiphin. Su hiin diin tdt (MHN). PhSng Toa Doc ly Hfi Npi trUdc nfim<br /> chinh vd kinh ticua Phdp bDdng DUdng (1859- 1945.<br /> <br /> <br /> NGAN NAM T H A N G LONG • HA NOI.<br /> (Tiep theo trang 18)<br /> (2). Dieu nfiy tiem tfing suot thcli Dinh, vfi cfing Phdp thupc, cfic tr. 182-200.<br /> ro rfing hdn tit sau nfim 981. (7). Lcii Di bieu cua Hofing Dipu triidc khi tuin<br /> (3). libi can vfi ciing Ifi nhfin x6t ve vi the thfinh tiet ngfiy tam thang ba nfim Nham Ngp - Tii Diic<br /> Tay Do cua Nguyen Nhfl Thuyet. Xem Dai Viet si tha mUdi nfim (21-4-1882).<br /> ky todn thu, tfip II. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, (8). Xem Hd thdnh chinh khi ca (chifa r5 tac<br /> 1993, T. 2, tr. 291. gia) md diu b^ng cau: Mpt vdng chinh khi liiu<br /> (4). Di san vfin h6a the gi6i dSu tien cua nU6c hinh, khodng trong trdi ddt nhdt, tinh, sdn, hd...<br /> Vi$t Nam dupc UNESCO cong nhfin. Si phu Hfi Thfinh Ifip den thd Hofing Dipu cl<br /> (5). Hofing Dipu danh gia vi tri cua Thfinh Hfi pho Vfin Tan (sau thd chung v6i Nguyin Tri<br /> Npi; 'T6i tr$m nghi Hfi thfinh Ifi dfi't cuong hpng Phiidng trong den Trung Lipt. tren go Dong Da) v6i<br /> cua xii B^c, l^i Ifi ndi trpng yeu cua nU6c ta, neu doi cfiu doi;<br /> nhvi mpt may thfinh nfiy ching may syp do nhU Thi thdnh qudch, thi giang sdn, bdch chiin<br /> niii 16, thi cac tinh l i n lUpt v3 nhU ng6i tan. Vi the phong trdn dU xich dia<br /> mfi toi lo sd kh^n cfi'p tU gifi'y di cac tinh Ifin cfin, Vi nhat tinh, vi hd nhac, thdp niin tdm sU vpng<br /> mpt m^t dfing ad ve trieu dinh ciu vipn (bieu). thanh thien"<br /> (6). Xem: Trin Huy Lipu (chu biSn) Lich si • (ICia thfinh quach, kia non song, trfim tr^n<br /> Thu dd Hd Not. Nxb. Hfi Npi, 2000 (Ban in lai l i n phong t r i n con thiidc dfi't. Lfi trdi sao, Ifi song nui,<br /> thii hai) ChUdng III: Thu dd Hd Ndi trong thdi mUdi nfim tam s\f. vdi trdi xanh).<br />