Tiiu ban: Mdi truang vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br />
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<br />
NGHIEN c t r u THU'C HIEN DE AN PHAT T R I £ N NHIEN LIEU SINH<br />
HOC TAI VIET NAM CUA CHINH PHU TRONG LINH VlTC<br />
BIODIESEL Of VIEN KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE VIET NAM<br />
• • • •<br />
<br />
Ho Son Lam<br />
Viin Khoa hpc vdt lieu irng dung; Sd 1 - Mgc Dinh Chi, Ql, TP HCM<br />
Email: sonlamho05(a),gmail. com<br />
Tom tat<br />
Phdt triin nhien lieu sinh hpc tgi Viet nam la mdt di dn Ityn ciia Chinh phii,<br />
trong do diesel sinh hpc ddng vai trd quan trpng gdp phdn gidi quyit vdn di ndng<br />
lucmg, mdi trudmg vd xda ddi, gidm ngheo cho viing sdu, xa. Cdng trinh giai thiiu<br />
cdng nghi sdn xudt biodiesel tir cdc logi ddu thuc vdt Viet nam trong mdt ddy<br />
chuyin khep kin, tir hgt cd ddu din sdn phdm eudi cimg. Cdc kit qud nghien ciru<br />
trinh bdy trong bdo cdo ndy la tap hap cua nhiiu di tdi cdc cdp thudc Vien<br />
KHCNVN md nhdm de tdi dd nghien ciru trong gdn 20 ndm, chung minh tdm nhin<br />
vd vai trd phdn biin cua cdc nhd khoa hpc trong Viin KHCNVN..<br />
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1. DAT V A N D E<br />
1.1 Tinh hinh nghien cuu san xuat va su dung biodiesel tren the gidi trong nhung nam<br />
gan day<br />
Trong nhirng nam trudc 2004, ngudi ta thdng ke dugc khoang 50 nude va vimg lanh tho<br />
da bat dau sir dung biodiesel, thi tir dd den nay, theo bao cao thdng ke cua IFQC's "Global<br />
Biofuels Center" [1], sd nude va vimg lanh thd dang sir dung, dang cd cac chuong trinh da<br />
chiem gan bet ban dd the gidi. Rieng Nga, mdt sd nude trung ddng, chau phi la chua cd thong<br />
tin. Dieu dd chiing td rang Biodiesel dang tir tir xam nhap vao ddi sdng xa hdi loai ngudi va<br />
se la mdt trong nhiing nhirng dang nhien lieu quan trgng trong thi ky 21.<br />
Van de nay ciing the hien rd d sd lugng cac patent dugc d p giiy chiing nhan [2]. Thing<br />
ke so lugng patent trong cac nam tir 2002 din 2007 cho thiy cd sir tang diu trong timg nam<br />
va den hit nam 2007 da cd khoang 2796 patent, trong dd, nam 2007 da gIp 7 lln nam 2002.<br />
Neu so sanh sd lugng patent trong ITnh vuc biodiesel so vdi cac ITnh vuc nang lugng mdi<br />
khac trong nam 2007, chiing ta ciing se thay biic tranh tuong tu:<br />
Biodiesel: 1045 [56%]<br />
Nang lugng mat trdi: 555 [29%]<br />
Nang lugng gid: 282 [15%]<br />
Song song vdi cdng tac nghien ciiu, nhu clu thuc tl ciia Biodiesel tren thi trudng cung<br />
tang len dang kl: NIU nam 2001, nhu clu la 2 trieu tin B-lOO, thi din nam 2008, nhu clu da<br />
gan 12 trieu tan [3].<br />
Mdt van de rat dang quan tam, dd la khai niem vl biodiesel cung da cd 'nhilu thay dli.<br />
Neu trudc nam 2008 chi cd mdt khai niem biodiesel duy nhit, chi diu diesel di tir nguyen lieu<br />
tai tao, thi nay, khai niem dd dugc thay bing hai loai khac nhau [4]:<br />
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300<br />
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br />
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- Biodiesel tir san pham ndng nghiep (Agro-Biodiesel), dugc hieu la nguyen lieu san xuat<br />
biodiesel di tir dau thuc vat nguyen chat (dau nguyen chat hay ester cua chiing), md<br />
ddng vat hay ester cua chiing.<br />
- Diesel tai sinh (renawable diesel): dugc hieu la dau diesel san xuat tir biomass c6 sir<br />
dung nhiet, ap suat, xiic tac hay qua trinh depolyme hda (diesel di tir dau an phe thai<br />
ciing nam trong nhdm nay, cd hay khdng co chat phu gia (additive).<br />
Qua gan 20 nam sir dung diesel sinh bgc (biodiesel), ngudi ta da cd each nhin nguyen lieu<br />
ngay cang cdi md hon. Trudc day, cac nude sir dung biodiesel d chau Au, chi sir dung dau rape<br />
(cai dau) lam nguyen lieu vdi each ggi quen thuoc la RME, hay sir dung dau cg (PALME), dau<br />
budng duang( SME)..., sau nay, danh tir thudng xuyen gap la FAME, cd nghTa la metyl este cua<br />
cac axit beo. Dieu dd chiing td rang, nguyen lieu da khong bi gidi ban boi cac loai dau beo. Chat<br />
lugng san pham dugc xac dinh theo tieu chuan ciia timg nude hay khu vuc.<br />
1.2 Biodiesel cua Viet Nam trong xu the thdi dai<br />
Nghien ciiu cdng nghe va thir nghiem biodiesel tir dau thuc vat tai nude ta bat dau dugc<br />
quan tam tir nhiing nam 1980. Trong khoang 7-8 nam gan day cac nghien ciiu ve dieu che<br />
biodiesel dugc chii y nhieu, chu yeu theo phuang phap este hda vdi ngudn nguyen lieu tir dau<br />
dau nanh, dau dira, dau an phe thai. Mot sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu phan ling transeste boa<br />
bang sdng sieu am, nhiet phan hay hydro hda...ciing dugc tien hanh [4 -17]. Dd la chua ke sd<br />
lugng cac bai bao, cac luan van tdt nghiep dai hgc, cao hgc dugc thuc hien hang nam tai cac<br />
Vien, Trudng. Tuy nhien, ket qua dat dugc ciia cac nghien ciiu tren chi mang tinh dinh budng,<br />
tham dd va viec thir nghiem biodiesel chua phat trien rgng khap, chua mang tinh qudc gia, ma<br />
chi la tu phat.<br />
Trong tien trinh hdi nhap, Viet nam khong the diing ngoai trao luu sir dung nhien lieu<br />
sinh hgc, cho nen Chinh phii da phe duyet "De an phat trien nhien lieu sinh hgc den nam<br />
2015, tim nhin din nam 2025" [18], trong dd, muc tieu tdng quat la phat trien nhien lieu sinh<br />
hgc, mgt dang nang lugng mdi, tai tao dugc de thay the mdt phan nhien lieu hda thach truyen<br />
thing, gdp phan bao dam an ninh nang lugng va bao ve mdi trudng. Muc tieu cu the cua timg<br />
giai doan cd the tdm tat nhu sau:<br />
- Din nam 2015, san lugng ethanol va dau thuc vat dat 250 nghin tan (pha dugc 5 trieu<br />
tan E5, B5), dap ling \% nhu cau xang dau cua ca nude;<br />
- Tim nhin din nam 2025: Cdng nghe san xuat nhien lieu sinh hgc d nude ta dat trinh dp<br />
tien tiln tren thi gidi. San lugng ethanol va dau thuc vat dat 1,8 trieu tan, dap ling<br />
khoang 5% nhu cau xang dau cua ca nude.<br />
Day la mdt nhiem vu ldn va nang nl, ddi hdi KH&CN Viet nam phai phan dau nbieu ban<br />
de cd nhung dot pha, mdi cd the hoan thanh de an ciia Chinh phu.<br />
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2. QUA TRINH HINH T H A N H V A C A C KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU<br />
Nghien ciiu chuyin hda diu thuc vat de nang cao hieu qua kinh te ciia nd da dugc Vien<br />
KH&CN Viet nam chii trgng diu tu vao nhimg nam 90 ciia the ky 20. Trong dd, viec nghien<br />
cim chuyin hda diu ThIu diu, dau Rai, dau Mang tang. Bach dan chanh... thanh nguyen lieu<br />
cho ting hgp huong lieu da dat dugc nhiing ket qua kha quan trong tdng the ciia chuong trinb<br />
Nha nude KC 06-07.<br />
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301<br />
Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br />
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Tilp theo dd, trong chuong trinh Trung du-Miln niii ciia nhimg nam 1998-2003, Vien<br />
KHCNVN da chi dao nghien ciiu sir dung va chuyin hda diu beo ciia mien niii phia Bac nhu<br />
diu Sd, diu Trlu, diu Lai, diu Cg, diu Hat cai - nhiing loai cd triln vgng nim trong chuong<br />
trinh 5 trieu hecta rimg cua Chinh phu. Mdt sl loai diu khac cua khu vuc Trung du va mien<br />
Trung nhu diu hat Che, diu Bdng vai, diu hat Cao su, diu hat Gdn, diu hat Dieu...cung dugc<br />
dua vao chuong trinh nghien cuu co ban va ling dung.<br />
Giai doan 2004 din nay, Vien KHCNVN chinh thuc dua viec nghien ciiu nhien lieu sinh<br />
hgc tir dau beo (loai khdng an dugc) vao chuong trinh nang lugng mdi.<br />
Mac dii kinh phi cho nhiing nghien ciiu nay khdng nhieu (khoang 150-250 trieu/de tai cho<br />
2 nam) nhung kit qua cua nd da tao nen mdt chuoi cdng nghe khdng ba thai trong che bien<br />
diu thuc vat va dd la nIn tang virng chic cho viec phat trien nhien li?u sinh hgc( diesel sinh<br />
hgc la chinh) sau nay. Nd ciing la nen tang ciia nen kinh te cacbon thap ma ngudi ta dang de<br />
cap den trong vai nam trd lai day.<br />
Nhiing ket qua dd la:<br />
1) Qui trinh cdng nghe che biin dau Sd, dau hat Cai, dau Cg Ha giang thanh dau an. Cac<br />
kit qua nghien ciiu da xay dung thanh du an va bao cao vdi UBND tinh Ha giang, Sd<br />
KHCN, Sd Cdng nghiep de tien hanh trien khai<br />
2) Nghien ciiu cdng nghe chiet xuat dau Trau de phuc hdi cac co sd san xuat dau Trau tren<br />
dia ban tinh Cao bang cho muc dich xuat khau va khdi phuc rimg Trau d day.<br />
3) Nghien ciiu cdng nghe sir dung vd Trau, Sd de san xuat vat lieu ben nude, cd the diing<br />
lam tam Igp, vach ngan thay mai tranh va vach bang tre niia cho ddng bao vung cao.<br />
4) Nghien ciiu sir dung ba Trau, Sd lam chat tang trgng cho thiic an gia siic.<br />
5) Nghien ciiu trich ly cac chat cd boat tinh sinh hgc trong dau hat Trau, Sd.Lai, hat cay<br />
Den... de lam thudc trir sau sinh hgc.<br />
6) Nghien ciiu tdng hgp biodiesel tir dau thuc vat cd san d Viet nam.<br />
7) Nghien cim hoan thien con6ng nghe san xuat biodiesel tir dau thuc vat Viet nam d qui<br />
md pilot 100kg san pham ngay.<br />
8) Nghien ciiu tdng hgp cac chat phu gia tir hgp chat tu nhien cho dau diesel va biodiesel<br />
de tang chi sd cetan, chdng oxy hda...<br />
Ngoai ra, viec nghien ciiu san xuat xang the he mdi (hydrocacbon) tir biomass phe thai<br />
Cling da dugc chiing tdi nghien ciiu vdi nhimg ket qua kha tdt:<br />
Trong ap suat khoang 2 at, nhiet do 180 °C, 83%o cenlulozo thd diu chuyin hda thanh<br />
hydrocacbon CIO- co sd ciia viec tao thanh xang cd chi sd octan cao khdng qua qua trinh len<br />
men thanh cdn nhu the gidi va Viet nam dang lam.<br />
Cd the khang dinh rang, Vien KHCNVN khdng chi di trudc xu thi cua thdi dai tai Viet nam<br />
trong ITnh vuc diesel sinh hgc, ma cdn dat nen mdng cho nen kinh tl cacbon thip trudc khi no<br />
hinh thanh chu thuyet.<br />
Cung chinh vi vay, Vien KHCNVN da gdp phan giai quyet hoan chinh khau cdng nghe va ky<br />
thuat trong de an phat trien nhien lieu sinh hgc ciia Chinh phu trong ITnh vuc diesel sinh hgc.<br />
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Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br />
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3. NHlTNG V A N DE DUOfC GlAl QUYET TRONG DE A N CUA CHINH PHU VE<br />
NHIEN LIEU SINH HOC<br />
Trong de an phat trien nhien lieu sinh hgc cua Chinh phu cd 5 vin dl chinh cin phai giai<br />
quyet nbu sau:<br />
1) Van de nguyen lieu<br />
2) Van de cdng nghe.<br />
3) Van de ty le phdi trgn<br />
4) Van de phu gia<br />
5) Phuang an cung ling.<br />
Trong dd, van de thii nam khdng thudc thim quyin ciia Vien KHCNVN, nen chiing tdi<br />
khdng dua ra d day. Van de nguyen lieu (1) qua thuc la vin dl mlu chit, nhung do each dat<br />
van de cua chiing tdi khac vdi nhieu quan diem bien cd nen chiing tdi dat d phin 3.3, dl cd<br />
them thdng tin d cac phan 3.1&3.2.<br />
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3.1 Cong nghe& Thiet bi<br />
A/ Trong giai doan 2005-2006, Hdi ding KH nganh KHVL d p kinh phi de thuc hien dl<br />
tai d p Vien KHCNVN: "Nghien cu'u tdng hap Biodiesel tie ddu thuc vat Viet nam". Ndi<br />
dung chu yeu ciia de tai:<br />
+ Nghien ciiu cdng nghe chuyen hda mgt sd dau thuc vat VN thanh nhien lieu biodiesel:<br />
Dau dira (tien giang), dau Gdn ( Tien giang), Cao su (Binh phudc), Trau (Ha giang) Sd<br />
(Ha giang), Cg niii(Ha giang). Hat cai (Ha giang), Bdng vai( Ninh thuan), DIU Dau<br />
nanh (Ddng nai), Cg (Malaixia), Cai diu ( Rape-Diic)...<br />
+ Nghien ciiu cac chi sd hda ly cua cac mau dau ndi tren theo cac tieu chuan quIc tl vl<br />
biodiesel: do nhdt, ty trpng, nhiet lugng, nhiet chdp chay, chi so cetan( phuang phap<br />
tinh tdan), ham lugng etyleste, ham lugng Mono, Di-triglyxerit trong etyleste, ham<br />
lugng nude, chi sd axit, bazo, iod, chi sd dn dinh oxy hda.<br />
+ Ddng hgc va co che phan ling Transeste hda.<br />
+ Cac Igai xiic tac cho phan ling transeste hda.<br />
+ Dieu kien phan ling trong phdng tbi nghiem: ty le cac chat tham gia phan ling, ham<br />
lugng va thanh phan xiic tac, nhiet do phan ling, thdi gian phan ling<br />
+ Nghien ciiu phdi trdn thanh cac mau tieu chuan tir cac Igai dau khac nhau: Bio-1, Bio-2<br />
va Bio-3 va so sanh vdi dau cai cua Diic: theo tieu chuan EDIN 51606 nhu d bang sau:<br />
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Bio-1 Bio-2 Bio-3 EDIN<br />
TT Chi sd Dom vi RME<br />
lAMS lAMS lAMS 51606<br />
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1 Ty trgng g/ml 0,8796 0,876 0,894 0,898 0,875-0,9<br />
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2 Do nhdt DH mm / s 4,24 4,98 5,02 5,35 3,5-5,5<br />
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3 Ham lugng nude mg/kg 300 165 187 245