Nền kinh tế thương nghiệp của Việt Nam những năm đầu thế kỷ XX

NEN KINH TE THirCTNG NGHIEP COA<br /> VIET NAM N H O I G NAM DAU THl^ KY XX<br /> <br /> TA THITHUr<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ben ngoai, do dd dfiy la cd hdi d l cac nhfi til<br /> T rong Chfldng trinh cua Paul<br /> Doumer, phfit triln thUdng mai lfi<br /> muc tidu cao nhfit cua cudc khai thfic thudc<br /> ban, cac cdng ty tfl ban bd vd'n dfiu tfl vao<br /> vide budn bfin kiem ldi mot each de dfing.<br /> dia Ifin thfl nhfit bdi thiidng mai se giup Nfim 1906, trong ngudn vd'n tfl nhan,<br /> Phfip thflc hidn duoc y do biln Vigt Nam thfldng mai dflpc xIp vfio hfing thfl ba v6i<br /> thfinh thi trfldng tidu thu hfing hda cua 41,5 trieu francs, dflng sau diidng sfit 95<br /> Phfip dong thdi cung cfip cho Phap nhiing trieu, edng nghilp 72 tri$u vfi ehi diing<br /> san phim sinh ldi ciing nhiing san phim trfldc ndng nghiep 13 trieu (1) vfi theo<br /> mfi nln kinh t l Phap dang can. Vl phia Charles Robequain, s i 492 tridu francs<br /> chinh quyin thflc dan, dl thuc diy sfl phfit vfing mfi tfl nhfin dfiu tfl vfio Ddng DfltJi^<br /> triln cua thUdng mai d thudc dia, trfldc h i t trong vdng 30 nam tfl 1888 den 1918, thfldng<br /> nd da rfi't chu y den viec to ehflc lai eac mai cung dflng vfio hfing thfl ba vdi 75 tridu<br /> phdng thUdng mai. Ngfiy 7-2-1901, Tong francs (15%), dflng sau cdng ngliiep mo 249<br /> thong Phfip ra sac lenh lap Ban ehi dao trieu (51%), giao thdng vfin tai 128 tridu<br /> Ndng - Lfim - Thfldng nghidp Ddng Dfldng. (26%) vfi dflng trfldc ndng nghidp 40 trieu<br /> Ngfiy 14-11-1901, Tofin quyin Paul (8%) (2). Tuy nhign, trong sd' 54 cdng ty vo<br /> Doumer ra nghi dinh quy dinh lai ehflc danh dfldc thfinh lfip de kinh doanh d Ddng<br /> nang ciia cfic Phong thfldng mai. Dudng tfl nfim 1897 den nfim 1918, vdi ting<br /> Ddi vdi cfic nhfi tfl ban vfi eac cdng ty tfl sd' vdn ban dfiu 166 tridu franca mfi chung tdi<br /> ban, sii phat trien ciia cfic cdng trinh cdng dfin ra d trdn, cd tdi 10 cdng ty, cd t^ng s i v ^<br /> cdng, nhfit la cfic tuyln dfldng sit, dfldng 97 trieu francs hoat ddng trong hnh vflc<br /> bd, dudng thiiy ciing nhfl sfl phfit triln cua thiidng mai, dflng hfing dfiu ve vd'n tror^ trfit<br /> cfic nganh kinh tg' cdng nghidp, ndng tfl dfiu tfl cua cfic cdng ty nay. Dieu dd noi<br /> nghigp... da tao ra nguon hfing vfi nhiing len ring, vide budn ban gid khdng cdn le te<br /> nhu elu kich thich sii phfit trien ciia viee nfla mfi da c6 sU tfip trung tu ban ldn trong<br /> budn ban, nhfi't lfi ngoai thUdng. Mat khfic, cfic cdng ty dai thfldng vfi cac cdng ty nay<br /> trong dilu kien cua mdt n l n kinh t l cdn chi phdi hfi'i nlifl tfit ca nhflng hoat ddng<br /> non yeu, Ddng Dfldng phu thude nhilu vfio budn bfin vdi bdn ngoai cua Ddng Dudng.<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Vidn Sfl hoc<br /> ten hinh t€ Hiirong nghigp ciia Viet Ram...<br /> <br /> Dilu dfing ndi lfi khfic vdi viec budn bfin Sii phat triln ciia ngoai thfldng edn cd thi<br /> rfldc dfiy cua ngfldi ban xfl, gid dfiy cdng dflde nhfin thfiy d sfl tfing ldn ciia tong kim<br /> fi^ nfiy khdng chi diln ra vdi cfic loai hfing ngach xufit - nhfip khfiu trong thdi gian 1897-<br /> ida thdng thfldng mfi nhilu loai hinh budn 1918, tfl 81 tridu ding nfim 1897 (xufit 46<br /> )fin mdi da ra ddi vfi cung khfie vdi thdi tridu, nhfip 35 tridu) tfing ldn 171 trieu dong<br /> luen budn bfin nhd le quanh qufin trfldc nam 1902 (xufit 74 trieu, nhfip 97 trieu) ldn<br /> ^ay, nhfit lfi theo quan nidm "trgng ndng, Ob 179 trieu dong nam 1907 (xufit 98 trieu, nhfip<br /> huong", "bi quan toa cdng" cua triiu 81 trieu), roi 192 trieu dong nfim 1912 (xufit<br /> Nguyen, viec budn bfin vdi nfldc ngofii gid 102 tridu, nhfip 90 trieu) tridu, nhfip 81<br /> Ifldc gidi thflc dfin coi trong hfing dfiu vfi do trieu), va 580 tridu francs (tUdng dfldi^ 235<br /> 3hinh phii t h u ^ dia n i m ddc quyin kilm tridu dong) nfim 1913 (3).<br /> sofit. Cung nhfl vay, sii phat triln ciia ngoai<br /> thUdng thdi ky nfiy cdn dUdc bieu hi$n d<br /> a. Ngoai thfldng p h a t t r i e n<br /> tinh trang vUdt trdi cua cfin cfin xufit -<br /> Sii phfit triln cua ngoai thUdng cd t h i nhfip khfiu. Ket qua nghien eflu trong 16<br /> Ifldc nhfin thfiy d sfl ra ddi cua eae cdng ty nfim tfl 1897 den 1912 cho thfi'y, ehi cd 7<br /> :hfldng mai ldn vfi kdo theo lfi sfl md rdng nam (1900 - 1906) nhfip khiu vUdt xufi't<br /> dfin nguIn vin dfiu tU. Vfi nhU da thfi'y, khiu, 9 nfim cdn lai, xufit khfiu ludn vfldt<br /> trong sd' 10 edng ty vd danh thfldng mai so vdi nhfip khiu, thudng lfi tren dfldi 10<br /> dfldc thfinh lfip tfl nfim 1897 din nfim 1918 tridu ding (4), cu the lfi (tinh bfing dong):<br /> thi cd din 7 cdng ty hoat ddng trong linh 1897: 11 tridu; 1898: 10 tridu; 1899: 7 tri$u;<br /> vfle ngoai thfldng, cd tfiu budn dudng dfii 1908: 8 tridu; 1909: 11 trieu; 1910: 18 tridu;<br /> vdi chinh quIe cung nhfl vdi eac nUdc trong 1911: 11 trieu va 1912: 12 tridu (5).<br /> khu vflc vfi cac nfldc ngofii chfiu A. Sd' vd'n Cudi ciing, sii phfit trien cua ngoai thfldng<br /> ban dfiu ciia 7 cdng ty nfiy cd t h i dUdc tinh con cd the dflde nhfin thfiy d sii tfing ldn ctia<br /> tdi 93 tri$u francs, gom: gia tri xufit nhfip khfiu hfing hda. Tfl 140<br /> - Lien hiep thUOng mgi Dong Bucfng vd trieu dong la gia tri xufit, nhfip khfiu tnmg<br /> Phichdu binh hfing nfim trong nhflng nfim 1899-1903<br /> (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 62 trieu dong vfi nhfip<br /> • Cdng ty thuang mgi Phdp d Ddng<br /> khfiu 78 tridu dong), con s i nfiy tfing ldn 197<br /> DUdng<br /> tridu ding trong nhflng nfim 1909-1913<br /> - Cdng ty Thuang mgi vd vdn tdi thuy (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 105 tridu dong vfi<br /> Viin Bdng nhfip khfiu lfi 92 trieu dong) (6).<br /> • Liin hiip A • Phi<br /> Tuy nhien, vdi muc dich ddc chilm thi<br /> - Liin hiip ddu hoa d chdu tnidng Vidt Nam, Phfip tilp tuc fip dung<br /> - Liin hiip Phdp - Bdng Buang dao luat quan t h u i nfim 1892. Theo dd,<br /> - Cdng ty Bescours vd Cabaud hfing hda Phfip vfio Viet Nam dfldc mien<br /> thue, trong khi hfing hda cfic nfldc khfic<br /> - Cdng ty Xudt khdu Viin Bdng.<br /> phai ddng t h u i tfl 25% dd'n 120% gifi tri<br /> Sfl xufit hidn eua cfic dai cdng ty lfi mdt hang hda. Vi vfiy, Vidt Nam chii ylu nhfip<br /> bilu hidn eiia sfl phfit triln vl chilu sfiu khiu hang hda ciia Phfip hay ndi dung hdn<br /> trong Knh vflc thUdng mai ndi ehung. lfi hfing hda Phfip da chiem linh thi trfldng<br />  Hghian euru IJeh sir. s6 6.201<br /> <br /> Vidt Nam, chdn Ip hang hda vfi cfic ngfinh b . Noi thxtn di cfic trong nUdc vi nhiing ly do d trdn. Tren thi<br /> tinh ciia Cambodge (Ndng Pdnh, Krake, tnidng, bay gid day khdng phai chi cd nhflng<br /> Stungsteng, Battambang...). Ngofii ra edn mfit hfing quen thudc cua mdt nln kinh t l<br /> mpt tfiu hdi nudc cung cua Lien dofin tren tfl Ifiy ndng nghidp lfim trpng tfim nfla mfi dfi<br /> Sfii Gron chd hfing di Bfing C6c, hay tdi Hdn xufit hidn nhflng loai hfing hda mdi nhu dfiu<br /> Chdng, dao Phfl Quoc de mua hat tidu. Cudi hoa, cfic san phim chd' tao cdng nghidp tfl do<br /> cflng, cfic sfi lflp cua ngfldi Hoa chd hfing tfl<br /> may mfic den do kim khi din cfic hfing xa xi<br /> Sfii Gdn tdi Vung Tfiu hay tfl Sfii Gdn di Thu<br /> hay nhu cfic san phfim ndng nghidp mdi<br /> Dfiu Mdt, tfl My Tho tdi Trfi Vinh, di Sa<br /> dflpc san xufit ra tren cfic don diln nhfl cfi<br /> Ddc, qua Cai Bd, Vinh Long (24).<br /> phd, sfla, phd mfit... thfim chi cdn xufit hi$n<br /> Budn ban trong ndi dia tfing ldn, sd ca cfic loai hfing hda dS.c bi$t nhfl bfi't ddng<br /> thfldng gia tfing ldn vfi t h u i mdn bfii ndi san, dien, nfldc vfi nay sinh cfic ngfinh budn<br /> ehung cung tfing ldn, trong dd cd thud' dfinh ban tiidng flng: kinh doanh bfit dong san,<br /> vfio budn bfin. dien, nflde... Sfl xufi't hien cua nhflng san<br /> 6 Hfi Ndi, nfim 1901 cd tong cdng 4.504 phfim nfiy trdn thi tnidng din Iflpt chiing lai<br /> ngudi phai nop t h u i mdn bfii (205 ngfldi cd tfic dung kich thich sfl phfit trien eua cfic<br /> Au, 203 ngfldi A vfi 4096 ngfldi ban xfl), ngfinh kinh te d trong nfldc cung nhu sti<br /> nfim 1907 tfing them 766 the mdn bfii nfla phfit triln ciia ngoai thfldng, lfim hiln doi cd<br />  Rghian curu Lich si. stf S.2Q13<br /> <br /> cfiu dfin cfl vfi ddi sd'ng kinh t l - xa hdi ciia Cdng ty Qudng Hop fch thfinh lfip nfim<br /> nhflng viing cd n l n kinh t l ndi thfldng phat 1907 d Hfi Npi eiing di ldn cflng kilu vdi<br /> triln. Viec budn ban phfit dat dfi tao dilu Qudng HUng Long chuyen budn the, lua,<br /> kien cho mdt so thfldng nhfin ngfldi Viet tu sa, xuyin, vflc, nhieu.<br /> Ifip ra cfic edng ty thUdng mai cua rieng Cdng ty Liin Thdnh (29) dfldc mdt s i<br /> mmh dl canh branh vdi cfic dm. thii khac. thfin SI trong phong trfio Bdng Kinh nghia<br /> Khdng khi "rfSi mM" "duy tdn" dfiu thg' ky thuc lfip ra nfim 1907, dflng dfiu lfi bfic si<br /> XX cdn khien ngay ca eac nhan si, si phu H i Tfi Bang, vdi sfl ho trd ciia m^t so k^<br /> von chl eoi trpng nghi "sV, coi re nghe hfio (anh em ho Hujhih lfi Ba Dfiu vfi Mfldi<br /> "thuang" phai thay doi cfich nghi, each lfim. Ngd) ciing vdi sfl hd trp ciia mpt so thUdng<br /> Hp da dflng ra hd hao hay tfl lfip ra cac hang gia giau cd ngfldi Hoa (Trfin Gia Hda hay<br /> budn, cfic to chfle thiidng nghidp, ehfing h^n Ba Xi) cd tru sd tai Sfii Gdn vfi Phan Thilt<br /> nhfl: Nguyen Quyen lfip Hong Tdn HUng; chuydn budn ban vfi san xufit nfldc mfim.<br /> Hofing Tfing Bi lfip Bdng Thdnh XUdng b Hfi Tdm lai, trong khudn k h i ciia cudc khai<br /> Ndi; Dang Nguyen Cfin, Lg Hufin, Ngd Diic thac thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit cua thiic dan<br /> Ke lfip Triiu BUOng thUOng qudn b Nghe Phfip, thfldng mai cua Ddng Dfldng ndi<br /> An; Nguyin Quyin va Hofing Tfing Bi lflp ehung, eiia Vipt Nam ndi ridng da cd nhflng<br /> Qudng Nam hiip thuang Cdng ty... bflde phfit triln nhfit dinh, dfldc bilu hidn ol<br /> Noi len luc bfi'y gid la; hdng budn Qudng ca ngo£U thfldng vfi ndi thfldng ciing nhfl d sfl<br /> Hung Long; hdng budn Qudng Hop tch b xufit hien cua nhflng nhfin to" ciia mdt nln<br /> Bfic K^; Qudng Nam hiip thiidng cdng ty; thfldng mai hipn d^. Tuy nhidn, mdt nln<br /> Cdng ty Phuang Ldn b Trung Kf; Cdng ty thUdng mai nam trong tay ngfldi Phap chi lfi<br /> nUdc mdm Liin Thdnh b Nam Ky (28)... hinh thflc tfldc doat nguIn tfii nguyen vfi san<br /> Cdng ty Qudng Hung Long thfinh lfip ph^m thudc dia dl lfim ldi cho cfic nhfi tfl ban,<br /> nfim 1907 d Hfi Ndi la mdt cdng ty budn cae cdng ty tfl ban boat ddng trong Snh vflc<br /> ban ldn nhfi't cua ngfldi Vidt dfiu t h I k y XX. thfldng mai Phfip mfi thdi.<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Andr6 Dumarest: La formation de classes situation de I'Indochine de 1902 d 1907, S&i Gon<br /> sociales en Pays Annamites, Lyon, 1935, ban d i n h 1908. tr. 462, 462, 463, 463, 464, 467, 467, 467, 467,<br /> miy tr. 30. 467,469.470,470,471,249, 249,257.<br /> (?)• (6). Charles Robequain: L 'Evolution economique (12). Pierre Richard Peray: Le Vi4t Nam au<br /> de f//idocAme^wicnise", Paris, 1939, tr. 189, 342. XX" siicle, Paris, 1979, tr. 44.<br /> (3). (4), (5), (8). Resume Statistique relatif aux (28). Nguyin CSng Binh: K m hieu giai cdp tU<br /> annees 1913-1940. sdn Viit Nam thdi Phdp thudc, Nxb. V i n - Sil •<br /> (7). Nguyin Khanh Toin. Lich svl Viit Nam tflp Dia, H i N$i, 1969, tr. 42-43.<br /> II 1858-1945, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa h6i. H i Nfti, 2004, (29). Tham kb?o bfii vilt cua Trjnh V i n Thao:<br /> tr. 120. 1 i 6 a T h i n h (1906-1975) v i ai^ thay dli cua m^*<br /> (9). Diidng Kinh Quoc: Viet Nam nhffng sU kiin doanh nghidp t i n tien" (Li6n T h i n h 1906-1975 et<br /> tich sur 1858-1918, Nxb. Giao due. H i N^i, 1999, tr. transfiguration d'une entreprise modemiate. Esaai<br /> 267-268. de aociologie historique), trong Vi^r Nam: Le<br /> (10). (11), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), moment moderniste, Univerait^ de Provence, 2009,<br /> (21), (22). (23), (24), (25), (26), (27). Paul Beau: La tr. 149-169.<br />