Hơn một phần tư thế kỷ nhận thức về “Nhà Mạc và thời đại nhà Mạc”

TRAOofilfKllN<br /> <br /> <br /> HON mdi PHAN Tir THC'KV NHRN THI/C VC<br /> • •<br /> "/w/t MUC vH ndi DHI NH^ MUC<br /> • • •<br /> TRAN THI VINH"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> N hfi Mac kdo dfii 150 nflm (1527-<br /> 1677), trong dd cd 65 nflm t i n tpi<br /> vdi tfl cflch Ifi mOt vfldng trilu (1527-1592),<br /> Qua trinh nhfln thflc v l nhfl Mpc diln ra<br /> trong mdt thdi gian dai, lflc dfiu khdng mfiy<br /> kha quan do nhflng djnh kiln cd s i n dupc<br /> so vdi cac trilu dai \jf (1009-1225), Trfin ghi trong nhiing bd sii cu. Dudi ngdi but cua<br /> (1225-1400) vfl Ld Sd (1428-1627), trilu cac sfl gia phong kiln thi nhfi Mac bi coi lfl<br /> M^c t i n tai ngfin hdn, nhitng hdn nfla t h i "nhudn trieu" nen nha Mac da bi xep 5<br /> ky chfnh thflc ddng dd d Thfing Long, trieu phfin phu chfldng va cac vua nha Mac bi coi<br /> M^c da d l lpi dfi'u fi'n kha dfim ndt trong lfl nhflng ke "nghjch thfin" hofic nhflng ke<br /> ljch sii Trung dpi Vidt Nam. Nhting trflde "thoan doat"... nen nha Mac nhin chung hi<br /> kia, cfic svt gia phong kiln cung nhfl mdt sd coi lfl cd tdi vfi bj lich sfl Idn fin. Chinh tfl<br /> nhfi nghidn cflu ljch sii d thfip ky 70 cua t h i nhflng thidn kiln nhfl v^y nen nha Mac<br /> ky XX trd v l trflde da vilt, da nhin nhfln vfi khd Idng cd dfldc nhflng nhfln xdt t i t dep tfl<br /> danh gia v l nhfl Mpc ciing nhfl vfldng trilu cflc sfl gia xfla.<br /> Mac chfla that dfiy du vfi chfla thfit cdng<br /> Bat dfiu tfl nhflng thfip ky 40-50 ciia the<br /> bfing so vdi nhflng trieu dpi khflc, thflm chi<br /> ky XX, da cd mdt so tac gia (1) d l c§ip den<br /> con ha thfi'p nha Mpc, khdng coi nhfl Mac lfl<br /> VUdng trilu chfnh thflc. Trong thdi gian thdi dai nha Mac trong nghien ciiu ve lich<br /> qua, nha Mac ndi chung vfl vfldng trieu sb dfln tdc vfl xufit hien nhflng quan diem<br /> Mac ndi ridng da dfin dfin dfldc gidi nghien hofin tofin trai ngfldc nhau khi nhin nhfln<br /> cflu nhin nhfin vfl dflnh gifi lai theo tinh ve trieu dai nay. Cu the cd hai khuynh<br /> thfin mdi, khach quan hdn, khoa hpc hdn, hfldng: benh vUc vfi tin dn nha Mac.<br /> do dd vide nhdn thflc v l nha Mac da cd Khuynh hfldng bdnh vpc, than oan cho<br /> nhflng tien trien tot dep vfl nhfi Mac dfin nhfl Mac, cu the thfin oan cho M^-c Dang<br /> dfin dflpc trd v l dflng vdi vi tri cua minh. Dung, ding thdi d l cao tfnh tfch cflc nhfi't<br /> Nhcm thiJfc v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai djnh cua vfldng trilu Mac trong bdi canh xa<br /> nhd Mac** trvtdc t h S p k y 80 c u a t h ^ k y hdi Vidt Nam b the ky XVI, dai dien Ifi cfic<br /> XX tac gia Le Vfln Hod vfi Pham Vfin Sdn trong<br /> <br /> <br /> •PGS.TS. Vidn S^ hpc<br />  Rghian cflu Lleh sit, stf 5.2012<br /> <br /> hai tac phfim "Hd" Qui Ly - M^e Ddng cd ca gfldng m$t ciia phu nfl, da khiln cho<br /> Dung" \k "Vi$t sd tdn biin". h$u t h i phai suy ngfim khi dpc v l m^t thdi<br /> Khuynh hfldng Idn fln nhfl Mpc vfi phd "ngpy Mac" vfl hflu t h i khdng t h i khdng<br /> phan cfl nhfln Mac Dflng Dung, dpi bilu Ifi xem xdt lpi vfi nhin nhfin lpi cfli gpi Ifi<br /> Trfin Trpng Kim (2) vfi Phan Xufln Hofl (3). "ngpy trilu" mfl nhflng sfl gia phong kiln<br /> Cfic tfic gia nfiy nhin nhfin nhfl Mpc hofln xfla kia da gfln ghdp cho nhfl Mac.<br /> tofln dpa theo quan dilm ciia cflc sii thfin Dd lfl 1^ do tfl thflp ky 80 cua t h i ky<br /> thdi Ld-Trjnh vfi thdi Nguyin trong cutfn trflde, cflng vdi cdng cu^c dli mdi dfi^t nfldc,<br /> "Dai viit sd ky todn thi/", "Dai Vi^t thdng n l n sii hpc Vi^t Nam cujig cd nhfling doi<br /> sd" vfi "Vi^/ sii" thdng gidm cdOng mi^e". mdi v l tfl duy trong vide nhin nhfln lai,<br /> Nhflng, bdn cpnh nhflng ddng chii Iflu dflnh gifl lpi ljch sii, trong dd Iflu f nhilu tdi<br /> Idn fin nhfi Mpc trong nhflng bd sii cfl do nhflng trilu dpi vfl nhflng nhfln vdt ljch sfl<br /> chfnh cfic sfl thfin thdi phong kiln bidn mfi trflde kia chfla dflpc nhin nhfin vfi dfinh<br /> soan trdn dfiy, ngfldi dpc vfin tim thfi'y gifi m | t cfich thoa dflng. Trong bii canh<br /> nhflng ddng vilt dflng Iflu f thfla nhfln vl chung dd, nhfi Mac vfi ngfldi khai sfing<br /> didn mao ciia mdt thdi k^ thjnh trj vl m^t vfldng trilu Mac lfl Mac Dflng Dung lfin<br /> trilu dai dfi tflng bj coi lfl "nguy trilu" nhfl Iflpt dflpc nhfin thflc theo tinh thfin mdi, cdi<br /> trilu Mac mfi khi nhfic tdi xfi hdi Vidt Nam md hdn vfl khflch quan hdn.<br /> thdi Mac khdng ai lfl khdng bd qua chi tilt N h a n thufc v l '*Nha Mac v& thdi dai<br /> nfiy. Dd lfl sfl ki^n dfldc ghi vfio nidn hi^u nha Mac" tit nkm 1985 d e n n a m 2000<br /> Dai Chinh (thdi Mac Dflng Doanh): "ngddi Moc md dfiu cho sfl doi mdi nhfln thflc vl<br /> budn bdn vd ngddi di dddng diu di tay nhfl Mac Ifi tfl cuoi thang 12 nflm 1985<br /> khdng, ban dim khdng eo trpm cddp, trdu bfing eudc "Hdi thdo khoa hoc nhdn ky niem<br /> bb thd chdn khdng phdi dem vi, chi mdi 400 ndm ngdy mdt cua danh nhdn vdn hod<br /> thdng diem sodt mpt lan, hoac cd sinh de Nguyin Binh Khiim" t l chflc tai Hai Phdng<br /> cdng khdng thi bidt Id vdt cua nhd minh. - que hfldng cua nhfl Mac. Tai dien dfln nfiy,<br /> Trong khodng vdi ndm, dddng sd khdng cfic nhfi khoa hpc da danh gia, khfing djnh<br /> nhat cua rOi, cdng ngodi khdng ddng, v l cdng lao cua Trpng Trinh NguySn Binh<br /> thddng ddOc mila to, trong coi tam yin" (4). Khidm vfl ghi nhfln nhiSng ddng gdp ciia<br /> Hoflc trong aflch "Dai Viet thdng sd" ciia Le Nguyin Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang<br /> Qu^ Ddn, sii thfin thdi Ld-Trinh vfi bd "Vi^t sdng vfl trilu dai mfi dng gfin bd lfl thdi dai<br /> sd thdng gidm cdOng muc" ciia Quoc sii nhd Mac vk triiu dai nhd Mac. Tfl vi$c<br /> quan trilu Nguyin ciing da ghi lai m^t thi^c dflnh gifi v l nhflng ddng gdp ciia NguySn<br /> te v l Mac Dfing Dung trflde khi Idn ngdi Ifi Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang sing vfl<br /> "Idng ngddi diu hddng viDdngDun^'. trilu dai dng gfin bd, H^i thao cung ghi<br /> Chfnh tfl thpc t l nfiy cflng vdi nhflng nh4n nhdng ddng gdp tich cde cua thdi d^i<br /> thfinh tflu khdng thfi phii nh^n mfi nhfi nhd Mae vd vdang triiu Mae trong lich sH<br /> Mac da di lai trong sfl nghidp gifio ^V^ ddn tpc giai docin thdky XVI (5).<br /> khoa cfl Vidt Nam thdi phong k i l n lfl t l Nhfl v$y, bfit dfiu tfl cude Hpi thao khoa<br /> chflc thfinh cdng 22 khoa thi Tiln si chpn hpc nflm 1985, gidi khoa hpc da cd cai nhin<br /> ngfldi tai vdi nhilu gfldng mflt sang gifi nhfl cdi md han, khdch quan hOn khi xem xet<br /> Nguyin Binh Khidm, Giflp Hai... trong dd vdn di nhd Mac. Ho da gpt bd dfldc nhflng<br /> Htm mpi pnan nr me Ry..,<br /> <br /> fin tfldng khdng tdt dli vdi nhfi Mac do bj phat hidn vfl tilp c§n vdi chfln 1^ ljch sii.<br /> chi phoi bdi quan dilm cua nhflng ngfldi Lflc nfly "Nhfl Mac vfl thdi dai nhfl Mac"<br /> nghidn cflu Idp trflde vfi dfi td ra cdng bdng dflpc ddnh ddu nhd mpt sU chuydn tiep<br /> han khi ddnh gid vi nhd Mac. Vfl bfit dfiu quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri, kinh te,<br /> tfl cude Hdi thao khoa hpc nfly, vai trb cua vdn hod ud xd hpi cua ddt nude ta d thdky<br /> nhd Mac ddn ddn ddOc khai ddy dung vi tri XVI.<br /> dich thdc cua nd. Tfl dfly, mdi quan tfim v l<br /> Trong hai nflm tilp theo (1991-1992) vfin<br /> nhfi Mac mang tfnh rdng rai hdn, tofin didn<br /> d l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd Mac" vfin dfit<br /> hdn va sau sfic hdn.<br /> trong chfldng trinh nghidn cflu cua Ban<br /> Nam 1989, tac gia Nguyin Duy Hinh Ljch sfl Co Trung dai - Vi$n Sfl hoc. Kit<br /> cung da phat bieu trdn Tap chf Nghiin cdu qua cua chfldng trinh nghidn cflu vl "Nhfl<br /> lich sd rfing: "Chung ta dd khdng coi nhd Mac vfi thdi dpi nhfl Mac" dfi dfl^c Nhfi xufit<br /> Mac tidm ngdi nhd Li, nhdng ddnh gid cho ban Khoa hpc xfi hdi cho fi'n hfinh cuin sflch<br /> dung vi nhd Mae tht chda du" (6). "Vuang triiu Mac (1527-1592)" (9). Vdi cuIn<br /> Vi vfiy, tilp theo hfldng nghidn cflu tfch sfich nfiy, ngofii nhflng ddng gdp vl kinh tl^,<br /> cpc vl nhfi Mac, vfio nflm 1991 tai Thfinh van hofi - xa hdi ciia nhfl Mac vfla dflpc<br /> phi Hi Chf Minh, Vidn Khoa hpc Xfi hdi vfi thfla nhfln thi vfldng trieu Mac cung da<br /> Sd Vftn hofl Thdng tm Thfinh pho Ho Chf dflpc ihiia nhdn Id mpt vdOng tridu chinh<br /> Minh da to chflc mot cupc "Hdi thdo khoa thdc ton tai 65 ndm (1527-1592) trong lich<br /> hpc ky niem 500 ndm sinh Danh nhdn Vdn sd Trung dai Viet Nam. Vfl sfl kidn Mac<br /> hod Nguyin Binh Khiim". Ket qua cupc Hdi Dang Dung phe bd trilu Ld - mdt trilu dai<br /> thao dflpc in thfinh ky ylu (7), trong dd cd md Mac Dang Dung tflng gfli gfim ba phfin<br /> mot loat bfli vilt ciia cac nhfi nghien cflu tfl quang ddi d l lap ra trieu dai mdi cua<br /> cung dfl nhin nhdn nhd Mac theo hddng tich ddng hp Mac khdng phai lfl mdt dieu nghjch<br /> cUc gidng nhd tinh than cua eudc Hpi thdo ly nhfl nhilu sfl thfin thdi phong kiln gfin<br /> khoa hoc cudi ndm 1985 tai Hdi Phbng. cho Mac Dflng Dung. Den dfiy, cuIn sfich<br /> Cling thdi dilm nfly, Ban Ljch sfl Co khdng dinh them vi Mac Ddng Dung (ding<br /> Trung dai thudc Vidn Sfl hpc cung triln f kiln vdi nhflng quan dilm cua gidi sii hpc<br /> khai chfldng trinh nghien cflu ridng v l nhfi tpi hai qjidc Hdi thao khoa hoc nflm 1985 vfl<br /> Mac. Kit qua nghidn cflu bfldc dfiu dfldc 1991) la nhin nhdn Mac Bdng Dung khdng<br /> cfing b l trdn mdt s i chuyen san ciia Tap chf phdi nhd mdt ke "nghieh thdn", dd ddn lue<br /> Nghien cdu Lich sd vfio nfim 1991 (8), bao Mac Ddng Dung vd vdOng triiu Mae phdi<br /> gIm nhflng lufin vfln vl: Thd chd chinh tri, ddOe trd vi dung vi tri cda minh. Nlu coi<br /> Bang giao, Lang xd, Kinh tdnSng nghiip vd Mac Dfing Dung lfl ke "thofin dopt", lfl<br /> rupng ddt, Vdn hod gido difc... trong dd mdt "nghjch thfin" vfi coi nhfi Mac lfl "ngpy<br /> so ddng gdp v l kinh tl^ cung nhfl mdt s i trilu" tflc Ifi da phu nhfin nhflng ddng gdp<br /> thflnh tflu v l vfln hoa nghd thu^t thdi Mac chung cua nhfl Mac trdn cflc linh vpc kinh<br /> bfldc dfiu da dflpc d l c|ip tdi. tM, vfin hofi, giao due vfi nghd thufit mfl nhfi<br /> Mac da Iflm dfldc cho dfl't nfldc vflo t h i ky<br /> Nhfl vfly, chi trong vdng 5 nfim, vi$c XVI (10).<br /> nghien cflu, tim hiiu, k i t lufln vfl dflnh gifi<br /> vl "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd M^e" da dpt Tilp theo chfldng trinh nghien cflu ciia<br /> dfldc nhiJng thfinh tflu mdi trong qufl trinh Vidn S i hpc, Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sul Vidt<br />  Rghlto elifu Ljch aJr. atf 5.2012<br /> <br /> Nam phli hpp v6i Vi^n Sii hpc vfi H^i d i n g mdt phfin nflo dd v l kinh t l . Hay tra lai cho<br /> Ljch sii Thflnh phtf Hai Phdng dfi t i l n nhfi Mpc nhflng ddng gdp khflch quan fiy.<br /> hflnh thdm mdt cu$c hdi thao khoa hpc nfla V l chfnh sflch dli ngoai, d gdc d | nflo<br /> v l nhfi Mpc tai huy^n Kiln Thuy (Hfii dd cd hpn chi. Nhflng khdng ndn dflnh gifl<br /> Phdng) vflo thflng 7 nflm 1994. K i t qufi nha Mpc lfl phfin qu6c. Dii sao dd cfing ehi<br /> ciia cude H^i thao dflpc cdng bl^ trong cu^n lfl flp tfnh tofln trong sfich Iflpe flng phd mfi<br /> sfich "Nhd Mg.c vd ddng ho A/pc trong Ifch thdi. Phfii d$t nhfl Mpc trong hofin canh<br /> sd" xua't ban vfio thfing 6 nflm 1996 (eau ljch flii lflc bfi'y gid. Nhfi Mpc phfii dSi phd<br /> cuIn Vuang triiu M^c 1527-1592 ciia Vi$n vdi nhilu thtf li^e phong kiln, ddi hdi phai<br /> Sii hpc niia nfim). Nhflng vflTn d l d^t ra vfi cd sfich Iflpc mIm mdng d l trfinh chiln<br /> giai quydt ciia c u | c H^i thao khoa hpc v l tranh vfl d l bao vd chii quyln cua dtft nfldc.<br /> nhfi Mpc lfin nfly vfin lfl sp tilp tuc ciia Ngofii cflc cude Hdi thfio, cac chUdng<br /> ddng mpch dfl vfi dang thu hut si^ quan trinh nghidn cflu trong m | t th|ip ky (1986-<br /> tflm ciia gidi nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mpc lflc 1994) dfi giflp cho nhfln thflc v l nhfi Mpc<br /> dd. D$c bidt cude Hdi thao nfly dfl t^p hpp tiln gfin tdi chfin 1^ khfich quan cua ljch siSt<br /> dflpc khfl ddng dao vfl khfl rdng rfii cflc nhfl thl vide nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mac cdn dflpc sp<br /> khoa hpc d i n tfl nhilu cd quan vfl cflc hd trp thdm bdi hfing lopt nhiing chflng tfch<br /> trfldng dpi hpc (11) nhflng lai cd chung m^t v l v4t ehfi't ciia thdi dai mfi trflde kia ft<br /> tieng ndi trong vi^c dfinh gifi vfi nhin nhfln ngfldi quan tfim tdi. Dd lfl nhiing kiln true<br /> v l "Nhd Mac vd vdOng triiu Mac". Cude dflc sfic v l ngdi dinh Tfly Dfing d nhfi^t Vi$t<br /> Hdi thao da thu dfldc k i t qua lfl di tdi Nam dfldc xfiy d\fng dfldi thdi Mac (13), rli<br /> nhdn thdc mdt cdch ddy du han vd ddnh hd t h i n g thflnh quflch ciia nhfl Mpc hay cdn<br /> gid mdt cdch xdc ddng hOn v l m|t giai hi$n hflu tpi n h i l u dja phfldng cflng nhfl<br /> doan ljch sut trong t i l n trinh phfit t r i l n nhflng do gIm sfl hoa lam tuydt dpp san<br /> cua dan t^c Vi$t Nam 5 nfla cuoi t h i ky xu^t vflo thdi Mpc da vfl