NGHIEN CQU Sa DUNG CAC HE THCDNG DAT NGAP<br />
NUOC N H A N T A O D E XLf LY NUOC THAI<br />
N g u y e n Thi L o a n<br />
Khoa Moi trUdng, TrUdng DHKHTN,<br />
DHQGHN<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TOM TAT:<br />
<br />
PhUdng phap xii ly nUdc thai b^ng be thong dat ngap nUdc nhan<br />
tao la mot phUdng phap da dUdc ap dung d nhieu nUdc tren the gidi<br />
each day khoang vai chuc nam. Tuy phien, cho tdi nay d Viet Nam hau<br />
nhu chUa ap dung phUdng phap nay vao viec x^ ly nUdc thai. Bao cao<br />
khoa hoc nay nham muc dich gidi thieu va budc dau nghien cxiu ve he<br />
thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao de xii ly nUdc thai. Cac v&'n de chinh<br />
trong bao cao nay la: cac cd che loai bo ch^'t 6 n h i l m trong d^'t ng^p<br />
nUdc; cac loai dat ngap nUdc; cac loai va vai tro cua thUc vat (cac loai<br />
beo: beo tay, beo tam; cac loai thUc vat thuy sinh bac cao: cay say, cay<br />
cdi dong v.v.) trong he thong dat ngap nUdc. Cac vai trd nay dUdc khai<br />
thac dua tren cac dac diem thich ngbi ve hinh thai, cac qua trinh trao<br />
doi chat, trao doi khi... dien ra trong suo't giai doan song cila chiing.<br />
TUdng Xing vdi moi loai tbuc vat khac nhau cd cac mo hinh dat ngap<br />
nUdc nhan tao khac nhau de dat dUdc hieu qua xii ly cao nha't.<br />
<br />
Viec xii ly nUdc thai b^ng he thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao cd lien<br />
quan tdi hieu qua cua cac qua trinh vat ly, boa hoc, dac biet la sinh<br />
hoc xay ra trong do. Cac he thong nay chii ye'u dung de xii ly nUdc thai<br />
cd chijta nhieu chat hiiu cd (BOD cao) nhu nUdc thai nha may gia'y, cac<br />
nha may che bien thUc pham, bia rUdu, nha may che bien ca phe, cac<br />
cd sd gie't mo...<br />
<br />
<br />
151<br />
Nhom nghien ci5u chung toi da va dang tie'n hanh thi nghiem xem<br />
xet hieu qua loai bd chat 6 nbiem cua thUc vat ngap nUdc. Cu the d day<br />
la nghien cUu trong he thong hao dat trong cay say va cay cdi dong.<br />
Ket qua cho thay hieu qua loai bo chat 6 nhiim trong he tho'ng nay la<br />
rat kha quan.<br />
<br />
Trong dieu kien d Viet Nam bien nay, phUdng phap xii ly nUdc<br />
thai b^ng he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao phu hdp vdi nhieu cd sd<br />
san xua't. Do do, nen ap dung rong rai phUdng phap xii ly nUdc thai<br />
nay. Til cong trinh nghien ctiu nay cd the ap dung nghien ciiu sau hdn,<br />
md rong hdn ve he thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao xii ly nUdc thai.<br />
<br />
<br />
1 M6 DAU<br />
Cac he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao dUdc xay dUng de xii ly nUdc<br />
thai phdng theo cac qua trinh sinh hoc va hoa, ly cua cac vung dat<br />
ngap nUdc tu nbien. Cac vung dat ngap nUdc cd the loai bd cac chat 6<br />
nbiem tu: nUdc thai hoac chuyen chung thanh cac dang vat chat cd it<br />
anh hudng tdi siic khoe con ngUdi va moi trUdng. Thuan Idi chinh cua<br />
viec sii dung he tho'ng dat ngap nude nhan tao de xii ly nUdc thai la<br />
qua trinh xii ly dUdc thUc hien lien tuc trong dieu kien tU nbien va vdi<br />
mot gia thanh re vi chi phi xay dUng va bao quan tha'p. Cac he tho'ng<br />
dat ngap nUdc nhan tao nay dUdc sii dung cho viec xii ly cac loai nUdc<br />
thai da qua xii ly b^c 1, 2, 3 vdi thdi gian lUu nUdc trong he tho'ng khac<br />
nhau.<br />
<br />
De gidi thieu ro hdn ve vai tro cua he thong dat ngap nUdc nhan<br />
tao trong qua trinh xii ly nUdc thai, muc dich cua bai bao nay la:<br />
<br />
Dua ra cac ket qua thi nghiem sii dung he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc<br />
nhan tao de xii ly nudc thai cua lang nghe gia'y Phong Khe.<br />
<br />
Phan danh gia miic do 6 nhilm cua kenh chiia nUdc thai da qua<br />
xii ly tai lang gia'y Phong Khe - Bic Ninh - thong qua cac chi tieu:<br />
nhiet do, pH, COD, DO, BOD, NH^, NO3, NOg. FOf, SS.<br />
- Tim thdi gian lUu nUdc tdi Uu trong he thong xii ly de dat hieu<br />
suat xii ly cao nha't, cung nhU chi phi cho he thong la it nha't.<br />
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152<br />
11. DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHlfiN CtfU<br />
<br />
2.1 D o i tvidng n g h i e n cvtu<br />
• He thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao de x^ ly nUdc thai noi chung<br />
• Nude d mUdng thai cua lang gia'y Phong Khe, B^c Ninh.<br />
<br />
Lang Phong Khe - B^c Ninh san xua't gia'y vdi cac phUdng phap<br />
khac nhau va tijf cac nguyen lieu ciing khac nhau. NhU: cd xUdng san<br />
xua't gia'y tiX gia'y, bia cu, tCf rdm, miin cUa, tre, niia, go,... nUdc thai<br />
chUa qua xii ly cua tat tat cac cd sd san xua't trong lang deu thai ra cac<br />
kenh mUdng d i n nUdc thai xung quanh lang. He thong mUdng nay c6<br />
nUdc bi 6 nhilm d mUc do rat nang, nUdc kenh c6 m^u den, mat nUdc<br />
sui hot, sanh dac kem theo miii hoi thdi kho chiu.<br />
<br />
2.2 Phiftfng p h a p n g h i e n cufu<br />
<br />
Mo hinh thi nghiem<br />
<br />
He tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao (Hinh 1) la mot be nho dUdc xay<br />
bang gach vdi viia xi mang cat, phia trong be ph^n day va thanh dUdc<br />
danh bong bang xi mang muc dich ngan sU tham nUdc xudhg dudi va<br />
tham nUdc ra xung quanh. Be dai 2m, rong 20cm, sau 70cm va phia<br />
dudi, each day 5cm cd he thong 6'ng d i n nUdc ra ben ngoai. Trong he<br />
tho'ng (be) dUdc do mot Idp da sdi da dUdc riia sach vdi be day la 40cm,<br />
bao gom:'<br />
• 10cm Idp sdi dUdi ciing cd kich thudc 30-7-40mm,<br />
• 10cm Idp sdi thU hai (ke txi dUdi len) cd kich thudc 10H-20mm,<br />
• 20cm Idp sdi tren ciing cd kich thUdc 10mm.<br />
<br />
Dong thdi vdi viec do sdi vao be thong, cac cay say, cay cd nen (cay<br />
cdi dong) dUdc trong xen ke true tie'p vao nen da sdi vdi mat do khoang<br />
50 cay/m2. Hai loai cay nay dUdc trong true tiep tren nen da sdi, trudc<br />
khi trong vao he thong cay va bo re cua cay da dUdc riia sach biin dat<br />
ban dau von c6. Trong thdi ky dau mdi trong be thdhg cay nay dUdc<br />
nuoi so'ng bling nguon dinh dudng c6 trong nUdc ao nuoi ca tu nbien,<br />
<br />
<br />
153<br />
sau 7-M5 ngay bo r§ cua cay b i t dau phat trien, (rl mdi b i t dau moc<br />
sau 7 ngay) cac m i t da dUdc danh thiic va phat trien thanh choi non<br />
vao ngay thiJt 10 den ngay tbd 15. Sau ngay thii 15 trd di cay dam choi,<br />
de nhanh va phat trien nhanh chong trong moi trUdng nUdc ao va sau<br />
do la trong moi trUdng nUdc thai.<br />
<br />
Nude thai Be yem khi Mo hinh dat ngap nUdc<br />
<br />
<br />
Nude sau xii ly<br />
<br />
Hinh y Mo hinh thi nghiem<br />
<br />
<br />
Thiei kethi nghiem<br />
De tim ra thdi gian lUu nUdc toi Uu trong he tho'ng, ba ddt thi<br />
nghiem dUdc tie'n hanh, moi ddt deu cd sU thay doi thdi gian luu nUdc<br />
thai trong be yem khi va trong he thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao nbU<br />
bang 1.<br />
<br />
Bang 1: Th6i gian Imj nii6c trong cac he thong cua 3 dot thi nghiem<br />
Dtft Be y e m k h i D a t n g a p n\idc Tong cong<br />
Ddt 1 5 ngay 5 ngay 10 ngay<br />
Ddt 2 8 ngay 7 ngay 15 ngay<br />
Ddt 3 10 ngay 10 ngay 20 ngay<br />
<br />
Qua trinh xii ly nUdc dUdc dien ra nhU sau:<br />
<br />
Nude dau tien dUdc lay tuf nguon 6 nbiem (nguon thai) roi dUa vao<br />
he tho'ng yem khi gom 1 phi nhua cd dung tich Idn hdn 200 lit (0,2m3).<br />
Sau khi da du thdi gian yem khi doi vdi tiing ddt thi nghiem, nUdc d<br />
he tho'ng yem khi dUdc d i n vao be tho'ng dat ng^p nUdc, nUdc trong<br />
qua trinh nay dUdc lay each day he tho'ng yem khi 15 cm trd len (vi<br />
trong qua trinh yem khi dong thdi xay ra qua trinh l i n g dong). Nudc<br />
<br />
<br />
154<br />
dUdc luu trong he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao du thdi gian cho tCfng<br />
ddt thi nghiem thi dUdc thai ra ngoai va phan tich cac thong so' 6<br />
nbiem trong nUdc.<br />
<br />
Cdc thong soly, hod hoc<br />
<br />
Trong nghien ciiu nay, cac thong so'ly boa hoc sau dUdc do dac va<br />
phan tich (Bang 2)<br />
Bang 2 Cac phuong phap xac dinh cac thong sd ly, hoa hoc<br />
<br />
Stt Cac chi tieu phan lich Don vi Phuong phap phan tich<br />
1 Nhiet do nude thai oc Dung nhiet do<br />
1 Mau nude Dung thi giac<br />
'S Mdi nudc Dung khuu giac<br />
4 pH Dung giay quy<br />
6 COD mg/1 Phuofng phap bicromat<br />
7 NHJ mg/1 Phuong phap Nessler (so mau)<br />
8 NO2 mg/1 Dung chi thi NHD (so mau)<br />
^ NO3 mg/1 Phuong phap so mau<br />
10 POf mg/1 Phuong phap molidat (so mau)<br />
11 SS mg/1 Say kho va can<br />
<br />
K f T QUA VA THAO LUAN<br />
<br />
De tim ra thdi gian lUu nUdc thai to'i Uu n h i m dat dUdc hieu qua<br />
xii ly nUdc cao nha't chiing toi tie'n hanh xii ly nUdc thai theo 3 ddt, moi<br />
ddt deu cd sU thay doi thdi gian lUu nUdc trong be yem khi va trong he<br />
tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao.<br />
<br />
Cac thong so' 6 nhilm boa ly dUdc phan tich trUdc xii ly (TXL) va<br />
sau xii ly (SXL), dUa vao cac ket qua do hieu xua't xii ly (HSXL) dUdc<br />
tinh theo cong thiic:<br />
<br />
<br />
TSXL<br />
<br />
<br />
155<br />
3.1 K e t q u a xijf l y n\idc t h a i deft 1<br />
Cac ket qua phan tich trong Bang 3 cho thay hieu qua xii ly<br />
BOD5, COD, SS, DO, NO2 cua be tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao tUdng<br />
doi cao, cu the BOD5, COD va SS giam ro ret vdi hieu suat xii ly > 70%,<br />
dac biet BOD5 giam 75%. Su tang dang ke (61,54%) so vdi trUdc xii ly,<br />
the hien vai tro van chuyen oxy vao than cay giiip cho sU ho hap ciia<br />
cac mo dong thdi tao dieu kien rat tot cho bo r l thoat khi Og) cua thUc<br />
vat thuy sinh cu the la cay say va cay cdi.<br />
<br />
Tuy nbien, vdi thdi gian yem khi 5 ngay va lUu 5 ngay ta thgfy<br />
NH^ va NO2 chi giam 36,99% va 50% dieu do chiing to chat hiiu cd mdi<br />
budc dau chuyen sang NO3 nhd vao vi sinh v^t cd trong Idp da sdi. 0<br />
viing r i cay rat giau oxy, tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho vi sinh v$t d vung<br />
d6 phan buy cac cb^'t hiiu cd, nhUng khong tao dieu kien cho vi sinh<br />
vat thUc hien qua trinh phan nitrat hoa. Vi de qua trinh phan nitrat<br />
xay ra thi phai can cd dieu kien thieu oxy va nguon cac bon du. Do vay<br />
ham lUdng NO3 tang len txi sU chuyen boa cua NH4->N02->N03.<br />
Bang 3. Ket qua phan tich cac chi tieu trifdc xii ly va sau xiJf ly<br />
<br />
<br />
Cac chi tieu TXL (mgA) SXLj (mg/1) HSXLi(%)<br />
<br />
M^u den Khong mau<br />
Mill Hoi thoi Khong miii<br />
DO 1,3 2,1 tang<br />
BOD5 176,6 44,15 75<br />
COD 500 133,5 73,3<br />
NH/ 8.57 5,4 36,99<br />
NO^" 0,1 0,05 50<br />
NO3 3 4,8 tang<br />
P04^ 0,5 0,3 40<br />
SS 700 200 71,43%<br />
PH 9 7<br />
<br />
<br />
156<br />
3.2 K e t q u a x ^ l y nifdc t h a i dc^t 2<br />
<br />
Ket qua d Bang 4 cho thay khi tang thdi gian xii ly yem khi va thdi<br />
gian lUu nUdc trong he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc, cac chi tieu BOD5, COD,<br />
NH4, P O f dUdc xii ly tot hdn so vdi xii ly ddt 1. Chi tieu NO2 v^n tiep<br />
tuc giam nbUng khong dang ke, chi tieu NO3 da giam 30% so vdi ban<br />
dau khi chUa xii ly, va giam 62,5% so vdi NO3 d ddt xii ly 1, dieu do<br />
chdng to thdi gian lUu nUdc da dat tdi bUdc dau cua qua trinh phan<br />
nitrat hoa. Nhin chung thdi gian 8 ngay xii ly ki khi va lUu 7 ngay<br />
trong he thong dat ngap nUdc da dem lai chat lUdng nudc sau xii ly dat<br />
tieu chu^n nUdc thai loai B cho nUdc thai cong nghiep.<br />
<br />
Qua ddt xii ly 2, chung toi th§'y viec tang thdi gian xii ly ki khi va<br />
thdi gian luu nUdc dUdc xii ly da dat mot so' hieu qua dang ke.<br />
<br />
Bang 4. Ket qua phan tich cac chi dinh trUdc xii ly va sau xuf ly.<br />
<br />
Cac chi t i e u TXL(mgA) SXLi (mg/1) HSXLi(%)<br />
Mau den Khong mau<br />
Miii Hoi thdi Khong miii<br />
DO 1,3 3,9 tang<br />
BOD5 176,6 30 83<br />
COD 500 80 84<br />
NH4+ 8.57 2,74 68<br />
<br />
NO2" 0,1 0,045 55<br />
NOs" 3 1,8 40<br />
P04^- 0,5 0,1 80<br />
SS 700 60 91<br />
pH 9 7<br />
<br />
<br />
3.3 Ket qua xir ly nude thai dot 3<br />
Tvf so' lieu Bang 5, ta thay cac chi tieu qua he thong "dat ngap<br />
nUdc" da dat tdi nhufng gia tri gan nhU cue dai va xap xi dat tieu chuan<br />
<br />
<br />
157<br />
loai A, POj- dat 100%. Con lai cac chi tieu khac deu dat 80%. Dac biet<br />
nhiing chi tieu ma ddt 1, ddt 2, khong giam hoac giam it nbU NO3, NO2,<br />
NH4^ thi nay da giam nhanh nhU NO3 dat 80%, NO2, NO3, N H ^ dat<br />
tdi 94,2%, trong do NO3 va NO2 da dat tdi tieu cbu£n nUdc thai loai A,<br />
do la dieu rat to't trong xii ly ddt 3 nay.<br />
<br />
Dac biet chu y trong ca 3 ddt xii ly la nUdc thai dau vao vdi pH<br />
kiem manh (pH = 9) nhUng sau qua trinh xii ly pH da dUdc dUa ve mdi<br />
trUdng trung tinh (pH - 7) dat tieu chuan nUdc thai loai A.<br />
Bang 5. Ket qua phan tich cac chi tieu trxidc xii ly va sau x^ ly<br />
<br />
Cac chi tieu TXL (mg/1) SXLi (mg/1) HSXLi(%)<br />
Mau den Khong mau<br />
Miii Hoi thoi Khong miii<br />
DO 1,3 4,2 tang<br />
BOD5 176,6 8,83 95<br />
COD 500 20 96<br />
NH4+ 8.57 0,5 94,2<br />
NO2" 0,1 0,01 90<br />
NOg- 3 0,6 80<br />
P04^- 0,5 0 100<br />
ss 700 23 96,7<br />
pH 9 7<br />
<br />
Hieu suat xii ly cua 3 ddt dUdc trinh bay d Hinh 2. Ta thay PO^-<br />
giam triet de (100%) la do vi sinh vat sii dung photpho trong qua trinh<br />
tong hdp te'bao va van chuyen nang lUdng, chung con hap thu va tich<br />
luy photpho de sii dung khi can thiet, ngoai ra photpho con dUdc hap<br />
thu bdi Idp da sdi, dong thdi trong thanh ph^n cua da sdi (da dam)<br />
chUa nhieu Ca^"^, Al^^ va trong moi trUdng kiem (pH = 9) nay sU tao<br />
thanh hdp chat ket tua giiia photpho va ion kim loai dUdng cung gdp<br />
phan dang ke trong qua trinh loai bd photpho.<br />
<br />
<br />
158<br />
100-r<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
BOD^ COD SS NO. po|- NO3 NH;<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hinh 2: Hieu suat xii ly 3 dtft<br />
<br />
Tiep theo cac thong so' BOD5, COD, NH4+, deu dat hieu qua tot<br />
nha't d ddt 3, tha'p nha't d ddt 1. Su giam nong do 6 nhiem cua cac thong<br />
so' tren la dUa tren sU tUdng tac giiia thUc vat thuy sinh (cay say, cay<br />
cdi) va cac vi sinh vat cd trong he tho'ng xii ly. He thUc vat thuy sinh<br />
hap thu chat dinh dUdng c6 trong nUdc do vi sinh vat phan giai ra dong<br />
thdi sU dung CO2 (sinh ra trong qua trinh yem khi), diep luc va anh<br />
sang mat trdi de tong hdp vat chat, dong thdi van chuyen O2 vao trong<br />
nUdc qua bo re, tao dieu kien cung cap cho sinh vat phan buy chat buEu<br />
cd thanh cac san pham c i n thiet dap tog nhu c^u dinh dUdng cua cay.<br />
<br />
NO2, NO3 cung giam rat manh trong ddt 2 va 3 nha't la trong<br />
ddt 3, dieu do chiing to thdi gian luu giii lau da tao du dieu kien de qua<br />
trinh n i t r a t hoa va qua trinh p h a n n i t r a t xay ra. H a m lUdng can<br />
Id liing (SS) deu giam m a n h trong ca 3 ddt va dat hieu qua cao<br />
nha't trong ddt 3, do qua trinh lang dong d ddt 3 xay ra vdi thdi<br />
gian lau nha't.<br />
<br />
4. KfiT LUAN - KIJ^N NGHI<br />
<br />
Ket l u a n<br />
<br />
Qua cac ket qua danh gia dUdc tCi! thi nghiem, thUc te cd the dUa<br />
ra dUdc mot so* ket luan sau:<br />
<br />
<br />
159<br />
1. Xii ly nUdc thai bang bien phap dat ngap nUdc nhan tao la sU<br />
ket hdp cua phUdng phap boa, ly va phUdng phap sinh hoc. Bai<br />
bao nay da gidi thieu mot he tho'ng de xii ly nUdc thai, cac cd che<br />
loai bd chat 6 nhilm trong dat ngap nUdc, va vai trd ciia thUc vat<br />
thuy sinh trong dat ngap nUdc.<br />
2. Sii dung he tho'ng dat ngap nudc nhan tao dem lai hieu qua xii<br />
ly nUdc thai cao. TU ket qua thi nghiem cho thay tat ca cac thong<br />
so 6 nhilm nhU: DO, BOD5, COD, NH4, NO3, NO2, P 0 | , SS deu<br />
giam dang ke, pH dUdc dUa tuf moi trUdng kiem ve trung tinh.<br />
Hieu qua xii ly ddt 3 cao hdn ddt 1 va ddt 2. Cu the la: BOD5 giam<br />
95%, COD giam 96%, NH4 giam 94,2%, NO3 giam 80%, NO2 giam<br />
90%, POl' giam 100%, SS giam 96,7%. Cac chi tieu nay sau xii ly<br />
deu da dat tdi moi trUdng xung quanh.<br />
<br />
Kien nghi<br />
<br />
<br />
PhUdng phap su: dung dat ng^p nUdc nhan tao xii ly nUdc thai la<br />
mot phUdng phap c6 nhieu Uu diem, dac biet no rat phu hdp vdi dieu<br />
kien Viet Nam hien nay do chi phi xay dUng va van hanh tha'p. Do vay<br />
can dUdc sii dung rong rai trong cac cd sd san xua't gay 6 nbiem<br />
<br />
Cd the ap dung de nghien cUu sau hdn, md rong hdn ve dat ngap<br />
nUdc nhan tao xii ly nUdc thai, dac biet la doi vdi cac loai nUdc thai c6<br />
ham lUdng chat hiiu cd cao nhu nUdc thai nha may che bien ca phe,<br />
nha may gia'y, nha may che bien thUc pham, cac cd sd gie't mo.<br />
<br />
Viec sii dung he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao de xii ly nUdc thai<br />
phu hdp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam vi mot so' ly do sau:<br />
- Viet Nam thuoc vung khi hau nhiet ddi, thuan Idi cho sU phat<br />
trien cua cac thUc vat trong trong he thong dat ngap nUdc;<br />
- Tai Viet Nam c6 nhieu dia phUdng hoac cd sd san xu^'t c6 quy<br />
dat rong de c6 the xay dUng he thong dat ngap nUdc nhan tao xii<br />
ly nUdc thai;<br />
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la re. Vi vay, trong dieu kien kinh te ciia Viet Nam hien nay thi<br />
viec sd dung he tho'ng dat ngap nUdc nhan tao de xii ly nudc thai<br />
la phu hdp vdi nhieu do'i tUdng.<br />
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