S69(239)-2015<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG<br />
<br />
27<br />
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MOT SO LOI TRONG SU" D^NG THI QUA KHU"<br />
H O A N THANH DQNG T f TIENG PHAP<br />
CUA SINH VIEN NGANH TIENG ANH<br />
ERRORS IN USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE IN FRENCH<br />
BY VIETNAMESE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH<br />
NGUYfiN THJ Al QUtNH<br />
(TS; Trudng Sgi hpc Quy Nhon)<br />
Abstract: In the process of learning a language, especially a foreign language, errors are<br />
unavoidable. This phenomenon makes teachers know v/baX the degree of their students is. In<br />
this article, we analyze some errors in using the past perfect m French of Vietnamese<br />
students of English.<br />
Key words: error; analysis; past perfect.<br />
l.OJtvlndl<br />
/./. Hipn nay, vi$c sft dyng ngdn ngtt<br />
nude ngoii Id m$t nhu d u ngiy cdng tdng<br />
vi phi biln. Trong cic trudng hpc, vi^ hgc<br />
song ngtt tli$m chi ba ngdn ngft dang dugc<br />
tiijnh hinh. Th$t v$y, ngudi ta c6 thl hgc<br />
lidn tyc bode ding thdi hai ho$c nhilu ngdn<br />
ngtt nude ngoii. Chiing tdi tbiy ring, vide<br />
hpc ching chdo nhilu ngdn ngft dd gdy ra<br />
tinh trgng cdc ngdn ngft gdp nhautii$mchi<br />
cd sy "dli chpi" nhau vl mdt ngdn ngft - vdn<br />
hda.<br />
1.2. Li mgt gido vidn tilng Phip, chftng<br />
tdi lit quan tarn din vide hgctiltigPhip cfta<br />
cic sinh vidn Vi|t Nam nginh tilng Anh.<br />
Theo quan sdt ci^ chftng tdi, cic sinh vidn<br />
niy thudng mdc niiieu lli vl kt ndng diin<br />
dgt vilt tilng Phdp. Cdu hdi ddt ra li: Phii<br />
chdng li do sy can thi$p cfta tilng mp dd?<br />
Hay nhiing lli ndy xuit phit tft mdt ngdn<br />
ngtt dang hpc ding thdi hay dd hpc dugc<br />
trudc dd? Cdc cudc thio ludn vdi eic ding<br />
nghigp dd cho phdp chung tdi dua ra gid<br />
thuylt diutidnli cdc lli cd lidn quan din ci<br />
tilng m? dd (tilng Vi^) vdtilngAnh - ngdn<br />
<br />
ngtt cic sinh vidn cua chftng tdi dang hgc<br />
nhu m|t ngdn ngft thft hai.<br />
Thvrc te khi sia cdc bii vilt cfta cic smh<br />
vidn nginh tilng Anh hgc tilng Phdp ndm<br />
thft hai vi thft ba cfta bdc dgi hgc cho tfaly,<br />
cdc lli dugc xic djnh phin Idn gin liln vdi<br />
tft vvmg vi ngft phip ehft ylu bdt nguIn tft<br />
tilng mp dd hodc tilng nude ngodi dd hpc.<br />
Trong nhilu bii vilt, dudng nhu sinh vidn<br />
sft dyng cic tft tilng Anh m$t cich cd h$<br />
thing de thl lii|n trong cic vdn bin tilng<br />
Phip... Ddc bi|t, tin suit loitixingsft dyng<br />
ddng tft chilm m|t trong nhftng vj tri cao<br />
[8].<br />
Nh$n djnh niy din chftng tdi din gid thilt<br />
ring svr inh hudng cfta tilng Anh li khdng<br />
the phft nh^ trong hgc t$ptiengPhip cua<br />
cic em. Tft thyc trgng dd, li m$t giing vidn<br />
phy trdch bg mdntilngPhip, chftng tdi ludn<br />
trdn trd vd mong mudntimra cdc bipn phip<br />
phft hgp dl hgn ehl nhftng ill niy nhim<br />
ndng cao chit lugng dgy vi hpe tilng Phip<br />
cho sinh vidn nginh tilng Anh d b$c Dgi<br />
hgc.<br />
2.V nghta cua l5i vd phdn tich loi<br />
Zl. t nghta cda loi<br />
<br />
28<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br />
<br />
Theo S. Pit Corder (1967, ft-. 162-169), sy<br />
xuit hidn ciia lli trong tilng nude ngoii l i<br />
khdng thl trdnh. D l i vdi ngudi dgy, nhftng<br />
lli niy cho phdp gido vien bilt dugc trlnh dp<br />
cua hgc sinh dang d dau so vdi myc dfch d$t<br />
ra; chung cftng chi cho gido vidn bilt dugc<br />
ngdn ngtt dd dugc hgc hay nim bdt nhu thl<br />
nio; ngudi hgc can nhftng chiln luge hay<br />
giii phip nio d l ndm bit dugc bdn chit ciia<br />
ngdn ngtt. D l i vdi ngudi hgc, nhd vio<br />
nhftng lli niy, ngudi hpc c6 thl kilm tra<br />
nhftng g i i thilt co bin ciia mlnh v l bin chit<br />
ngdn ngft m i mlnh dang hpe.<br />
Thgt vdy, lli l i bilu tugng cfta trgng thdi<br />
phdt triln ngdn ngft cua ngudi hpc. E)lng<br />
thdi, chftng cftng chi cho chftng ta biet dugc<br />
kiln thftc ngdn ngft cfta ngudi hgc thdng qua<br />
diin dgt ngdn ngft cliinh Id nhihig l l hing<br />
kiln thftc cfta ngudi hpc dd giftp giio vidn<br />
tim thiy nhftng phirong phdp giing dgy<br />
thich hgp nhit Theo H. Besse et R. Porquier<br />
(1991), vide phdn tich lli tii$t sy rit quan<br />
trpng. Thdt vdy, trong v i | e giing dgy tilng<br />
Phdp cho sinh vidn Vi$t Nam ngdnh tilng<br />
Anh, vi|c phdn tich lli dd giftp hg rit nhilu<br />
trong vi$c nhin bilt nhihig dilm chung ciing<br />
nhu nhftng dilm khdc nhau gifta cic ngdn<br />
ngft de hg ed thl sft dyng chung tit hon.<br />
Trong qui trinh hpe tilng nirde ngoii,<br />
vi|e tim kiem nguIn g l c cfta lli l i rit d n<br />
thilt Theo H. Besse, "cdc khdi ni^m vi dgyhgc ngU phdp cdn phdi tinh din su dnh<br />
hudng ciia tiing me de vd su xuit hi^n iSi<br />
ngti phdp vd nhdng thi Hide". V i n d l co<br />
bin cua vi|c hpc m|t ngdn ngft gdn liln vdi<br />
nhttng tin tgi trudc dd, kit d u cda cdi dd bi<br />
nh$n dugc v i dp ddt cic kl ndng v i kiln<br />
thftc mdi Idn cii dd cd. M l i quan h | giita<br />
kiln thftc cd tintde v i kiln thftc mdi, gifta cdi<br />
dd tri nh^n v i cii dang tri nh$n dd chftng<br />
minh sy d n tiiilt cfta phdn tfch dli chilu, dd<br />
<br />
s l 9 (239)-201S<br />
<br />
l i dvra trdn svt md td cdc ngdn ngft, rli phSn<br />
tich lli v i euli cftng l i tim cic giii phip.<br />
2.2. Phin tich m$t d iSi vi sd: d\f«f<br />
d$ng ta tiing Phdp 6 M qud khie hoin<br />
thdnh<br />
Kit qui nghidn cftu cfta chftng tdi [8] cho<br />
thiy, loi v l sft dyng d$ng tft trong thi qui<br />
khft hodn thdnh tilng P h ^ cfta cic sinh vidn<br />
Vipt Nam ngdnh tilng Anh chilm mdt trong<br />
nhfing vj tri cao nhit trong qud trinh phdn<br />
tich lli. Theo Nguyen Lin Trung (2006)<br />
"Ngiedi hgc Id ngudi Vi$l Nam, ngay l&i<br />
diu tiin tiip xdc vdi mdt ngdn ngd biin hinh<br />
sSgdp rit nhiiu khd khdn trong qud trinh tri<br />
nhdn nhitng dgng khdc nhau trong cimg mdt<br />
ddng Id" (ti-.252). Cd 18, dd cUnh l i U do<br />
cic sinh vidn mdc nhilu lli trong sft dyng<br />
ddng tft. Sau ddy, chung tdi sd phdntichm$t<br />
s l lli diin hlnh dugc trich trong cdc bdi vilt<br />
kilm tra culi ki ciia cdc sinh vidn cfta trudng<br />
Dgi hpc Quy Nhon, Dgi hgc Ngogi ngtt Di<br />
Ndng v i Dgi hgc Ngogi ngft Hill.<br />
Vipc sft dyng d$ng tft d thi qud khft hoin<br />
thinh trong tilng Phdp thvic svi khd khdn vi<br />
cvic ki phftc tgp d l i vdi sinh vidn Vi|t Nam<br />
nginh tilng Anh bdi vi, tilng Vi|t li m^t<br />
ngdn ngft don l$p, khdng biln hhih. Dl nil<br />
v l m|t hinh d$ng trong qui khft, ngudi ta<br />
thudng thdm tft "dd" trudc ddng tft; vi dy:<br />
"Cd i y dd mua binh ml" (Elle a achetd du<br />
pain). Hon niSa, d l chia dfng tft d till qui<br />
khft hodn thinh, cdc sinh vidn cdn "dli<br />
diu" vdi nhitng v i n d l kbd khdn khdc nhu:<br />
vipc Ivia chpn trg dOng tft, hgp gilng v i al<br />
cua chft ngft hodc dgi tft 1dm b l ngft tryc ti^<br />
d qud khft phdn tft. Vf dy: "Nous avnni dli<br />
vers le Sud"[8]. Bdn cgnh dd, cdc smh vi£n<br />
cdn mdc thdm m$t s l l3i khdc tigng qui<br />
trlnh diin dgt vilt cfta ntinh: l5i cUnh ti;<br />
nhim Iln gifta vi|c chpn Ivra qui kfaft pbdn<br />
tft v i danh tiJr, chi dftng qud khft phdn tft mi<br />
khdng cd Xsq d|ng tft (inh hudng tft tilng<br />
<br />
Sl9(239)-2015<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br />
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Anh, vi dy: / watched television)...Saa ddy,<br />
chftng tdi sd phdn tich mOt sl 111 d thl qui<br />
khft hodn thinh:<br />
a. Ldi dimg sai trg dgng tie vd qud khd<br />
phdn tit.<br />
Rit nhilu sinh vien nhim lin trong vi|c<br />
chpn lya mpt trong hai trg ddng tft "amir"<br />
et "lire ". M$t sl khic chi sft dyng qui khft<br />
phan tft mi qudn mit svr c6 mdt cfta trg d$ng<br />
tit. Nhftng lli ndy xuit hidn khi thudng<br />
xuydn trong eic bii vilt tilng Phip 4 cfta<br />
sinh vidn ndm thft hai vd thft ba. Vi dy:<br />
- "Je suis ecriti la lettre ..." thay vi J'ai<br />
icrit.<br />
- "Je suis Dense que la date ..." thay vi<br />
J'ltipensd.<br />
"Nous arons departd en 2 de Julie thay<br />
vi'Houssommes partis...<br />
- "Nous tivons retoumer k 14h en train"<br />
thay vi Nous sommes retoumds...<br />
- "Je suis retrouve une voyage d"une<br />
semain d HCM ville" thay vi J'ai retrouvi...<br />
- "La train a passer en 14h ..."thay viesr<br />
passi...<br />
Qua vide phdn tich iSi d cdc vl dy trdn,<br />
cd thl thiy rS ring da sl sinh vien chua ndm<br />
dugc quy tie chia ddng tft d thi qui khft<br />
hodn tiiinh. Hp chira pbdn bi|t vdi nhftng<br />
dpng tft nio thi diing trg dgng tft "avoir"vk<br />
vdi dgng tft nio thl dimg vdi "Stre". Trong<br />
tilng Phip, hiu hit cic d$ng tft khi chia d<br />
thl qui khft hoin thinh diu dftng vdi trg<br />
ddng tft "avoir", trft cdc trudng hgp sft<br />
dyng vdi trg d|ng tft "Itre" nhu: Nhftng<br />
dpng tft chi sy di chuyin (Verbe de<br />
mouvement): aller, venir, partir, arriver...;<br />
Nhihig d$ng tft phdn than (verbe<br />
pronominal); Nhftng ddng tft ( ^ bi|t:<br />
naitre, mourir, tomber, devenir.<br />
<br />
29<br />
<br />
kilm tra dinh gid. Ndi chung, cdc sinh vidn<br />
chua thdnh thgo trong vi$c sft dyng qud khft<br />
phdn tft, nhit Id dli vdi cdc d|ng tft bit quy<br />
tic. Tuy nhidn, nhfing khii ni|m niy trong<br />
tilng Vi^ cling nhu trong tilng Anh, kiln<br />
thftc c6 trudc cfta sinh vidn chua tin tgi. VI<br />
the, chung ta cd thl kit lu$n ring, nhftng<br />
kiln tiiftc cd trudc dd lim inh hudng din<br />
vipc tilp cdn mOt ngdn ngft mdi.<br />
b. Ldi khdng hgp giing si khi chia ddng<br />
tie d Ihi qud khu hodn thdnh<br />
Nhu dd bilt, trong tilng Phdp, cic ddng<br />
tft chia d thl qui khft vdi trg d^ng tft "lire"<br />
bit budc phii hgp gilng vi sl vdi chft ngft.<br />
Tuy nhidn, ngudi hpc ehua •$ thitc dugc mdt<br />
cich sdu xa dieu niy. Hg dd bd qua vi$e hgp<br />
gilng sl. Dilu dd dugc chftng minh qua cic<br />
cdu sau;<br />
- "Nous sommes tHU vers le sud" thay vi<br />
sommes alUs.<br />
- "Haas sommes alU k Nha Trang" thay<br />
vi sommes alUs.<br />
Th$m chi mdt sl sinh vidn cdn "tudng<br />
tugng" ra eic qui khft phdn tft nhu cdc<br />
trudng hgp sau:<br />
- "Je suis dcriti la lettre ..." thay vl —»<br />
J'ai icrit.<br />
- "Je suis Dense que la date ..."thay vi—><br />
J'aipensi.<br />
- "Nous arons dioarU en 2 de Julie"<br />
thay vi —• Nous sommes partis...<br />
"Nous avons venire k HCM ville ..."<br />
thay vi —» Nous sommes venus...<br />
- *'Nous avons retours 4h ..." thay vi —•<br />
Nous sommes rentris...<br />
Phdntichlli cic cduti^ncho thiy, trong<br />
tilng Anh ciing nhu trong tilng Vi^t, khdi<br />
n i ^ hgp gilng sl khi chia d$ng tft d thl qui<br />
khft hodn thinh li hoin toin xa Ig. Ddy<br />
Cic logi lli ndy xuit bi^n khi thudng chinh li nguydn nhdn din din logi lli niy<br />
xuydn trong cdc bii vilt cfta sinh vidn trong cfta cic sinh vidn Vi|t Nam nginhtilngAnh<br />
qui trlnh hpc tjp ciing nhu tinng cdc bdi trong diin dgt vilttilngPhdp.<br />
<br />
30<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br />
<br />
c Ldi chinh Id<br />
Lli chinh ti xuat h i ^ khi nhilu ti:ong<br />
vi|c chia ddng tft d thl qui khft hoin thinh<br />
trong cic bii vilt ciia sinh vidn. Dilu niy<br />
xuit phit tft dgng thftc cfta qui khft phin tft<br />
tixmg tilng Phip lit da dgng, khd nhd, do<br />
dd, nhilu khi ngudi hpc tudng tugng ra cic<br />
qui khft phin tft tft mdt sl dgng d|ng tft dd<br />
hgc trong qud trinh diin dgt vilt hodc el tinh<br />
vilt dl lip day vj tri cua nd. Ngodi ra, sinh<br />
vidn cdn nhim lin gifta vipc chgn lya qud<br />
khft phin tft vd danh tft^ dftng saiti:gddng tft<br />
hodc khdng sft dyng trg ddng tft. Vi dy:<br />
- "Nous arons ddoartd en 2 de Julie"<br />
thay vi —* Nous sommes partis...<br />
- "Nous avons retours 4h ..." thay vl —•<br />
Nous sommes rentris...<br />
Vi dy titn cho thiy, ngudi hpc dd cd sy<br />
nhim lin gifta qud khft phan tft vd danh tft<br />
cd nguIn glc tft cdc dpng tft dd. Dilu niy ed<br />
thl If giii, ngudi hpc khdng nim dugc qui<br />
khft phdn tft, cung cd thl ngudi hge dd dftng<br />
mdt cdch vd thftc. R8 ring ring vide chia<br />
d|ng tft d thi qud khft tilng Phip dli vdi<br />
ngudi Vipt Nam li rit khd khdn. Trong m|t<br />
sl bii vilt, vj tri cfta cic tiv d|ng tft cdn bd<br />
ngd, vi dy: "J'alli vers le sud et mame<br />
restaurant" tiiay vl ->Je suis alld...et ai<br />
mangi... ho$c "Je mangi restaurant avec<br />
prix Cher ..." tiiay vi -> J'ai mangi... Ddc<br />
bift ngudi hgc cdn sft dyng ci d|ng tft<br />
nguydn mlu ddt sau trg dpng tft nhu d trong<br />
cdu: "Nous avons retoumer k 14h en<br />
bain..." tiiay vl retoumds. Diy chfnh Id do<br />
sy dnh hudng tft tilng mp dd - khdng cd till<br />
qud khft hodn tiiinh vi tilng Anh- khdng cd<br />
tig dOng tft trong cdu khdng djnh.<br />
3.Kltlu$n<br />
Tft cic kit qud phdntichtidn,ching ta cd<br />
till khdng djnh ring, nhftng khd khdn cua<br />
sinh vidn tixmg diin dgt vilt Id do mOt sl<br />
ylu tl khdc nhau: dnh hudng cfta tilng mp<br />
<br />
Sl9(239)-2015<br />
<br />
dd, dnh hudng cfta ngdn ngft dd hpc trudc<br />
dd, thdi quen thdnh l$p trong v i ^ hgc ngdn<br />
ngft nude ngodi cd trudc, svr thilu kiln thftc<br />
vl tilng Phip... Bdn cgnh dd, cic loi cung c6<br />
nguIn glc ngay trong qui trlnh hpc tilng<br />
Phip, dd li sy phftc tgp cfta ngdn ngft Phip.<br />
Chftng tdi nhin mgnh trdn thvic tl, sy giao<br />
tiioa gifta tilng Vi|t, tilng Anh vi tilng<br />
Phdp Id rit rd rdng. Dilu dd dugc chftng<br />
minh qua m|t sl vf dy dd phdn tich tidn.<br />
Diy li mgt ylu t l trong qui trlnh t$p trung<br />
tich hgp. Svr gilng vd khdc nhau nhu li mdt<br />
phin cfta phuorng phip dgy hgc cic ngdn<br />
ngft.<br />
TAI H | ; U THAM KHAO<br />
1. Bfti Mgnh Hftng (2008), Ngdn ngi<br />
hgc dii chiiu, Nxb Giio dye.<br />
2. Di^p Quang Ban - Hoing Vdn Thung<br />
(2007), Ngd phdp Hing Vi$t - TJp 1, 2, Nxb<br />
Giio dye.<br />
3. Nguyin Ldn Trung (2006), Mdt si<br />
vdn di vi ngdn ngit hgc dii chiiu Vi^lPhdp, Nxb DHQG Hi NOi.<br />
4. Odlin, T. (1989), Language transfert:<br />
cross-linguistic influence in language<br />
learning, Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press.<br />
5. S. Pit Corder (1967), The signifiam<br />
ofleaners errors in IRAL, V-4.<br />
6. Bess H. Porquier R. (1991),<br />
Grammaires et didactique des langues,<br />
Didier.<br />
7. Candelier Michel (2008), Approchei 1<br />
plurielles, didactiques du plurilinguisme: le<br />
mime et I'autre, dans Recherches en<br />
didactique des langues-1'Alsace au cceur du<br />
plurilinguisme, p. 65-90<br />
8. Nguyin Thj Ai Q u ^ (2014), Nghiln<br />
cdu ldi trong diin dgt viit ciia sinh viin Vilt<br />
Nam chuyen ngdnh tieng Anh hgc tiing<br />
Phdp nhu Id ngogi ngU hai, Lu^ in Tien<br />
si. Hi NIL<br />
<br />
1<br />
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