PHAN I I I<br />
MOT SO XfNG DUNG<br />
M A R K E T I N G DU L I C H<br />
Chiro-ng 13<br />
Marketing cac diem tham quan<br />
MUC T I E U CHirONG<br />
• Hieu biet ve diem tbam quan dugc quan ly<br />
• Pban loai cac diem tbam quan cbo muc tieu marketing<br />
• Hieu biet ve san pbam ciia diem tbam quan<br />
• Hinb tbanb cacb tbuc pban kbiic tbi truang diem tbam quan<br />
• Hinb tbanb cbien luge marketing diem tbam quan<br />
• Hieu biet cac ban cbe trong dieu banh marketing diem tbam quan<br />
• Hinb tbanb cacb tbuc lien ket de pbat trien diem tbam quan<br />
NOI DUNG CHl/ONG<br />
• Cac kbai niem truyen tbong va bien dai ve marketing<br />
• San pbam va pban kbuc tbi truong diem tbam quan<br />
• Cbien luge marketing diem tbam quan<br />
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319<br />
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P H A N III. M O T S O U N G D U N G M A R K E T I N G D U L I C H<br />
<br />
"Cdc vien bdo tang se chi rihu the hodc gidm sut di, khong<br />
chi do ndng hrc ciia ho de giit gin bo sini tap md con bai khd ndng<br />
phuc vu ngudi dan. N6i each khdc, ho can phdi dinh hudng thi<br />
truang (market-oriented) neu muon ton tgi'\, 1985:44).<br />
Diem thu hut khaeh du lich thu hut sir ehu y eua giai truyen<br />
thong va eae ehinh tri gia a hau het eac nuoe, nhu nhiing bao tang<br />
quoe gia Ian va phong trien lam a cac thii do, va eac nha khai thac<br />
thuoiig mai nhu tong eong ty Disney (My); Madame Tussauds,<br />
Alton Towers va Legoland Windsor (Anh). Tat ca nhung nai noi<br />
tren c6 so lirgt vieng tham tren 1 trieu lugt mot nam, va diem Ion<br />
nhat hon 10 trieu lugt. Tuy nhien, giong nhu eae ITnh vuc khae ciia<br />
nganh eong nghiep du lich, cac diem tham quan duge ngay cang<br />
phan cue, giua mot vai diem thu hut lofn, va vai hang ngan doanh<br />
nghiep nho va rat nho. Hau het cac diem hap dan du khach o Anh va<br />
nhieu quoe gia khae nhan duge it han 30.000 lugt/ nam va it han<br />
£50.000 doanh thu. Hau het deu dua tren mot dia diem duy nhat.<br />
Nhieu diem tham quan la do ehinh quyen quan ly, khong hoat dgng<br />
nham thu Igi nhuan.<br />
Chuong nay nham mue dieh cho thay rang cac nguyen tac<br />
marketing c6 the ap dung day dii, tham chi trong mot iTnh vuc cua<br />
nganh eong nghiep du lich noi chung, khong phan biet bai van hoa<br />
dinh huong khach hang (customer-oriented), hoac bang ky nang<br />
quan ly kinh doanh. No tap trung vao cac diem tham quan dime<br />
quan ly (managed attractions) dua tren cac tai nguyen thien nhien,<br />
van hoa. hoac nhung nguon lire, tu nhien hay nhan tao. c6 sue hap<br />
dan hoac khuyen khich du kliach den eac dia diem. Thuat ngu<br />
'khach tham quan (visitor attractions) ' duge dung thay vi 'du khach<br />
tham quan (tourist attractions)', mot phan de phan anh thue te<br />
nganh eong nghiep, va mot phan vi nhieu diem tham quan ciing<br />
duge eu dan quanh vung vieng tham nhieu nhu khach du lich.<br />
I. C A C K H A I NIEM T R U Y E N THONG VA HIEN DAI V E<br />
M A R K E T I N G D I E M T H A M QUAN<br />
1. Cac (|uan niem ve marketing diem tham quan<br />
Ve mat chue nang, cac diem tham quan dong mot vai tro thiet<br />
yeu trong du lich nhu la yeu to trong moi truang cua diem den giup<br />
xac dinh, phan Ian lira chgn cua nguai tieu dung, va anh huong din<br />
320<br />
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CHUONG 13. MARKETING CAC DIEM THAM Q U A N<br />
<br />
"dong lire' ciia nguai mua tiem nang. Trong thirc ii, nhieu dich vu<br />
van tai va liru trii ngay cang dugc xay dung thuong hieu va<br />
marketing ra toan cau, cac diem tham quan c6 vai tro dac biet quan<br />
trong trong ca dai dien va phan phoi cac y nghla cu the ciia dia diem,<br />
nai cung cap nguon canh tranh ca ban giiJa cac dilm d8n. Nhieu<br />
diem tham quan thien nhien, van hoa. nhan tao dugc tao ra dac biet<br />
de bao ton va ton vinh nhung dac diem doc dao, va nhirng dac trung<br />
dia phuong lam cho chung dang nen tham vieng.<br />
Theo truyen thong, nhieu diem tham quan khong can phai<br />
thirc thi marketing. Chung it thay doi, doi khi hoat dong tir nguon trg<br />
cap cong, khong tinh phi, va doi khi boi vi nhung nguai chu chi<br />
muon thoa niem dam me, khong can huang ngoai theo yeu cau<br />
khach hang. Cho den thap ky qua, ngoai trir nhung diem thu hut Ian<br />
nhat, nhiing y tuang ve quan tri marketing da khong dugc ap dung<br />
trong phan Ian lanh vuc nay.<br />
Tuy vay, trong nhung nam gan day, su tang truong toan cau<br />
ve du lich va lu hanh, va tac dong cua viec truy cap khong dugc<br />
quan ly den cac tai nguyen thien nhien, van hoa, kien true dan den<br />
viec gia tang sir cong nhan ve sir can thiet quan ly khdch (visitor<br />
management). Cum tir 'du khach c6 xu huang pha huy nhung nai hg<br />
di du lich' dugc dung qua nhieu da c6 tac dung trong hau het cac<br />
diem den pho bien, va lam nen tang cho viec sii dung ky thuat quan<br />
ly du khach, dac biet la marketing.<br />
Nhieu diem tham quan dugc dat tai cac kliu vuc nhay cam ve<br />
moi truong. O mot so nai, viec thuc day cong chung den tham quan<br />
la thu yeu so vai yeu cau bao ton mot gia tri ngi tai cua rieng minh.<br />
Co truong hgp, vi du de duy tri vung dat ngap nuofc vi Igi ich cua<br />
cac dong vat hoang da, nai ma muc tieu la de ngan chan han la cung<br />
cap cho khach tham quan, cac muc tieu moi truong se dugc uu tien.<br />
Chap nhan nhiing dieu kien quan trong, viec tiep nhan du khach, dac<br />
biet la doanh thu ma hg tao ra de dong gop vao muc tieu moi truong<br />
- noi chung la mot yeu to quan trgng trong de an bao ton tai nguyen.<br />
Diem moi la sir nhan thuc ngay cang tang va y thirc cap bach ve<br />
nguon tai nguyen moi truong la huu han a nhiing nai hap dan doi<br />
vai du lich. va ky nang quan ly du khach cung vai cac ky thuat quan<br />
ly tai nguyen phai dugc cai thien.<br />
Trong so cac ky nang quan ly khach san c6 cua cac diem<br />
tham quan, marketing ngay cang dugc xem la ca ban de thanh cong.<br />
321<br />
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P H A N ni. M O T so<br />
<br />
U'NG D U N G M A R K E T I N G D U LICH<br />
<br />
No dirge eong nhan la each tot nhat de tao ra doanh thu, de gop phan<br />
ehi phi hoat dgng va bao tri eac co so tai nguyen, phat trien va duy<br />
tri cae san pham dap urng. tao ra gia tri cho tien bae va anh huong<br />
den khoi lugng va co eau theo mua eua cae khu w c vieng tham.<br />
Nhung no chi co the hieu qua khi tap trung vao cae vi tri hoae cac<br />
khu vue khep kin hoae ra vao co kiem soat. Bao tang Ion va hap dan<br />
thuang mai la nhung v i du hien nhien, nhung theo nguyen tac kiem<br />
soat cho cae mue dich quan ly ciSng duge ap dung cho ca cae eong<br />
vien, khu vuon, ho quoe gia va cac khu vue di san ven bien.<br />
Dieu phan biet chu yeu hien tiai va qua khu la sir phan cue<br />
giiJa eac diem tham quan Ion va nho trong khu vire eong va tu, sir<br />
tang truong dang ke nguon cung mgi hinh thuc diem tham quan,<br />
canh tranh danh thai gian va tien bae eua du khaeh. va giam trg cap<br />
hang nam eua khu vyc eong. Nhung thay doi nay ngay cang doi hoi<br />
viec thuc hien cac ky thuat quan ly tinh vi co the duge su dung dong<br />
thai de bao ve tai nguyen, de nang cao kinh nghiem eua du khach,<br />
de xuc tien mot vi tri va de tao ra doanh thu trong mot thi truong<br />
canh tranh.<br />
Khai niem ve ap dung cac ky thuat quan ly he thong kinh<br />
doanh hien dai tai cac diem thu hut du khach da dang nhu bao tang,<br />
eong vien quoe gia van eon ehua hoan toan chap nhan a mgi quoc<br />
gia. Y tuong ve tinh phi vao eong cac di san quoe gia chinh tham chi<br />
con it duge chap nhan rgng rai, mac du thu phi vao eua la pho bien<br />
tai cac diem tham quan mai. Mot trong nhirng so thay doi nhanh<br />
nhat trong each tiep can co the duge ehirng kien a cac nuac Dong<br />
Au, cac y tuong marketing la can thiet cho sir ton vong, ma khong<br />
CO nhung khoan trg cap eua nha nuac va nhu eau chi tieu de thu hut<br />
khach du lieh. Thay doi nay da duge thuc hien a vai diem tham quan<br />
a phuang Tay tu nhung nam 1990.<br />
Viec thay doi trong nhan thuc ve quan ly va marketing tai cac<br />
diem tham quan du khach len nhanh chong trong nhirng nam 1990.<br />
Sy thay doi nay duge ho trg bai viec ma rgng giao due quoe te cho<br />
cae nha quan ly du lieh, lu hanh va giai tri; va co the dy doan chac<br />
chan viec ung dung rgng rai hon cac ky thuat quan ly hien dai trong<br />
the ky X X I .<br />
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S22<br />
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CHU'ONG 13. MARKETING CAC DIEM T H A M QUAN<br />
<br />
2. Quan ly hien dai lam nen tang phat trien cac diem tham<br />
quan moi<br />
Khi the giai phat trien vao thai ky hau cong nghiep,<br />
vai tro trong xa hoi ciia nghe thuat, di san, khach san, van hoa, vui<br />
chai giai tri c6 tarn quan trong kinh te Ion hon, va du lich c6 mot<br />
dong gop nhu mot thi truang tang truong trong nen 'kinh te<br />
mai'nay.<br />
Vai tro thuoiig mai nay dugc cong nhan rpng rai, va huong<br />
dan dau tu Ian ciia the ky vao nhung phuang tien huong ve ban le<br />
cac diem tham quan moi ngay, thuong bao gom mot hon hgp theo<br />
chii de giai tri va khach san ciang nhu nha ban le. nam gan nhung<br />
4irang chinh, trong pham vi de dang den vai trung tam thanh pho.<br />
Xuat phat tu My va Canada nhu la mang phat trien kem theo cac<br />
trung tam mua sam, chung bang qua Dai Tay Duang den Bac Au<br />
vao giua nhung nam 1990. Diem tham quan Ian nhat a Anh thu hut<br />
hon 30 trieu lugt vieng tham moi nam, quanh nam, 24 gia mot ngay.<br />
pac diem tham quan mai dugc quan ly va marketing bai cac doi<br />
:fhuyen nghiep tot nhat, dugc thiet ke de thu hut nguai tieu dung<br />
' ien dai, cac tien ich chua tung bict cho tat ca cac nhom tuoi. Tiem<br />
ang canh tranh cua hg anh huong den cac diem tham quan truyen<br />
ong, thuc te la khoang 2.500 bao tang chi con c6 hon 70 trieu lugt<br />
vieng tham mot nam.<br />
Cung vai su phat trien cua quan ly va marketing la su hieu<br />
biet ngay cang tang ve cac each thuc ma cac diem tham quan c6 the<br />
dugc phat trien ve nguon luc va ca cau, khac vai nhiing suy nghT<br />
ban dau ve Igi ich khach hang, hoac khong giong vai nhung gi da c6<br />
tmac do. V i du dien hinh la Disney World va Epcot a Florida, bat<br />
dau vofi viec mua 27.400 m dat nong nghiep dam lay, khong c6 gi<br />
hap dan ngoai trir muoi, vao giCra nam 1960. V i du gan day ve phat<br />
trien sang tao cac diem tham quan c6 the dugc nhin thay tai luu vuc<br />
kenh Wigan Pier a mien Bac cua nuac Anh giua thap nien 1980, su<br />
tai phat trien ciia thanh pho cong nghiep nhu Liverpool, Manchester<br />
va Birmingham bang viec su dung cac diem tham quan van hoa nhu<br />
lanh vuc dan dau trong phuc hung kinh te, va hoat dgng nghe thuat<br />
hien dai, hinh anh thu nho cua Guggenheim, Bilbao va Tate Modem<br />
a Luan Don da ma rong han nhieu a chau Au trong nam nam qua.<br />
Dang chu y tai Anh la han mot nua tat ca cac diem tham quan<br />
CO san vao cuoi nhung nam 1990 da dugc phat trien trong hai thap<br />
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