English Grammar Course - part 4

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Nội dung Text: English Grammar Course - part 4

Verb and its complementati on Nguyễn Hồng Diệu HULIS VNU
Examine these examples Group 1 1. John called up the man. 2. John called on the man. 3. John put up with the man. Group 2 4. John called from the office. 5. John called after lunch. 6. John called from under the table.
Analysis • Gro up 1 : Multi-word verbs – The combination verb + particle can be substituted by a single-word verb Eg. call on = visit; call up = summon – Normally, the composite meaning cannot be deduced from their parts Eg. catch on = understand, give in = surrender – Accept the passive transformation – The questions for objects are WHO or WHAT
Analysis • Group 2: One-word verbs + prepositional phrases – The meaning can be deduced from the parts – Do not accept the passive transformation – The questions for objects are WHERE, WHEN, HOW, etc. Eg. Where did John call?
Classification of verbs in terms of their structure One-word verbs Verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional Multi-word verbs verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs
Phrasal verbs 1. Intransitive phrasal verbs • Without any object • Verb + particle 1. Transitive phrasal verbs • With an object • Verb + particle + direct object
1. Intransitive phrasal verbs • Form: verb + particle Eg. The children were sitting down. Drink up quickly! Did he catch on? • Most particles are place adjuncts (non-literal use) • Normally, the particle cannot be separated from the verb Eg. *Drink quickly up! • But particles ised as intensifiers/perfectives or referring to direction can be modified by intensifiers Eg. Go right on!
1. Intransitive phrasal • Special type:verbs – particle is a prepositional adverb (see 6.25), behaving as a preposition with some generalized ellipsis of its complement Eg. He walked past. They came in immediately. – The particle may be the beginning part of a complex preposition Eg. Come along (with us). They moved out (of the house). • NOTE: Some phrasal verbs retain the individual meanings of the verb and the particle Eg. Come in, switch on, wake up, etc.
2. Transitive phrasal verbs • Form: verb + particle + Od Eg. We will set up a new unit. She is bringing up her brother's children. • Some phrasal verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, with the same meaning Eg. drink up, give in, etc. • Many have prepositional adverbs (with literal meanings) Eg. They dragged the case along. They moved the furniture out.
2. Transitive phrasal verbs • Normally, the particle can either precede or follow Od Eg. They turned on the light. They turned the light on. • But particle cannot precede personal pronouns Eg. They turned them on. • The particle tends to precede long or stressed-on-purpose objects
Prepositional verbs • Form: verb + preposition + prepositional object Eg. He's applied for a new job. Who will be running for president next year? • The preposition must precede the complement Eg. *He's applied a new job for. *He's applied it for. • An adverb or a relative pronoun can be inserted between verb & preposition Eg. They called early on the man. The man on whom they called.
Prepositional verbs • Different analyses of verbs followed by a preposition: see 12.5
Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs 1. The particle of phrasal verb can stand either before or after the NP following the verb, but that of the prepositional verb must precede the NP Eg. They called up all young men. They called all young men up. They called on their friends.
Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs 2. When a personal pronoun follows the verb, the pronoun precedes the particle of a phrasal verb, but follows the particle in a prepositional verb Eg. They called them up. They called on them.
Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs 3. An adverb (functioning as an adjunct) can often be inserted between verb and particle in prepositional verbs, but not in phrasal verbs Eg. *They called early up all young men. They called early on their friends.
Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs 4. The particle of the phrasal verb cannot precede a relative pronoun at the beginning of a relative clause or the interrogative word at the beginning of a WH- question Eg. *The young men up whom they call. The friends on whom they called were all at home. *Up which men did they call? On which men did they call?
Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs 5. The particle of a phrasal verb is normally stressed, where are the particle of a prepositional verb is normally unstressed Eg. Which men did they call UP? Which men did they CALL on?
Phrasalprepositional verbs • Form: verb + 2 particles + Od Eg. He puts up with almost anything. • Allow pronominal questions: – What can't he put up with? • Allow passivization – Bad temper can't be put up with for long. • Do not allow adverb insertion before the object, but only between the particles – *He puts up with willingly that secretary of his. – He puts up willingly with that secretary of his.
Phrasalprepositional verbs • In relative clauses & questions, the particles are placed after the verbs – The party we were looking forward to so eagerly turned out to be a disaster. – Who does he put up with willingly? • Less commonly, the final particle ca be positioned before the relative pronoun or the question word – The party to which we were looking forward so eagerly – With whom does he put up willingly?
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