Networking: A Beginner’s Guide Fifth Edition- P76

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Networking: A Beginner’s Guide Fifth Edition- P76:I have run into many people over the years who have gained good even impressive working knowledge of PCs, operating systems, applications, and common problems and solutions. Many of these people are wizards with desktop computers.

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Chapter 21: Introduction to Linux Systems Administration 357 You can use the dash (-) as an optional parameter. This character tells su not only to switch identities, but to run the login scripts for that user as well. For example, if you are logged in as root and want to switch to user sshah with all of his login and shell configurations, type the following: [root@ford /root]# su - sshah Chapter Summary In this chapter, you first learned about setting some of the key server settings using the built-in graphical tools in Fedora Linux. Then you learned about the Linux command line and how to control the system using it. Of course, this chapter didn’t cover everything you need to know about Linux system administration. But given what you learned here, you should be able to perform basic administrative duties and find your way through the operating system. The easiest way to gain more information is to spend time playing with both the command-line tools and the various System Tools programs. The graphical tools are capable of so much more than was shown here. In fact, for simple servers it is possible to perform system maintenance using the graphical tools alone! The command line, on the other hand, is the core of Linux’s flexibility. If you want to learn more about systems administration for Linux, be sure to check out Linux Administration: A Beginner’s Guide, Third Edition, by Steven Graham (McGraw-Hill/Professional, 2002). Now that you’ve learned about installing Linux and about administering a Linux system, in the next chapter you learn about installing one of the most common network services that are run under Linux; an Apache web server.
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Chapter 22 Setting Up a Linux Web Server with Apache 359
360 Networking: A Beginner’s Guide O ne of the most popular web server applications is the Apache web server, a free program that runs under a variety of operating systems, including Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and NetWare. The Apache web server is a robust, proven platform on which to host a web site. The fact that it is open source and available for free, running on the UNIX-like operating system Linux, which is also often available for free, is a huge plus, and no doubt helps drive its continuing popularity. This chapter introduces the Apache web server. You learn the basics that you need to install it, find web-based resources to support it, and set up a basic web site on a Fedora Linux system. Overview of Apache Web Server The Apache web server started out as a small development at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) in the early 1990s. Beginning as a very simple UNIX daemon (pronounced the same as “demon”), it was initially programmed by Rob McCool. McCool left NCSA in 1994, and the project began to be extended by a number of different programmers, some of whom added packages (modules) to the core program to enable it to support new web technologies. In those days, the web server was referred to as “patchy,” because it kept getting new patches to correct problems or extend functionality. Eventually, it came to be called the Apache web server. Version 1.0 of the Apache web server was released to the public at the end of 1995, and by 1996 was the most popular web server on the Internet. The latest statistics at the time this chapter was written (available from http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_ server_survey.html) reveal that Apache is being used to host approximately 50 percent (more than 113 million web sites) of the active web sites on the Internet. Microsoft’s IIS is in second place, with around 25 percent (about 56 million web sites). The Apache HTTP Server project is presently coordinated through the Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org), a nonprofit corporation formed in 1999. Apache is unlike most other server applications in that it is not a graphical program (despite the fact that its main purpose is to serve up graphical web pages) and has no graphical installation routine. Instead, Apache runs as a background process, or daemon, on the operating system, which is typically called httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon). The management of an Apache web server is handled by editing its text-based configuration files, and by stopping and starting the daemon to cause any changes to those configuration files to take effect. The fact that Apache is text-based and is administered through a command-line interface should not daunt you. It is straightforward to install and administer an Apache web server, and you should have no trouble doing so. In fact, if you followed the Fedora Linux installation instructions in Chapter 20, you already have Apache installed on that computer, and you just need to activate it (it is not turned on by default in a Fedora installation), as described in the next section.
Chapter 22: Setting Up a Linux Web Server with Apache 361 Activating Apache Web Server Under Fedora The simplest way to install Apache web server under Fedora Linux is to perform a default installation using the Fedora Linux installation routine, as described in Chapter 20. After Fedora is installed, you can start and test Apache with the following steps: 1. Open a terminal emulation window. 2. Change to the superuser (root): su 3. Provide the root password when prompted. 4. Type the following command to start Apache: apachectl start 5. Create a simple HTML file in the location /var/www/html/ and save the file as index.html. (Note that, by default, you must be the root user to create or modify files in /var/www/html.) 6. Open a web browser and navigate to the address http://localhost/. The file you saved as index.html should appear in the web browser, showing that Apache is up and running. Downloading and Installing Apache Web Server If you did not install Apache under Linux (for example, if you are using a distribution of Linux that does not come with Apache), you can download the latest version and install it manually. To download the latest version of Apache, use a web browser to go to http:// www.apache.org/dist/httpd/. Open the Binaries folder, open the folder representing the operating system you are using (Linux or RPM, for Red Hat Package Manager), and then choose the appropriate package from the list that appears. The packages are organized by the Apache version (which is also shown as part of the filenames), the processor, and the operating system. For example, you might download a file called httpd-2.2.3-i386.rpm (representing version 2.2.3 of Apache for 32-bit Intel-based systems running Linux and that use the RPM installation format) into a temporary directory on your Linux system. After you’ve downloaded the package, you can install the Apache web server and start it, as follows: 1. Open a terminal emulation window. 2. Type the following to change to the directory that contains the downloaded Apache binary file: cd / directory