FTY720 inhibits proliferation and epithelialmesenchymal transition in cholangiocarcinoma by inactivating STAT3 signaling

Interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation (activation) is aberrantly sustained in cholangiocarcinoma cells resulting in enhanced myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) expression and resistance to apoptosis.