Hoạt động kinh tế của người Hoa ở Hội An thời kỳ các chúa Nguyễn

^*<br /> HOAT DOI\G KJC^IH TE CUA I\GlTOl HOA<br /> d HOI A]\ T H d l KY CAC CHIJA ]\G1JY£]^<br /> <br /> <br /> DUONG VAN HUY*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> N gudi Hoa di t r u den Viet Nam tfl<br /> r i t sdm trong lich sfl, va chung ta<br /> cung chUa du tU lieu de chflng minh duge<br /> Khi chua Nguyen tien h a n h khai pha<br /> Dang Trong di dan, lap i p thi tat ca mgi thfl<br /> deu thieu, thieu ve n h a n lUc, tien bac, trang<br /> nhflng 16p cU dan ngUdi Hoa d l u tien den thiet hi vu khf,... De bfl lap vao nhflng thieu<br /> Vigt Nam la tfl khi nao. NhUng chi den khi h u t dd, chfnh quyen Dang Trong da chieu<br /> chua N g u y i n md m a n g "vung da't Dang mg cU dan k h i p ndi trong dd cd ca nhflng<br /> Trong p h a t trien kinh te, t h u h u t lUu dan lUu dan ngUdi Hda den de khai pha d i t dai,<br /> de cd the chong lai hg Trinh d Dang Ngoai. md rgng cUdng •viic. Ddng thdi, de tang cUdng<br /> Ddng thdi, cung la thdi diem ma ngUdi Hoa tiem liic kinh te, chfnh quyen da md cfla<br /> di cU ra hai ngoai vdi quy md ldn va cd td thdng thUdng vdi hai ngoai, de thu thue tang<br /> chflc hdn trUdc. Do vay, thUdng cang Hgi ngudn thu ngan sach cho minh. Chfnh vi<br /> An cua Dang Trong la mgt trong nhflng dia vay, ngoai thUdng da trd thanh nhan to'<br /> diem ly tfldng cho sfl liia chgn cua nhflng quan trgng cho sU tdn vong va phat trien<br /> ngUdi Hoa di cU xay diing pho' ngUdi Hoa cua Dang Trong. Cung vdi sU md rgng ngoai<br /> d l u tien, va khi so' lUdng ngay cang tang thUdng, cac thUdng cang i i n lUdt dUde ra<br /> len thi hg da p h a t trien t h a n h cgng ddng cU ddi, nhUng vdi vi tri thuEln lgi ve mat thUdng<br /> dan cd td chflc vdi nhieu hinh thflg lien ket mai, Hgi An sdm trd t h a n h thUdng cang 16n<br /> chat che nhfl Minh HUdng xa. Bang, Hgi n h i t Dang Trong va la tram trung chuyen<br /> ngUdi Hoa,... Xdt ve nhieu m a t thi cgng quan trgng trong tuyen thUdng mai khu vflc<br /> ddng ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An dUdc hinh t h a n h va qud'c te. Va, day cung la ndi tap trung<br /> sdm va tieu bieu n h i t d Viet Nam. Cflng nhieu n h i t cac thUdng nhan ngoai kieu den<br /> chfnh •vi vay, ngUdi Hoa d day cung da gifl cU tru va thUdng mai, trong dd d i u tien phai<br /> vai trd q u a n trgng trong •viec md mang, ke den thUdng n h a n ngUdi Nhat, va sau dd<br /> phat trien kinh te, n h i t la kinh te thUdng la Hoa thUdng, den khoang nfla sau the ky<br /> mai cua thUdng cang Hgi An ndi rieng va XVII thi Hoa thUdng da trd thanh lUc lUdng<br /> Dang Trong ndi chung. chii dao d thUdng cang Hgi An.<br /> <br /> Sii h i i n g t h i n h c u a H o i A n v a h i n h N i m tren con dudng thUdng mai quoc te<br /> t h a n h c g n g d o n g ngiidfi H o a Dong - Tay, dac biet la "con dUdng td lua<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * Th.S. Vign Nghien cflu Dong Nam A<br /> 32 Rghien curu Lich si. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> tren bien" va "con dUdng gdm sfl tren bien", xuan sau khi ve day se cd the chd dly hang<br /> cgng vdi ngudn tai nguyen lam, thuy, hai hoa ve Trung Qud'c. Trong thdi k^ nha<br /> sin phong phu phuc vu cho khai thae xuit Thanh lat dd nha Minh, va dac biet la<br /> khau ma Hgi An thflc sfl da trd thanh mgt chien tranh loan lac d phfa Nam Trung<br /> thUdng cang, mgt trung tam trung chuyen Qud'c, thi hang loat nan dan di tru vao<br /> hang hoa ldn cua khu •viic va the gidi. Tfl Dang Trong, chua Nguyen da cho ph6p cac<br /> khoang nam 1600 trd ve sau, Hgi An da trd nan dan va thUdng nhan tdi cac phu, huyen<br /> thanh mgt ndi ha'p d i n dd'i vdi cac thuyen sd thugc, va chua Nguyen cflng thfla nhan<br /> budn Trung Hoa. NgUdi Hoa da den cang Minh Hfldng xa, thon xa do cac ngUdi di cU<br /> thi nay budn ban va xay diing nen phd' cua nha Minh td chflc, thanh ndi cU dia tap<br /> budn ban cua minh cung vdi thUdng nhan trung cua hg, va hoan nghenh hg nhap<br /> ngUdi Nhat, nhu Idi nhan xet cua qud'c tich iam bien dan.<br /> Cristophoro Borri trong mgt chuyen di Vdi sii gia tang manh me ve so' lUdng<br /> Dang Trong nam 1621: "Chua Ddng Trong ngUdi Hoa di tru, cflng vdi sfl gia tang ve<br /> xUa kia cho ngiidi Nhdt, ngiidi Trung Qud'c hoat dgng kinh te thUdng mai cua ngUdi<br /> chgn mdt dia diem vd ndi thudn Idi de lap Hoa, thi trong khoang gifla nam 1645 va<br /> mdt thdnh phd' cho tien viec budn bdn. nam 1653, Minh HUdng xa cua cgng ddng<br /> Thdnh phd' ndy ggi Id Faifo (Hgi An), mdt ngUdi Hoa d l u tien d Viet Nam da dUdc<br /> thdnh phd ldn den do ngUdi ta ndi dUdc la thanh lap (2). Minh HUdng xa la mgt ket<br /> cd hai thdnh phd. mdt phd ngUdi Trung ciu cgng ddng lang xa ngUdi Hoa di tan den<br /> Qud'c vd phd' ngUdi Nhdt. Mdi phd cd khu Viet Nam va tU nguyen nhap quoc tich Viet<br /> viic rieng, vd sd'ng theo tap tuc rieng. Ngiidi Nam, liy chfl "Minh" (B^) dflng diu de<br /> Trung Qud'c cd ludt le vd phong tuc rieng tudng nhd den trieu dai nha Minh da suy<br /> cua hg vd ngiidi Nhdt cung vdy" (1). vong va chfl "HUdng" ( # ) vdi nghia la<br /> Nhu vay, nhflng cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa "hUdng thdm" va cdn nghia la "hUdng hoa"<br /> diu tien d Hgi An la nhflng nhflng cum dan (3). Nhu vay, Minh HUdng xa cd nghia la<br /> cU, hay nhflng phd' thUdng mai cua ngUdi lang xa cua nhflng ngUdi Hoa di cU •vi If do<br /> Hoa, dUdc hinh thanh do hoat dgng thUdng chfnh tri, suy ton nha Minh, tuy song tren<br /> mai. Thanh p h l n cU dan chu yeu la nhflng que ngUdi nhUng v i n gifl hfldng thdm,<br /> thUdng nhan, bao gdm hai loai chu yeu: hfldng hoa cua minh. P h l n ldn hg la tinh<br /> mgt loai la nhflng thUdng khach vi gid mua Quang Dong, Phuc Kien cflng cd ngUdi tinh<br /> khong thuan, hoac do thUdng vu keo dai, Chiet Giang va ca nhflng ngUdi tinh khac<br /> khdng kip ve nUdc, danh chiu d lai qua nam nfla.<br /> de chd ky gid sang nam mdi ve Bic; loai thfl Cd ca'u cua Minh Hfldng xa, theo nhU tai<br /> hai, la nhflng ngUdi mud'n cU tru vinh •vien lieu cua Hgi An Minh Hiidng tam bdo vu<br /> hoac ban vinh •vien, hg chu yeu la nhflng thi nhflng •vi sang lap ra lang Minh Hfldng<br /> thu quy hoac dai dien cho thuyen budn diu tien gdm mUdi lao gia cd uy tfn trong<br /> hoac thUdng doan, mgt mat ban cac hang cong cgng ddng ngUdi Minh HUdng (ggi la<br /> hda ciia thuyen minh, mat khac mua sin Thdp lao), dflng d l u la Trung Lfldng Hlu<br /> cac thfl thd san nhU td lua, hUdng kj^ nam, Khdng Thien Nhfl. Thdp Ida, bao gdm:<br /> dudng, hat tieu, yen, vay ca, td mgc,.. de Khong lao gia, Nhan lao gia, DU lao gia, Tfl<br /> cho thuyen cua thUdng doan cua minh mfla lao gia, Chu lao gia, Hoang lao gia, TrUdng<br /> l?oat dQng hinh te ciia ngudri IJoa. 23<br /> <br /> lao gia, T r I n lao gia. Thai lao gia, LUu lao Minh HUdng xa tdi nay chUa tim t h i y tU<br /> gia (4). lieu nao xac dinh mgt each cu the chfnh<br /> xac. Mat khac, do lich sfl hinh t h a n h va dia<br /> Sau Thdp Ido. thi cd cdn cd Luc tinh<br /> ban p h a n bo' dan cU cd tfnh dac thfl rieng<br /> hiidng ky lao hay cdn ggi Luc tinh. Tflc la cd<br /> biet cho nen khong the ap dung nhflng<br /> sau vi ky lao trong lang tiep tuc dflng ra bd<br /> phfldng phap tfnh toan cua dan sd hgc de<br /> cong sflc, tien cua xay dflng md rgng lang.<br /> doan dinh mgt each tfldng dd'i. Ngoai thdng<br /> Hg deu la cflu t h i n cua n h a Minh, g i i u<br /> tin t u lieu tfl Thomas Bowyear den Hgi An<br /> quan tUdc gia iam thUdng dan di t a n den<br /> vao cudi the ky XVII (1695) cho biet "Hdi<br /> cang thi Hgi An, hg bao gdm: Nguy k^ lao,<br /> cang chi la mgt con dfldng phd' ldn tren bd<br /> Trang k^ lao, Ngd k^ lao, Thieu ky lao,<br /> sdng, hai ben cd hai day nha khoang 100 ndc<br /> Hfla ky lao, Ngu ky lao. Luc tinh cd nhieu<br /> toan la ngfldi Trung Hoa d" (6), con sd 100<br /> cong lao to ldn trong •viec cung cd' va md<br /> ndc nha nay chung ta cung khdng cd the biet<br /> rgng lang Minh Hfldng tren cang thi Hgi<br /> dUdc bao nhieu ndc nha la ngUdi Minh<br /> An. Hg bd tien m u a t h e m nhieu d i t dai, lap<br /> HUdng vi ngUdi Trung Hoa d day bao gdm ca<br /> dia bg, khai k h I n d i t hoang t h a n h rugng,<br /> Hoa Kieu (khong phai dan Minh Hudng xa)<br /> khai thdng song ngdi, lap dinh, xay mieu,<br /> va cung chi la con so' ngUdi Hda eU t n i tai<br /> dUng chua, n a n g cao uy tfn cua minh d<br /> Hgi An ma thoi. Chfnh vi ly do vay ma<br /> thUdng cang nay (5). Dieu h a n h Minh<br /> chung ta khd cd the doan dinh dUdc dan sd<br /> HUdng xa, cd cac chflc vu sau day: Cai xa;<br /> xa Minh HUdng cud'i the ky XVII den d l u<br /> cac hfldng lad, do cac •vi tien bdi trong hang<br /> the ky XVTII mgt each chfnh xac hoan toan.<br /> hfldng trUdng dam nhan; cac HUdng<br /> trudng, la nhflng n h a n si d a n h gia, cd the Tuy vay, theo sU t h u t h a p va phan tfch<br /> lyc trong lang. Hfldng trfldng la dai dien tdng hgp tfl nhieu ngudn tU lieu khac nhau,<br /> ciia dan xa va phai la ngydi cd tai s i n , cd ft chung ta eung cd the Udc doan dUdc mgt<br /> nhieu chfl nghia. each tUdng dd'i so' lUdng dan k h l u ngUdi<br /> Hoa d Hgi An khoang gifla the ky XVII la<br /> Vdi sfl thiet lap cgng ddng Minh Hfldng<br /> khoang 5.000 ngfldi, den cud'i the ky XVIII<br /> xa d Hgi An da k h i n g dinh dUdc vai trd cua<br /> cd khoang hdn 6000 ngfldi, theo nhfl sfl ghi<br /> hg dd'i vdi thfldng cang Hgi An. Hg khdng<br /> chdp cua Taboulet thi d Hgi An "So' Hoa<br /> chi cd flu the ve so' lUdng so vdi cac thUdng<br /> kieu d ddy cd tdi 6000 ngiidi vd Id nhiing<br /> nhan khac ma cdn cd Uu the ve hoat dgng<br /> dgi thiidng gia" (7). Cd the con so' 6000 chi<br /> thUdng mai, hg trd t h a n h liic lUdng thfldng<br /> la fldc doan, bdi chi rieng so' dinh (nhflng<br /> mai cd the t h a y t h e sfl thieu v i n g cua<br /> ngfldi phai nop t h u e than, tflc trong do tuoi<br /> nhieu thUdng n h a n N h a t Ban trong thdi ky<br /> lao dgng) cua Minh Hfldng xa tfl nam 1744<br /> Chau An thuyen cua N h a t Ban (1592 -<br /> den 1788 cu the nhfl sau: Nam 1744 la 759<br /> 1635) va thUdng n h a n phUdng Tay thdi ky<br /> dinh, nam 1746 la 805 dinh, 1747 la 866<br /> chua N g u y i n td ra canh giac vdi cac thuyen<br /> dinh, 1788 la 1063 dinh (8). Va, trong nam<br /> budn phUdng Tay.<br /> 1788 thi tdng cgng so' dinh cua xa la<br /> D a n so ngvCdi H o a v a cd c a u n g a n h khoang 1063 ngUdi nhU tren da ndi (khong<br /> nghe tai Hoi An ghi so' dan dinh d cac phu khac) vdi khoang<br /> X6t ve m a t d a n sd ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An 83 hg (neu ke them nhflng hg mdi d cac so<br /> thi tfl khi ngUdi Hoa thiet lap cgng ddng dinh khac thi con so' se •vUdt tren 100 hg)<br /> 34 Rghien curu Ljeh siir. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> neu nhu cgng ca da ba vao thi so' dan da't mdi cd nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi de<br /> khoang hdn 2000 ngUdi (9). Ngoai sd dinh ra phat trien cong-thUdng nghiep. Vi vay, cd<br /> neu ke tre em, ngUdi gia, phu nfl, tham chf ca'u hoat dgng nganh nghe cua cgng ddng<br /> bdt so' dan dinh de tron thue, nhflng chiing cua ngUdi Hoa d day da p h l n la iam kinh<br /> ta cd the Udc doan cfl mdi suit dinh them doanh, budn ban (thUdng mcti) va thu cong<br /> mgt vd va mgt con nhd thi dan so' xa Minh nghiep.<br /> Hfldng nam 1747 khoang 2598, nam 1788 Trong linh vUc thu cong nghigp, cU dan<br /> khoang 2703. Mat khac, nhflng Hoa kieu Minh HUdng tap hdp trong cac Hdi thd<br /> khdng phai la ngfldi Minh HUdng tai Hgi An ddng thuyin (Chu Tugng), Hdi thd che tao<br /> so' lugng bien dgng khd doan dinh, nhUng cd do bgc (Ngan tUdng), cdc hg ldm mudi<br /> le ddng n h i t vao mfla mau dich, het mfla (Diem hg), Kim (Liem)... Trong so ke dan<br /> mau dich hg lai theo tau budn ve nfldc. Cho dinh Minh HUdng nam 1788, thanh phln<br /> nen, con so' khoang 6000 ngfldi la bao gdm ca dan cU Minh HUdng trong cac hiep hgi nay<br /> ngUdi Hoa Minh HUdng xa va Hoa kieu tam chiem 185 ngUdi. Dac biet, mgt bg phan 16n<br /> tru tai Hgi An vao mfla mau dich. cua cU dan Minh HUdng lap nghigp tai pho'<br /> Khi cgng ddng Minh Hfldng xa dflgc Hgi An hoac cac thi tfl trong xfl Quang de<br /> thanh lap thi nhflng ngfldi trong cgng ddng hoat dgng kinh doanh, budn ban, do do,<br /> nay theo duoi nhieu nghe nghiep khac nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem tren linh vflc<br /> nhau: Thfldng nhan, budn ban nhd, thg thu nay da dfldc cac chua Nguyen cip chau<br /> cdng, thly thud'c, t h i y ly so', lao dgng phd bing giao dam nhan cac cong viec d Ty Tau<br /> thdng, binh Ifnh, quan lai, quy tgc, nho sy... vu nhfl kiem soat thuyen budn cac nfldc,<br /> Nhflng tri thflc, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep can do, dinh gia hang hoa, thong ng6n.„<br /> cua hg vdn r i t cln chua Nguyen d Dang Mgt so' ngudi dUdc phong chflc cai phu tau<br /> Trong de phat huy nhflng tiem liic kinh te, hoac dfldc giao nhflng trgng trach lien quan<br /> quan sU, phuc •vu sU nghiep cung co' the liic, den hoat dgng thfldng mai, kinh te, quan<br /> md mang bd coi. Vi vay, cac chua Nguyen sfl. Ngfldi Minh Hfldng lam ra't nhieu chflc<br /> sin sang ddn nhan, Uu dai va trgng dung dich cua xa hoac cua chfnh quyen dia<br /> hg bing nhflng chinh sach "Tdn hiin" dd'i phfldng, theo sd dinh nam Thai Dflc 11<br /> vdi cac danh si, nhflng ngfldi cd kinh (1788) cho tha'y, so' hfldng quan, hfldng<br /> nghiem quan ly thfldng mai, thdng ngdn, chflc cua xa len den 506 ngfldi. Trong<br /> hay "lai bdch cdng" (thu hut thd tram thanh p h i n cfl dan Minh Hfldng co r i t ft<br /> nghi). Trong linh vflc hoat dgng thfldng ngfldi san xua't nong nghiep nhUng cung<br /> mai, ngoai hoat dgng chfnh la bao mua, mang lai cho hg ngudn thu dang ke va dUdc<br /> mai bi§n, md cfla hieu dai ly, budn bing thiic hign bdi hinh thflc phat canh thu to,<br /> ghe thuyen khip ndi trong va ngoai xfl. Cac cdn ngfldi Minh Hfldng triic tiep san xuit<br /> dich vu hoat dgng lien quan den thfldng nong nghiep chiem ty le ra't ft (10).<br /> mai cung r i t phat trien nhU cho thuc nha, Qua bang thd'ng ke tinh hinh hoat dgng<br /> cho vay liy lai, dich •vu gia'y td, an ud'ng, nganh nghe cua cfl dan ngfldi Minh HUdng<br /> vui ehdi giai trf... Ngoai ra, nghe budn ban dudi day chiing ta hieu them ve cd ca'u nganh<br /> thud'c Bac va nghe y dUdc cung chiem ty le nghe cua mgt bg phan ngUdi Hoa dinh cU d<br /> ldn trong cgng ddng Minh HUdng d day. ndi trung tam thUdng mai phat trien nhit<br /> Cgng ddng Minh Hudng dinh cU tren vung Dang Trong - Hgi An vao nam 1747.<br /> Ijoat dpng hinh te ciia ngirdi Tjoa. 35<br /> <br /> Bang thd'ng ke tinh hinh hoat dgng nganh nghe ciia cii dan Minh hiidng<br /> theo so dinh nfim 1747 (11)<br /> <br /> So llidng Tyle<br /> STT Dia phiicfng va nghe nghiep<br /> (ho/ngiidi) %<br /> 1 Ho budn ban tai Phd' Hoi An 195 22,5<br /> 2 Hg budn ban tai chau Kim Bong 11 1,3<br /> 3 Hg buon ban tai Chau Tra Nghieu 86 9,9<br /> 4 Hg buon ban tai pho' Phu Chiem 47 5,4<br /> 5 d cac vung ven Hgi An, khong ghi ro nghe nghiep 250 28,9<br /> 6 d cac phu khac khong ghi ro nghe nghiep 194 22,4<br /> 7 Nghiem tau, thong ngon 34 3,9<br /> 8 Gia yeu, eo qua, xua't gia 49 5,7<br /> Tong cong 866 100%<br /> <br /> Nhiifng t i e n t r i e n t r o n g h o a t d o n g Nha... ta thay thiidng gia Trung Qud'c dem<br /> k i n h te c u a ngiic^i H o a of Hoi An nhiiu td lua tdi dd. vd ngiidi Nhdt mua het<br /> detdi vi niidc" (13).<br /> Trong cac t h e ky XVI - XVIII, Trung<br /> Qud'c thiic hien chinh sach ddng cfla d i t Thfldng n h a n hoat dgng chu yeii thfldng<br /> nU6c (Chfnh sach Hai cim), dac biet la xuyen d day v i n la Hea thUdng, trfl Quang<br /> chfnh sach ddng cfla doi vdi N h a t Ban Chau phu thugc Quang Dong, Mai Phong<br /> (ehfnh sach Sakoku), khien cho N h a t Ban thugc Chiet Giang, ngoai ra deu la thugc<br /> m i t di thi trUdng buon b a n d Trung Qud'c. tinh Phuc Kien ca, dung nhfl Idi n h a n xdt<br /> Viec buon b a n triic tiep gifla hai nUdc trd cua Thfch Dai San trong Hdi Ngogi ky sii<br /> nen khd k h a n hdn. Cho nen, de bu l i p vao nhfl sau: "Vi Hdi An la mdt md ddu ldn. ndi<br /> sU thieu h u t dd cac thUdng n h a n N h a t Ban tap hdp cua thiidng khdch cdc niidc; thdng<br /> va thUdng n h a n T r u n g Qud'c da phai dong bd sdng, mdt con diidng ddi ba bdn dam, ggi<br /> thuyen xudng cac cang thi d Dong Nam A Id Dgi diidng cdi, hai ben diidng phd'd liin<br /> de cd dugc h a n g hoa cua Trung Qud'c, trong nhau khit rit, chu phd'thay diu ngiidi Phuc<br /> do cd Hgi An d Xfl Dang Trong. Vi vay, Hgi Kien. vdn dn mac theo Idi tiin triiu (nhd<br /> An da trd t h a n h t r a m t r u n g chuyen quan Minh)" (14). M a t khac, "ngiidi Ddng Trong<br /> trgng cho nhflng hoat dgng thfldng mai khdng budn bdn d ngodi vUdng qudc cua hg.<br /> qudic te. Trong Khai diidng hdi nghi cua Ka tiic la hg tii ldm lay viec dd vd it den ndi<br /> Kieu Vien cd •viet r i n g : "Vi ludt phdp cam, khdng ggi Id budn bdn. vi ngodi viec cho<br /> khong ai ddm thdng vdi Nhdt Bdn, nhiing thuyin sang Xiem vd Cao Mien de mua<br /> cd bgn thUdng gia gian tham dem nhiing thud'c sung, thi hg bo qua cdc thd tien nghi<br /> hdng hod trdn di cdc niidc Giao Chi (tdc khdc cua cudc sd'ng. Ngiidi niidc ngodi di<br /> Quang Nam), ngiidi Nhdt lgi tii dd chuyen tim xem ngiidi Nam ky cd nhiing thd gi dgc<br /> van sang Nhdt Bdn. nhii vdy thi (ngiidi biet hoac hg dung ngiidi Trung Hoa de chd<br /> Nhdt) khdng khdc gi triic tiep mdu dich vdi cdc thd dd sang Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn.<br /> Trung Qud'c vdy" (12). Cung thdi gian dd, cd d ddy hg thu ve td't cd bgc vd tiin dUdc liiu<br /> mgt giao si Bd Dao N h a thugc ddng J^suite hdnh d xd Nam ky" (15). Cho nen, x6t ve<br /> la Valentin Corvalho, cung cd chdp r i n g : mat ngoai thUdng, nhflng lien he vdi ben<br /> "gdn ddy tgi Cochinchine dd bdt ddu mdt ngoai chu yeu do sfl Iui tdi dinh k^ cua cac<br /> thd mdu dich rdt bdt Idi cho ngUdi Bo Ddo tau buon ndi khac den. Nhflng ke tfl nam<br /> 36 Rghi^ curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> 1636, thdi chua ThUdng, cac hoat dgng mau hang hoa tfl Trung Qudc den hoac cd ngudn<br /> dich vdi Nhat Ban da hi cha'm dflt. Nhflng cung ca'p hang hoa do cac tau buon den tfl<br /> tau buon Bd Dao Nha, Anh qud'c va Ha Lan cac thUdng cang cua Trung Qudc, rdi tfl dd<br /> cflng d i n d i n thfla thdt. Cac tau nay, trUdc hg chuydn hang hoa den cac thfldng cang<br /> day thudng tdi tfl Macao, Madras va khac cua Dong Nam A va Nhat Ban, hoac<br /> Batavia, ngay cang ving bdng, mac du ban cho cac tau buon phfldng Tay vao mua<br /> chua Hien td ra cd y khfch le cac thfldng hgi chd. Nam 1744, Piere Poivre ghi lai<br /> thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban trong xfl. ring: "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mdt cdi kho<br /> Thdi kj^ nay, ngoai cac hoat dgng thfldng chung cda tat cd cdc hdng hod vd Id ndi tru<br /> mai cua ca nfldc ndi chung va Ding Trong ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa vdi ben<br /> ndi rieng, ngUdi Hoa h l u nhu n i m trong ddu dgc theo bd mdt con sdng viidng ddy<br /> tay minh t i t ca nhflng mo'i thfldng mai tfl ghe thuyin" (17). Theo nhfl bao cao trong<br /> nhd den ldn. O ta't ca nhflng hang cung ngo Daghregister ve cac nam 1631- 1634, Dang<br /> hem, nhflng ndi rflng nui heo hut, cho den Trong cd the da la mgt dia chi quen thugc.<br /> nhflng trung tam buon ban, nhflng hai vao Nam 1631, bao cao ghi ro cd 5 chiec<br /> cang ldn nhd deu tha'y nhflng bdng dang thuyen Trung Hoa rdi Trung Hoa di<br /> Hoa thfldng cflng r i t nhieu cfla hieu Trung Bata^via, 5 chiec khac tdi Dang Trong, 5<br /> Qud'c hoac cd ca nhflng ngfldi Trung Qud'c chiec tdi Cao Mien, 2 chiec di Batani, 2<br /> ban rong di k h i p ndi ban hang. Hg la chiec di Siam va 1 chiec di Singgora<br /> nhflng ngfldi d l u tien buon ban vdi Viet (Songkhla) (18). Va, trong khoang tfl nam<br /> Nam va sau nay khi cac lai buon phUdng 1647 den 1720, trong so' thuyen buon<br /> Tay tha't bai trong •viec buon ban vdi Viet Trung Hoa tfl cac nfldc Dong Nam A tdi<br /> Nam thi hg lai chfnh la nhflng ngfldi dflng Nhat Ban thi thuyen buon xuit phat Tfl<br /> ra n i m liy ta't ca nhflng mo'i quan trgng Quang Nam (chu yeu la Hgi An) chiem •vi<br /> trong budn ban. Nam 1695, lai buon Anh la trf so' mgt (19). Khoang nam 1750, thfldng<br /> Bowyear cung da cho biet toan bg thfldng nhan ngfldi Phap la Poivre chi d Hgi An<br /> mai d Faifo la do ngUdi Trung Qudc nim cung tha'y 60 thfldng thuyen Trung Qudc tfl<br /> (16). Cung theo nhU sfl ghi chdp cua G. cac cang khac nhau tdi (20).<br /> Taboulet nhfl da ndi d tren thi d Hgi An so' Chung ta cung tha'y ring. Dang Trong<br /> Hoa kieu d day chu yeu la nhflng thfldng cd mgt vai trd cflc k^ quan trgng trong nen<br /> gia ldn. thUdng mai gifla Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban<br /> Tai thUdng cang Hgi An, ngudi Hoa (21). v a do vay, ngUdi Nhat tim each dlu tU<br /> khong nhflng n i m trong tay cong viec tau vao nen thUdng mai d Dang Trong qua<br /> vu (ve dieu nay se ndi ro d p h i n sau) d trung gian cac thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa, sau<br /> thfldng cang nay ma trong cac hoat dgng khi chi'nh sach "ddng cfla" cua nha nUdc<br /> thUdng mai vdi thi trUdng ngi dia hg cung Nhat Ban dUdc thi hanh. Cac ngudn tU ligu<br /> bao thu mua va hang hoa trong •vung de cua Ha Lan cho tha'y vao nam 1637, ngUdi<br /> den k^ hgi chd hg cung ca'p cho cac tau Nhat dUdc Idi khong du6i 15.000 lang bac<br /> buon nUdc ngoai. Mat khac, hg mang qua cac thUdng gia ngUdi Hoa trong cugc<br /> nhflng hang hoa nfldc ngoai di ban khip (22). Ddng thdi, cac Hoa thUdng cung tien<br /> cac hang cung ngd hem. Ben canh dd, Hoa hanh mau dich gifla Trung Qudc va Dang<br /> thUdng d Hgi An iam nhiem •vu chuyen van Trong, hg cdn theo dudi tam giac mau dich<br /> I?oat dQng hinh tef ciia ngudi I^oa... 37<br /> <br /> hay mau dich da tuyen khac liy Dang dat den cnn sd 80 thuyen moi nam (25).<br /> Trong la tram trung chuyen. Nhfl tam giac vao nam 1773, trfldc khi khdi nghia Tay<br /> mau dich Trung Qudc - Dang Trong - Nhat Sdn ngfldi dia phfldng ndi vdi ngfldi Anh<br /> Ban, Trung Qud'c - Dang Trong - ring mdi nam cd gin 100 thuyen budn<br /> Campuchia - Nhat Ban, Batavia - Dang Trung Hoa den cang khiu Hgi An tien<br /> Trong - Trung Quoc... Ching han, vdi hanh mau dich (26).<br /> thuyen buon so' 59 cua Hoa thfldng chu vao khoang cudi the ky XVII dlu XVIII,<br /> thuyen la Lflu Dai Xa tfl Campuchia den cac thfldng gia ngfldi Hoa da gap dfldc<br /> Nhat Ban vao nam 1689, nhflng thuyen nhieu thuan Idi hdn khien hg cd the tao<br /> nay vao nam 1688 sau khi xuit phat tfl mgt so' cd sd cho ph6p hg che ngii nen<br /> Nagasaki Nhat Ban qua Phuc Chau, ngay thfldng mai Dang Trdng trong hai the ky ke<br /> 26-2-1689 den Campuchia, do Campuchia tiep. TrIn Kinh Hda dUa ra ba H do cit<br /> cd ngi loan da phai dflng tai thfldng cang nghia sU kien. Thd nhdt, cugc ngUng chien<br /> Hgi An, thue nhflng thuyen nhd den gifla chua Trinh va chua Nguyen vao 1672<br /> Campuchia mua hang hoa rdi chuyen ve da md diu mgt thdi k^ hoa binh d ca hai<br /> Hgi An, sau dd lai tfl Hgi An khdi hanh di ben cho tdi khi Tay Sdn ndi day. Khi khong<br /> Nagasaki Nhat Ban (23). cdn chien tranh de dga (do dd khong cdn<br /> Vdi vai trd chi pho'i hoat dgng thfldng cln sfl trd giup bing b i t cfl gia nao), ca hai<br /> mai vdi Hgi An, Hoa thfldng la nhflng chfnh the deu trd nen ft de dai hdn doi vdi<br /> thfldng nhan chfnh n i m cac dlu mo'i kinh cae thfldng gia ngfldi chau Au. Tinh hinh<br /> doanh ngi thUdng va ngdai thUdng. ThUdng mdi nay tao ra cd hgi cho ngUdi Hoa ddng<br /> nhan cac nUdc khac dd ve day trao doi hang vai trd trung gian gifla hai ben: Vigt Nam<br /> hoa dong due va h l u het qua vai trd trung va ngfldi Au. Thd hai. vao thdi kj^ nay, cac<br /> gian cua ngUdi Hoa. Ben canh dd, "ly do cong ty thUdng mai cua ngUdi Hoa d Quang<br /> khien cd nhiiu thUdng gia nhU vdy la hdng Ddng, dai dien bdi Thdp Tam hdng, tach<br /> ndm tii Trung Hoa den Quinam Id vi cd the rieng Cdng hdng, da hoat dgng mgt each<br /> tim thay d ddy mgt trung tdm budn bdn vdi tfch ciic va hflu hieu, den do thuyen cua hg<br /> cdc nUdc vd cdc vung ldn can. Hd tieu diidc "bdt ddu cung cdp cho tdu chdu Au cdc sdn<br /> chd tdi ddy tii Palembang. Pahang vd cdc pham cua Viet Nam vd ddng thdi cung cdp<br /> vung ldn can; long ndo tii Borneo, gd vang. cho Viet Nam hdng Trung Hoa vd sdn<br /> ngd voi. serong bourang. gumrae vd pham cua chdu Au md Viet Nam cdn". Thd<br /> lankien... do sd thd vd cdc hdng hda khdc. ba, quy dinh cua Nhat Ban nam 1715 ve<br /> Vdi nhiing gi cdn lgi, hg co the mua them hd ngoai thfldng da ha sd thuyen cua Trung<br /> tieu. ngd voi. bdt gia vi bach ddu khdu cua Hoa tdi Nhat xuo'ng cdn 30 vdi tdng gia trj<br /> Quinam.... Do dd. thuyin ciia hg trd ve hang hoa la 6.000 kan (600.000 lang bac)<br /> Trung Hoa thiidng Id ddy hdng" (24). Theo da tac dgng manh me tren nen thfldng mai<br /> tfnh toan cua Bowyear nam 1695 thi mdi Dang Trong nhfl iam mgt so' ldn thuyen da<br /> nam cac thUdng thuyen tfl Nhat Ban, Iui tdi Nhat hfldng ve cac cang khac trong<br /> Quang Dong, Xiem La, Campuchia, Manila vflng Dong Nam A (27).<br /> va Batavia den Hgi An tien hanh buon ban Sfl hoat dgng higu qua va thanh dat cua<br /> cd tfl 10 den 12 thuyen. Nam 1715, thfldng ngfldi Hoa trong nen thUdng mai cua Dang<br /> thuyen Trung Qudc buon ban d Dang Trong Trong cung do chfnh sach cdi md cua chua<br /> 3S Rghien curu Ljeh 5i!lr. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> Nguyen dd^i vdi Hoa thUdng. Chua Nam 1696, bao cao cua Bowyear trong<br /> Nguyen dflng ca ngfldi Nhat va ngUdi chuyen dieu tra tinh hinh cua Quang Nam<br /> Hoa vao chfnh Idi fch cua hg. Hoa thUdng cho Cong ty Dong An Anh cd •viet: "tii Nhdt<br /> va Nhat thUdng cdn tham gia tfch cUc vao Bdn. Quang Ddng. Xiem La. Cao Mien,<br /> bg may chfnh quyen Dang Trong, dieu dd Manila cho den vilng gdn nhdt Id Ba<br /> khang dinh sU chiem linh thi trUdng Thdnh, mdi ndm cd it nhdt khodng 20<br /> Dang Trong va chi pho'i manh me nen thuyen budn Trung Qud'c den budn bdn"<br /> thUdng mai d day. Khoang cuo'i the ky (31). Den khoang nam 1750, theo nhfl sfl<br /> XVII, hoat dgng buon ban d Hgi An mieu ta cua mgt thfldng nhan ngfldi Phap la<br /> chuyen tfl tay ngfldi Nhat vao tay ngfldi Pierre Poivre ve hoat dgng thfldng mai cua<br /> Hoa nhu trong mgt ghi ch6p cua mgt lai Hoa thfldng d Quang Nam thi "cdc thiidng<br /> buon Anh la Bowyear ve Dang Trong nhdn chdu a vd chdu Au tiing budn bdn d<br /> nam 1695 nhU sau: "Faifo gdm mgt con ddy khdng the dich diidc vdi cdc thiidng<br /> diidng phd' tren bd sdng vd hai ddy nhd, nhdn Trung Hoa. chung tdi thay mdi ndm cd<br /> cd khodng 100 ndc nhd cua ngiidi Trung khodng hdn 60 thuyin budn cda thiidng<br /> Qud'c. cung cd 4. 5 gia dinh ngiidi Nhdt nhdn Trung Hoa tii cdc cdng thi khdc nhau<br /> Bdn. Xiia kia ngiidi Nhdt Id cii ddn chinh cua Trung Quoc tdi ddy budn bdn" (32).<br /> vd ldm chu viec thiidng mgi d hdi cdng Ngoai ra, mgt bac sy tflng lam ngfl y cho<br /> ndy, nhiing sd' dy dd gidm bdt vd cda cdi chua Nguyen ngfldi Dflc ten la Kofller ciing<br /> cua hg cung sut kem, sii qudn tri cdng ghi ch6p ring: "mdi ndm cd khodng 80<br /> viec budn bdn hien nay Igt vdo tay ngiidi thuyin budn Trung Qud'c tii cdc vung dten<br /> Trung Qud'c. hg co it nhdt do mUdi. miidi<br /> budn bdn (khdng bao gdm Macao, batavia vd<br /> hai chiec thuyin hdng ndm tii Nhdt.<br /> thuyin hdng cua niidc Phdp)" (33).<br /> Quang Ddng. Siam. Cambodia, Manila<br /> vd tii Batavia tdi" (28). Hdn nfla, Pierre Ben canh dd, trong nhflng thuyen Chau<br /> Poivre cung cd nhan x6t ve dieu nay vao i n ma Nhat Ban gfli di do cac Hoa thfldng<br /> nam 1744 nhfl sau: "Vi phdn budn bdn ngUdi Phuc Kien dam nhiem den cac khu<br /> xii ndy, that ra cd the ndi Id xd Ddng viic buon ban trong the ky XVII, thi Quang<br /> Trong khdng phdi Id ngiidi giau vd ngiidi Nam (Hgi An) luon chiem mgt vi trf quan<br /> budn bdn gidi. Cho den nay hg mdi chi trgng, chiem hdn 31% tdng sd Chau i n<br /> buon bdn vdi ngodi cung ngiidi Trung thuyen do cac thUdng nhan Fhiic Kien phu<br /> Qud'c vd ngiidi Nhdt Bdn. Ngiidi Nhdt dd trach tfl 1603-1624 (14/45 thuyen) (3^). Theo<br /> thdi tii 25 ndm theo lenh cua Nhdt hodng. nhiing tfl ligu dfldc tho'ng ke qua Hoa di bien<br /> cam khdng cho ddn ra khoi ddt Nhdt. thdi thi sd thuyen buon tfl 1675- 1699 (Tfl<br /> Viec cam ndy cung cd d Ddng Trong. Vi nam Khang Hy thfl 14 den nam thfl 38) sd<br /> the ngiidi Ddng Trong budc phdi bdng thuyen cua ngfldi Hoa tfl Viet Nam den<br /> Idng tieu dung nhiing hdng hod do ngiidi Trudng Kj^ (Nagasaki) Nhat Ban la 101<br /> Trung Qud'c mang den" (29). Va ong cung<br /> chiec, trong dd thuyen den tfl Quang Nam la<br /> ghi lai "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mgt cdi<br /> nhieu nha't (53 thuyen), thfl den la thuydn<br /> kho chung cua tdt cd cdc hdng hod vd Id<br /> buon ngfldi Hoa tfl Campuchia (30 thuyen),<br /> ndi tru ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa<br /> rdi den thuyen buon Hoa thfldng tfl Dong<br /> vdi ben ddu dgc theo bd mgt con sdng<br /> Kinh (Dang Ngoai, vdi 17 thuyen), ft nhit<br /> viidng. ddy ghe thuyin" (30).<br /> la tfl Chiem Thanh (1 thuyen) (35).<br /> I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia n g u ^ I)oa. 39<br /> <br /> Tac gia Nicholas Tarling trong The the vi vi nghich niidc vd nghich gid, lgi<br /> Cambridge History of Southeast Asia ciing phdi d lgi qua ndm sau, viia thudn gid.<br /> da nha'n m a n h vai trd cua ngfldi Hoa d cang niidc mdi vi diidc, the Id tre mdt mdt chuyen<br /> thi Hgi An nhfl sau: "Cdng Hdi An (Faifo). budn. Dd den ky vi md tdu ndo tieu thu<br /> tdc Hdi An ngdy nay. Id trung tdm mdu dich khdng ngdt hdng hod thi thue nhd hoac cdt<br /> chii yeu cua Viet Nam ddu theky XVII, cdng phd'xd, cdt hdng len phd'gid lgi, ngiidi d lgi<br /> thi ndy do cii ddn ngiidi Nhdt Bdn vd ngiidi coi mua bdn, cdn tdu phdi ra cda vi ngay<br /> Trung Qud'c xdy diing nen. Den ndm 1695, cho thudn budm xudi gid" (37). Ben canh dd,<br /> ngUdi Trung Qudc vdn chiem vi tri chu yeu d nhieu thfldng gia ngUdi Hoa khac dinh cU d<br /> ddy, hg kinh doanh tii 10- 12 chiec thuyin Hgi An rdi tien h a n h buon ban gifla Dang<br /> budn. mdi ndm diu tii Nhdt Bdn. Quang Trong va cac cang Quang Ddng va Phuc<br /> Ddng. Xiem. Campuchia. Manila vd Batavia Kien, theo nhU ghi chdp cua gia tgc hg La d<br /> den ddy budn bdn" (36). Hgi An hien nay thi "hdng ndm dong thuyin<br /> tii Quang Chdu tdi Hdi An rdi ngiidc ddng<br /> Mac du vay, chung ta cung c l n phai biet<br /> Thu Bon den cdc vung xung quanh de thu<br /> r i n g hoat dgng thfldng mai d Hgi An khong<br /> mua cdc logi thd sdn rdi mang sang Quang<br /> phai kdo dai lien tuc trong ca n a m ma dien<br /> Chdu, cdc hdng hod d tii Quang Chdu mang<br /> ra theo mfla, ggi la m u a m a u dich. Quy md<br /> den cung diidc tieu thu dddy" (38).<br /> cua mfla m a u dich tfldng dd'i ldn va thdi<br /> gian kdo dai khoang 4 t h a n g nhfl vay, day NgUdi Hoa vdi mang lUdi rai k h i p Dang<br /> la dip de thfldng n h a n ngoai quoc tieu t h u Trong va cac thi trUdng khu viic, hg lai<br /> nhflng h a n g hoa m i n h m a n g den va t h u luon tao dUde nhflng mo'i iam an tot vdi<br /> mua nhflng m a t h a n g c i n mua d xfl nay tflng dia phfldng, do vay, hg cd flu the hdn<br /> dfldc tap t r u n g ve Hgi An. Trong nhflng<br /> cac thfldng n h a n khac trong •viec thu mua<br /> mua mau dich nhfl the nay nhflng ngfldi<br /> hang hoa. Day la bien phap dfldc ngfldi Hoa<br /> Hoa d Dang Trong, nha't la ngUdi Minh<br /> t a n dung triet de, thflc hien mua dfldc tan<br /> hUdng xa ddng mgt vai trd quan trgng<br /> gdc, ban dflgc t a n nggn vdi hieu qua cao<br /> trong •viec td chflc va cung flng h a n g hoa.<br /> nha't. Ngfldi Hoa dac biet la nhflng ngfldi<br /> Ddng thdi hg pho'i hdp vdi nhflng Hoa<br /> Hoa da n h a p qud'c tich d Dang Trong hg<br /> thfldng ve m u a h a n g hoa tfl Trung Qudc<br /> dfldc coi nhfl la dan ban dia nen hg r i t<br /> sang, vfla h u y dgng dfldc ngudn h a n g tfl<br /> r a n h ve h a n g hoa, san vat dia phfldng, va<br /> k h i p ndi ve cho cac thuyen buon ngfldi Hoa<br /> phfldng thflc t h u mua ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi<br /> va cac thuyen buon ngoai qud'c khac den<br /> nhan h a n g mdi mfla m a u dich. Mgt thydng dan ban dia. Tfl cac loai t r i m hfldng, h a t<br /> gia ldn hg C h a u d Hgi An da ghi lai lich tieu, cau, vang mat ga'u, sflng te,... O mien<br /> trinh buon b a n nhfl sau: "Hdng ndm di mdt Trung, mien nui Quang Nam den cac loai<br /> chuyen 6 thdng qua. 6 thdng vi. Tdu budn dfldng, td, lua, ven sdng Thu Bdn, hoac yen<br /> qua cung nhii vi di thudn theo gid mua. sao d Hgi An, cau, gao, ca kho,... O Gia<br /> Thdng rieng thdng 2 gid Tdy Bac thi d Dinh, ndi dau hg cung cd mat de thu mua<br /> Quang Chdu qua mua hdng bdn trong thdi triic tie'p hoac dat trfldc (bao mua). Mgt vf<br /> gian 4 den 5 thdng cho xong. lgi sdp dgt du dien hinh cua sU bao muc* ;"}-a ngUdi<br /> chuyen vi. Do cudi thdng 6 ddu thdng 7. dd Phuc Kien la "hg cho ndng ddn vay tiin<br /> cd gid Ddng Nam thi phdi vi cho kip mua trUdc dc ldm mua, sau dd ddc quyen thu<br /> gid thudn. Neu tri den thdng 8 thi khdng mua todn bd Ida vd ndng sdn" (39).<br /> 40 Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> De cd hang cung cip cho thuyen budn ndi rieng va d Dang Trong ndi chung cd Idi<br /> ngoai quoc mdi khi den mua mau dich d the de ket thanh mgt mang lUdi kinh<br /> thUdng cang Hgi An, thi hg tho'ng ngUdi doanh, buon ban do hg chi phdi vdi quy mo<br /> Hoa nha't la ngUdi Minh HUdng xa da cd trai rgng k h i p ndi d Dang Trong.<br /> mat d h l u het cac dia phUdng n h i t la d<br /> Mat khac, de cd dUdc nhflng hang hoa<br /> nhflng mang Ifldi cac trung tam thfldng mai<br /> lam san quy hiem va khoang san nhit la<br /> nhd vdi vai trd la vg tinh cua Hgi An pho'.<br /> vang thi nhflng thfldng nhan ngUdi Hoa da<br /> Mang ludi ngUdi Minh Hudng xa khdng chi<br /> den tan ndi nhflng vflng cung cip hang<br /> dflng lai d •vung Quang Nam ma tflng bUdc<br /> hoa, thflc hien mua tan go'c ban tan nggn.<br /> md rgng den cac phu Quang Ngai, Quy<br /> Viec budn ban vdi ngfldi ThUdng cung trd<br /> Nhdn, Phu Yen, Binh Khang, Dien Ninh,<br /> nen thuan Idi hdn bdi khoang each tdi cac<br /> Binh Thuan, Gia Dinh. 6 mgt sd thi tfl ldn<br /> cang thi khdng qua xa, ma cac thUdng nhan<br /> tai cac phu nay hien vin cdn di tfch chflng<br /> chu yeu dflng dfldng song de len tdi nhflng<br /> td trfldc day ngUdi Minh hUdng cU tru kha<br /> •vflng cao xa xoi phfa Tay. Chung ta biet<br /> dong nhu Thu Xa (Quang Ngai), Nudc Man<br /> ring, con dfldng thfldng mai quan trgng<br /> (Quy Nhdn), Ha Tien, Ndng Nai Dai Phd<br /> n h i t d Dang Trong vao budi dlu chay qua<br /> (Bien Hoa), My Tho Dai Pho (My Tho). Gia<br /> deo Ai Lao, tfl song Mekong den bd bien<br /> pha cua cac tgc phai Minh HUdng tai Hgi An<br /> gin Quang Tri. Tap trung d dlu thi trin<br /> thudng ghi lai thiic te ve sU chuyen cU cua<br /> Cam Lg, con dfldng nay xudng cang Cfla<br /> mgt so' ngUdi than trong tgc den cac phu nay<br /> Viet va kdo len Lao Bao. Day la con dfldng<br /> de lap nghiep, kinh doanh buon ban. Gia<br /> thfldng mai nhgn nhip nha't trong vung<br /> phi hg Chau (Minh HUdng) tai Hgi An cd<br /> Thuan Hoa. Tfl ddo Ai Lao xuo'ng phfa Nam<br /> ghi: "Con cd Id dng Bd Tiiu di xem tinh hinh<br /> tdi Kon Tum, dia hinh trd len khd khan hdn<br /> mua bdn d cdc tinh, den Tdn Quang thugc<br /> vdi nhiing ngfldi d vflng cao lan can ciing bi<br /> tinh Binh Dinh gap anh em quen biei d rdt<br /> gidi han. Ngfldi ThUdng ban gd quy, may,<br /> ddng nen dng cd y dinh liiu cii d dd md kinh<br /> sap ong, mat ong, trau, que, cau va vang.<br /> doanh. Ong thay trong anh em cd vd diu Id<br /> Nhieu gia dinh ngUdi Hoa iam thUdng mai<br /> An Nam de de si/ mua bdn nen dng cd coi<br /> da den nhiing khu vflc viing niii nay de mua<br /> diidc mdt ngiidi con gdi hg Viiu cung Id<br /> ban. Theo nhfl gia pha cua gia dinh Chau<br /> ngiidi Tdu nhdp tich Minh Hiidng, biet mua<br /> Tien Ldi, mgt thUdng gia d Hgi An vao gifla<br /> bdn, tinh tinh hiin hdu,... dng vi lgi nhd<br /> the ky XVTII, mgt p h l n cong viec cua<br /> thiia bd cd' xin cUdi ngiidi dd vd d ludn dd<br /> thfldng gia nay la mua gd cua ngfldi Thfldng<br /> ldm dn budn bdn de lien lgc hdng tho sdn<br /> va dem xudng bd bien de ban (41).<br /> nhii diia trdi, ddu diia, gidy chgc vi Hdi An<br /> bdn lgi Id mgt chd de ldm dn" (40). Ben canh dd, d thfldng cang Hgi An cung<br /> nhfl nhflng thfldng cang khac cua Dang<br /> Nhieu van ban khac cua Minh HUdng xa Trong, ngudi Hoa ddng vai trd quan trgng<br /> cung phan anh •viec nhieu higu buon Minh trong viec gin lien thi trUdng Dang Trong<br /> HUdng tai Hgi An thudng cd cd sd d nhflng vdi thi trUdng que cha da't td b Trung Qudc.<br /> thi tra'n, thi tfl, hay nhflng tu diem buon Theo gia pha hg Trfldng (Hgi An, gdc Minh<br /> ban khac d Dang Trong. Diia tren sfl gin Hfldng) cd ghi: "Hien Khdo (ngiidi cha da<br /> gui ve mat quan hg huyet thdng, quan hg mdt) nhiiu ldn chd hdng hod vi budn bdn d<br /> cgng ddng, cU dan Minh HUdng d Hgi An tinh Phuc Kien" (42). Hoac nhfl trong gia<br /> I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia ngurdi Ijoa... 41<br /> <br /> pha hg Chau cung the hign nhflng nd liic nay thudng buon ban d Dang Trong, sau dd<br /> cua hg trong •viec tim kiem thi trfldng, md tdi Nhat Ban sinh sdng (46). Nguy Cflu Sfl<br /> rgng quan hg mau dich vdi ben ngoai: "Ldn gdc ngUdi Phuc Chau - Trung Quoc, huy la<br /> hdi cung tinh viec bay nhay sinh phUdng, Chi Diem. Sau khi ong sang Nhat cflng anh<br /> sdp ddt kinh doanh. md dudng budn bdn. trai la Luc Sfl chuyen buon ban hang hoa<br /> Vi thay cdc dng em dd kham ddi viia cap tuyen Nagasaki tdi Hgi An va ngflgc lai.<br /> nen lo diu ddt nhau len diidng tien thu nen Khi ngfldi anh ma't Cflu Sfl thay cong viec<br /> chi dng Cd (Bd Tiiu) 6 Tdn Quang vi di cua ngfldi anh va den Hgi An buon ban.<br /> nghi cho em Id dng Hai cung dng vi Tdu, Ong liy vg ngfldi Viet la ba Vo Thj Nghj,<br /> triidc Id thdm nhd, tim md md vd tim ba nay giup ehdng buon ban r i t die Iflc,<br /> dudng giao thiep vdi cdc thUdng gia md gia dinh hg trd thanh mgt thfldng gia ldn d<br /> diidng trao ddi hdng hod qua lgi" (43). Hgi An, tau be t i p nap ra vao. Cflu Sfl trd<br /> thanh ban cua Chua Hien, dflgc Chua<br /> Nhflng tien trien manh me trong hoat<br /> trgng dai, Chua dfla vao Cflu Sfl de mua<br /> dgng thfldng mai cua ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An<br /> bac n6n va vu khf tfl Nhat Ban, cdn Cflu<br /> da dem lai cho chfnh quyen chua Nguyin<br /> Sfl dfla vao Chua de khuech trfldng<br /> nhieu ldi fch kinh te. Theo nhU sii ghi ch6p<br /> thfldng mai cua minh (47). Chua Nguyen<br /> cua Cristophoro Borri trong mgt chuyen di<br /> da viet bflc thfl cam dn Cflu Sfl da cho<br /> vao Dang Trong nam 1621 thi: "NgUdi<br /> mfldn tien cung chflng td dfldc sflc manh<br /> Trung Qud'c vd ngUdi Nhdt Id nhiing ngUdi<br /> kinh te cua dng ta d Hgi An, trong thfl ong<br /> ldm thiidng mgi chinh yeu d xd Ddng Trong<br /> viet: "Nay ehdng ddm ndo, nay dang trong<br /> tgi mdt chd phien hgp hdng ndm d mdt hdi<br /> luc chinh duyet lgi binh si, siia sang lgi<br /> cdng vd keo ddi tdi chiing bdn thdng. NgUdi<br /> khi gidi ngdy thudng phdi tren phi hdn<br /> Nhdt chd tren thuyin cua hg gid tri bdng<br /> ngdn llidng, diidc biet ngiidi bgn khdch<br /> bdn hay ndm trieu bgc, cdn ngUdi Trung<br /> hiin cd tdi kinh doanh lgi dUdng luc ldm<br /> Qud'c chd trong tdu hg ggi Id "Somes"<br /> dn ddc y cd phdn de, phdn dU cua cdi cung<br /> (thuyin manh), rdt nhiiu thii lua min vd<br /> nhii siic liic. Ke hen ndy xin phiin cho<br /> nhiiu hdng hod khdc cua xd hg. Chua thu<br /> mUdn 5.000 liidng de cung vdo nhu dung,<br /> dUdc ldi nhuan ldn trong viec budn bdn ndy<br /> ddi den luc thudn chiiu trd lgi, tdu cap ben<br /> bdng thue hdng hod vd thue hdi khdu ngdi<br /> te bang, xin kinh cdn trd lgi ngge bich,<br /> ddt ra vd cd niidc diu kiem diidc rdt nhieu<br /> khdng du sai td hdo. NhU sdn Idng, hg cd'<br /> mdi ldi khdng the td hii' (44). Va, vdi sU<br /> xin gdi cho vien thuyin chit Ngd Quang<br /> tan tam cua ngudi Hoa Minh HUdng xa da<br /> mang vi' (48).<br /> dem lai cho Chua Nguyen mgt ngudn thu<br /> ldn qua viec thu thue t i u thuyen den va di, Chfnh nhd nhflng flu the ve kinh<br /> mdi nam nha chua thu dugc td'i thieu cung nghiem thfldng mai vdi sd'vd'n ldn, cd mang<br /> mgt van quan, td'i da cung 3 van quan (45). Ifldi thfldng mai rgng ldn trong va ngoai<br /> Nhieu ngUdi Hoa trd thanh nhflng nfldc, gidi Hoa kieu, ngay tfl budi dlu da<br /> thfldng nhan giau cd va nhieu khi chfnh tao ra dflgc mgt he tho'ng doanh thfldng sau<br /> quyen cung phai dfla vao the Iflc kinh te rgng, de thau tdm cac ngudn ldi ve nong<br /> cua hg. Vao nam 1673, Hoang Tfl Dien da san, lam san, hai san va ca khoang san<br /> viet thfl vay 5.000 cua thfldng gia ngfldi trong coi va cd the cU tru, lap nghiep bit cfl<br /> Hoa ten la Nguy Ciiu Sfl (1618-1689), ong ndi nao. Du la nhflng ndi xa xoi heo lanh<br /> 42 Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> nhfl cac vflng sdn cU6c, cac mien giau cd cac the n i m dfldc h l u nhfl cac d l u mdi thfldng<br /> san vat quy bau dd'i vdi cac gidi thUdng mai trong thi trfldng ngi dia ya gifla Dang<br /> nhan, ma khong phai lo ngai sii qua'y nhieu Trong vdi nfldc ngoai.<br /> hoac gay trd lUc cua nhan dan hay chfnh Sang den the ky XVIII, khi ma hoat<br /> quyen sd tai. Su cd mat cua Hoa thUdng thfldng mai cua Hgi An d i n d i n suy thoai,<br /> h l u het trong viec buon ban cac loai hang cac trung tam kinh te thUdng mai chuyen<br /> hoa da tao nen sflc canh tranh manh me dich vao khu vUc Gia Dinh, Ddng Nai, Ha<br /> dd'i vdi cac thfldng nhan khac trong vigc Tien,... Hgi An d i n trd thanh thfldng cang<br /> gianh flu the trong hoat dgng thUong mai d buon ban mang tfnh ngi vung hdn la hfldng<br /> Dang Trong, hg ngay cang chiem thi phln ngoai. Nhflng, nhflng hoat dgng thfldng<br /> trong nhflng hoat dgng thfldng mai trong mai d day v l n chu yeu do ngfldi Hoa nim<br /> xfl. Chfnh •vi vay, h l u nhfl lai buon ngfldi gifl. Mat khac, nhieu ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An<br /> Hoa hg cd vai trd chfnh trong nhflng hoat da di cfl d i n vao trong khu vflc Sai Gdn -<br /> dgng thfldng mai d day. Khong chi vay, cac Gia Dinh de tiep tuc cac hoat dgng kinh<br /> thfldng nhan ngfldi Hoa cd nhflng phfldng doanh cua minh.<br /> thflc budn ban linh hoat khien cho ho cd (Cdn nvCa)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm thuang cdng Hdi An the'ky 16-19, Trung t i m Bao<br /> 1621, Nxb. T h i n h pho Ho Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 92. ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam, 2005.<br /> (2). Tr^n Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhgn xet ve Minh (5). Lyc tinh (tQc sau ho) n i y dil^c cong dong<br /> Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hoi An, Vi$t Nam Minh HUdng ve sau suy ton l i m Hdu hiin thd<br /> Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, t r . l 8 . Ve vi'n de nhdt v i dQ(?c thd hi^n nay tai Tuy Tien DUclng<br /> n i y xin xem them Tr^n Khanh: Chinh sdch cda Minh HUdng (Dinh l i n g Minh HUdng, sd 14 TrIn<br /> nhd nUdc phong kien Viet Nam ddi vdi ddn Trung Phii, Hoi An), tnidc d6 c6 liic goi I i Truy Vien<br /> Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu Dong Nam A, so' 6-2000. v i Diidng. Cung c l n phan bi^t Lyc tinh cua Minh<br /> cung tac gia: SU hinh thdnh cdng dong ngUdi Hoa hudng vdi Lyc tinh cua cong dong Phiic Kien Ii cac<br /> d Viet Nam the ky 17-18 vd nda ddu the ky XIX, tudng soai cua n h i Minh quS cl tinh Phiic Kien,<br /> Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 5-2001; Chau Th| mang cac ho Triidng, Chu, H u ^ h , Kham, ThuIn<br /> Hai, Chinh sdch cda cdc triiu dgi phong kien Viet v i T h i p Tam v i hp dilcjc the) tai chua Kim Sdn-<br /> Nam ddi vdi ngUdi Trung Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu Hoi Quan Phiic Kien.<br /> Dong Nam A, so 5-1999. (6). Cadiere, Les Europeens qui out vu le vieux<br /> (3). Sau n i y vio Minh M^ng ddi tQ "Minh Hue Thomas Bowyear, BAVH, 1920. D i n theo<br /> Hiidng" hifdng thdm- hiidng hoa # t h i n h "Minh T r I n V i n An - Nguyen Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd<br /> HUdng" (hiidng thon %). Minh huang vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An the'ky 17-19.<br /> (4). Ve ci'u tnic cua Minh HUdng Xa, xin xem Trung tam Bao ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam,<br /> them T r I n Kinh Hoi: Mdy diiu nhgn xet vi Minh 2005, tr. 27.<br /> Huang xd vd cdc co tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam (7). G. Taboulet, La Geste Fracaice en<br /> Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon 1960; T r I n V i n An - Indochine (texte 43). Faifo en 1744 d' aprea Pierre<br /> Nguyin Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd Minh hiiOng vdi Poive, d i n theo P h a n Du, Quang Nam qua cdc thdi<br /> I}oat d^ng hinh te ciia ngirCri Ijoa. 43<br /> <br /> dgi, Q.thugng, Cd hoc tung thU, 1974, tr.l95. tii cdc nUdc Ddng Nam A tdi Nhdt Bdn (1647-<br /> (8). Theo nhOng til li^u ciia Minh HUdng dang 1720) thi Td Tongking Id 62 chiec, td Qudng Nam<br /> dilijc lUu giQ tai Trung tam quan ly v i bao tdn di 203 chiec, Cambodia 109 chiec, Siam Id 138 chii'c,<br /> tich Hoi An. Patani 49 chiec, Malacca Id 8 chiec Jakata Id 90<br /> (9). Theo, T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet chii'c Bantam Id 3 chii'c (Litana, Xd Ddng Trong-<br /> ve Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Lich sd kinh ti- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky XVll vd<br /> Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1962, t r . l 8 . XVIII. Nxb. Tre, 1999, tr.lOl.<br /> (10). Nguyen Chi Trung, Cu ddn Faifo- Hdi An (20). TrIn Kinh Hoi, Phd ngUdi Diidng vd<br /> trong Lich sd, Trung tam Quan ly Bao tdn di tfch thuang mgi cda hp d Hdi An thi' ky 17-18, Tan A<br /> Hoi An. 2005, tr. 78-80. hoc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hdng Kong, 1969.<br /> (11). TrIn V i n An, Nguyen Chf Trung, T r I n (21). Vai tro ndi trao ddi h i n g hoa ciia Hoi An<br /> Anh, Xd Minh HuOng vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An the cing cao, sQc hi'p d i n cua Hoi An cing manh doi<br /> ky 17 - 19, Trung tam Quan ly Bao ton di tfch Hpi v6i ngUdi Hoa. Sd thuyen tQ Dong Nam A tdi N h i t<br /> An. 2005, tr. 72. Ban tQ 1647-1720 khoang 30% Ii den tQ Quang<br /> (12). H i Vien Kieu, Kinh sOn vdn tap, Q. 24, Nam, v i 1/4 ciia t i t ca Chau I n thuyen ciia N h i t<br /> Nghi Khai diidng hai nghj, d i n theo T r I n Kinh Ban buon ban vdi D i n g Trong, dieu niy cho t h l y<br /> Hoi: Mdy diiu nhdn xet vi Minh HUOng xd vd cdc t i m quan trpng cua Ding Trong nhQ the nio trong<br /> cd' tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam Khao cd t i p san, Sii ndn thUdng mai giQa Trung Hoa v i N h i t Ban. Cac<br /> Gon, 1960. san p h l m trao ddi v i vai tro ndi trao doi hing hoa<br /> (13). L6on Pag6s, Histoire de la religion da l i m cho nen kinh te cua Ding Trong c6 the<br /> Chretienne au Japan, t.ll Paris 1870, p 164- 165, phdn thjnh ft n h l t I i 150 n i m .<br /> din theo TrIn Kfnh Hoi: Mdy dieu nhdn xet vi (22), (25), (27). Xem Litana, Xd Bdng Trong-<br /> Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hdi An, Vi^t Lich sie kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky 17 vd 18.<br /> Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, tr.lO. Nxb. Tre, 1999, tr. 100, 104, 103-104.<br /> (14). Thfch Dai San, Hdi ngogi ky sU, Q.3. Vi?n (23). T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdu dich thuyin ngUdi<br /> Dai hoc Hue, 1963, tr.l54. Hoa d Nagasaki vd van chuyen hdng hdi Nhdt Bdn<br /> (15). Dong Dudng - Mo ta b5i cha c d v i cac n h i - Nam Hd, Nam DUdng hoc bao, Q. 30, t i p 1.<br /> du lich. Til li^u khoa Ljeh sfl - DHKHXH&NV- (24). Buch, Oost-Indische Compagnie, tr 68,<br /> DHQGHN. d i n theo Li Tana, Xd Ddng Trong- Lich svt kinh ti'-<br /> (16). Xem Diidng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng thUOng xd hoi Viet Nam thi'ky 17 vd 18. Nxb. Tre, 1999,<br /> mgi cua ngUdi Hoa d Ddng Trong, L u i n v i n Thae tr.l03.<br /> sy khoa hoc Lich sit, n i m 2008, tr. 68. (26). Tien Giang, Mdu dich thuyin mdnh cda<br /> (17), (30). Lalleret Louis. Pierre Poivre. TCVD, Trung Qud'c d duy in hdi Viet Nam tii thi' ky 17 -<br /> 1887, p3. D i n theo Nguyen Qudc HQng: Phd co Hdi 19, trong Tong tap Lich svC phdt trien hdi diiOng<br /> An vd viec giao liiu vdn hod d Viet Nam, Nxb. D i Trung Qud'c (LUu T r i t Phong), Sach chuyen khao<br /> Ning, 2004, tr. 26. cua Trung tam Nghien cQu Khoa hoc Xa hoi Nhan<br /> (18). Daghrehister, t i p 1, 1631-1634, tr. 66, vin, Vi$n Nghien cQu Trung Lfdng, Dan qudc,<br /> din theo Litana: Xd Ddng Trong - Lich sd kinh te- t h i n g 5 n i m 1994.<br /> xd hdi Viet Nam the'ky XVll vd XVlll. Nxb. Tre, (28). Phan Khoang, Viet sd xd Ddng Trong<br /> 1999, tr. 100. 1558- 1777, Nxb. Vin Hoc, 2001, tr. 421.<br /> (19). Theo nhu Li Tana trong Xd Ddng Trong- (29). T h i n h The Vy, Ngogi thUOng Viet Nam<br /> Lich sd kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam the'ky 17 vd 18, hoi thi'ky 17, 18 vd ddu 19, Nxb. Svl hoc, H i Noi,<br /> cd diia ra con sd'thd'ng ke so ghe thuyin Trung Hoa 1961, tr. 229.<br /> 44 Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> (31). T r I n Kinh Hoi: Thanh sa Hoa bdch chi Thue tnlng thu cl cac ben cang c6 nhQng quy djnh<br /> TrUdng Ky cap Nhdt- Nam hdng van, Singapore, n h l t dinh doi vdi t i u n h i p ben v i t i u x u l t ben.<br /> Nam Dudng hoc bao, Q. 13, t i p 1, 1957, tr. 6. Theo nhu ghi ch6p ciia Phu biin tgp luc thi "tiu<br /> (32), (33). T r I n Kinh Hoi, PhdngUdi Dudng vd ThQpng Hai 1? thud ddn I i 3.000 quan, thudvd Ii<br /> thuang mgi cua hp d Hdi An thi' ky 17-18, Tan A 300 quan, t i u Quang Dong 1$ thud den Ii 3.000<br /> hoc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hdng Kong, 1969, tr. 302. quan, thue vd I i 300 quan, t i u Phuc Kien 1? thue<br /> (34), (35), (41). DUdng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng den I i 2.000 quan, thue vd I i 200 quan, t i u Hai<br /> thuang mgi cda ngUdi Hoa d Ddng Trong, L u i n Nam 1? thue den I i 500 quan thue vd I i 50 quan,<br /> v i n Thae sy khoa hoc Ljeh sfl, n i m 2008, tr. 69, t i u Tay DUdng 1? thue ddn I i 8.000 quan, thud ve<br /> 71, 86. 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