NGHIEN CQU VE VAI TRO CUA GIOI QUA TU LIEU<br />
KHAO CO HOC<br />
<br />
<br />
TS. L a m Thi My D u n g<br />
Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV,<br />
DHQGHN<br />
<br />
<br />
L f THUYET VA PHU^ONG PHAP TifiP CAN<br />
<br />
Trong mot vai thap ky qua, dac biet vdi sU xuat hien cua trUdng<br />
phai "iC/ido CO hgc mdV\ van de gidi/gidi tinh the hien qua cac tai lieu<br />
khao CO hpc trd thanh chii de nghien cijfu cua nhieu hpc gia (xem Sarah<br />
Milledge Nelson va Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, 2001; Kathleen M. Bolen,<br />
2004; Cheryl Claassen, 2004...). Hang loat van de ve phudng phap<br />
luan, each tiep can... diidc dat ra cung vdi nbiSng dinh de va phan de.<br />
<br />
Triidng phai ''Khao co hgc mdi" ly luan rang khong the tim hieu<br />
cupe so'ng con ngifdi trong qua khii neu chi dat van de mot each ddn<br />
gian. Neu nhif trong nhiing nam 60, ngUdi ta chu trpng qua mite tdi<br />
cau true xa hoi ma dien hinh la nhuEng ndi cU tru hay mp dia, thi cac<br />
nha khao cd hpc cua nhiing thap ky 70, 80 mot each kien tri ben bi da<br />
giai gidi (de-gendered) va giai boa (de-cultured) qua khii. Dai dien tieu<br />
bieu la Barbara Bender, ngUdi da nh^c chung ta tit nam 1985 (1985:<br />
52) r^ng chung ta da loai bd "ca lich sxi rieng biet va ca nhiing cai<br />
chinh cua cau true xa hoi de ung ho cho mot m i u so sinh thai chung<br />
dUdc cho la dung". Dong thai chung cua nhiing boat dpng giai - gidi,<br />
tham chi giai - cU tru dUdc tien hanh bdi ba nguyen nhan; 1. Gidi cua<br />
ca nhan difdc xem la khong quan trpng de nghien ciiu. 2. Su thiia nhan<br />
ve gidi xem ra khong c6 ly do xac dang va 3. NgUdi dieu tra nghien ciiu<br />
tin rang tat ca mpi (hay ca hai) gidi ciia xa hoi deu thUc hien boat dpng<br />
xa hoi nhU nhau.<br />
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335<br />
TiLf goc dp phUdng phap luan cd hai van de ndi com. Thuf nhat la<br />
sU hieu biet chung cua chung ta ve sii khac nhau giiia khao c6 hpc ve<br />
gidi va khao cd hpc theo thuyet nam nii binh quyen, thii hai la mtic dp<br />
the hien rd rang xet tit gdc dp khao c6 hpc ve gidi.<br />
<br />
Do'i vdi da so nhiing ngUdi theo thuyet nam nH binh quyen thi sU<br />
khao sat dia vi ciia gidi "nam" hay "nii" trong qua khv( dUdc xem la chii<br />
dao, trong khi van de gidi tinh - dieu kien sinh hpc, va gidi - dieu kien<br />
van boa (mot sU phan chia dUdc nhieu nha nhan hpc chap nhan xet tit<br />
khia canh khao cd hpc) thi cd nhi3ng mijfc dp khac nhau ve tinh ro rang<br />
trong nhan biet.<br />
<br />
Nghien ciiu ve gidi trong khao cd hpc ndi rieng va nhan hpc ndi<br />
chung xuat phat tit nhiing van de cd ban sau: Chiic nang xa hoi ciia<br />
gidi; vai trd xa hoi cua gidi; mdi quan he ciia gidi, phan cong lao dpng<br />
cua gidi va ly thuyet "dan ong-san b^t- ngUdi che tao cong cu", "dan ba-<br />
hai lUdm-ngUdi me". Su phctc tap va da dang cua van boa nhan loai da<br />
lam dao Ion nhieu ket luan va dinh de t t o g dUdc coi la kinh dien, dac<br />
biet la quan diem tho sd va rat rach rdi ve phan dinh gidi cho tat ca<br />
mpi xa hoi, g^n gidi/gidi tinh vdi t t o g boat dpng kinh te van boa vdi<br />
t t o g loai cong cu lao dpng va tii do quan he trong lao dpng.<br />
<br />
Su phat trien tren thUc te cUc ky pbiic tap, da dang, da tuyen, va<br />
khong the ap dung cho tat ca mot hoac vai mo hinh c t o g nhac, nhiing<br />
mo hinh dii diidc xem la ly tudng thUdng dan den hien tUdng thay cay<br />
ma khong thay r t o g hoac ngUdc lai.<br />
<br />
Theo R.Lowie, nhiing nghien cdu so sanh nhan hpc cho thay sU<br />
phan cong lao dpng theo gidi tinh, trong mot chtog miic Idn mang tinh<br />
Udc le, nghia la no khong g^n chut nao vdi dac diem sinh ly cua hai<br />
gidi. Tiiy vao nhiing quy tac hien hanh d cac bp lac (tham chi hai bp<br />
lac so'ng g&n nhau cung rat khac nhau va ngUdc lai) va luon luon c6<br />
nhOngngoaile (Lowie 2001: 102-103). Tuy vay mot each khai quat vln<br />
cd the chap nhan la phu nii sang tao ra nghe lam vUdn, con dan ong<br />
thuan boa gia sue. Van de duy nhat ma ngudi ta can lUu y la sU phan<br />
cong theo quy Udc cac cong viec cho t t o g gidi. Su phan cong con phu<br />
thupc vao v6 sd cac yeu to khac nhu Idp tudi (ddi vdi nhiing ngUdi doc<br />
<br />
<br />
336<br />
than), theo tam ly, theo kha nang dac biet cua t t o g ca nhan cu the,<br />
theo niem tin, theo thdi quen, theo truyen thong... Ciing the, doi khi<br />
ngUdi ta noi qua nhieu den vai trd cua kinh te ma khong hieu r^ng<br />
nhan to kinh te chi la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan tac dpng ddi vdi<br />
cUdng vi gidi. Ciing theo n h t o g nghien ciiu so sanh van boa (cross cul-<br />
tural researches), c6 nhiing bp tpc hoan toan khac biet nhau lai cd<br />
chung nhiing quan niem gidng. nhau ve phu nuE.<br />
<br />
Xa hoi loai ngUdi tii thdi nguyen thuy den nay khong phai la mot<br />
trang thai ddng nhat budn te, ma la mot kho'i da dang nhieu mau s^c.<br />
Dong chay cua bade van dpng van boa, qua thuc, khong tiiy thupc vao<br />
mot yeu to' duy nhat, ma la tu: ca phiic he nhiing yeu to' g i n hen vdi<br />
nhau va bdi vi nhiing yeu to nay khong phai la deu la mot, va khong<br />
the la nhu the khi biet rang sU khac biet cua n h t o g trung tam van<br />
boa, mot khi cd trUdc van dpng nao do nay sinh, hau nhu khong tranh<br />
khoi d i n den nhuEng bien dang.<br />
<br />
Nghien c t o ve gidi trong khao cd hpc sit dung nhieu each tiep can<br />
khac nhau nhU tiep can so sanh dan tpc hpc, nghien c t o xUdng ciia mp<br />
tang, van ban c6, nghe thuat va buyen/tban thoai va nghien c t o so<br />
sanh sinh ly hpc va dpng vat hpc...<br />
<br />
Moi each tiep can tren day deu c6 hai mat tich cUc va ban che va<br />
trong sxi phat trien ciia xa hoi loai ngUdi luon luon tdn tai n h t o g ngoai<br />
le. Xet tii gdc dp hien vat khao cd hpc ma ndi, tren dai the riu va miii<br />
ten cd the gan vdi dan ong, lam go'm bang tay, det cd the lien quan chat<br />
che hdn vdi gidi nii. NhUng khong phai ddn gian nhu vay, neu chung<br />
ta tinh den nhiing hoan canh bat binh thiidng nhU chien tranh chang<br />
ban thi cai binh thUdng se trd nen bat binh thUdng va ngUdc lai, theo<br />
kieu thdi binh dan ong cay rupng, dan ba cay hai, con thdi chien dan<br />
ba se phai thUc hien mpi cong doan tii cay biia den cay hai. Do vay cai<br />
cay khong chi la cong cu ciia nam theo tieu chuan phan cong lao dpng<br />
theo gidi. Day la chua tinh den nhiing cong eu trung tinh dUde ca hai<br />
gidi va nhieu Idp tuoi sit dung nhu dao hay keo chang ban. Doi khi cac<br />
nha khao cd hpc rat au tri khi ap dung tU duy hien dai de giai thich sU<br />
khac biet gidi ciia chu nhan mot so' mp tang qua so' lUdng va loai hinh<br />
do trang site. Trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, do trang siic khong chi ddn<br />
<br />
337<br />
t h u i n de lam dep ma chung thUdng da chiic nang (trang sto, ma<br />
thuat, khac ngUdi...), trong do chu yeu de the hien vi the xa hoi cua<br />
chu nhan. Nhieu trUdng hdp, ngUdi nam dUdc chon theo nhieu do<br />
trang sde ca ve so' lUdng va chat lUdng hdn ngUdi nii. Se that sai lam<br />
neu ap dung mot each may mdc sU phan cong lao dpng theo gidi dUa<br />
vao kieu dang cong cu ddi vdi nhiing nghe nhan thu cong. Trong<br />
trUdng hdp dac biet nay vai tro chung cua gidi tinh, sU khac biet tang<br />
Idp, hay tham chi nhiing linh vUc boat dpng chuyen biet, cbii khong<br />
phai sU khac nhau ve gidi se la nhiing yeu to'quyet dinh.<br />
<br />
Cach tiep can so sanh dan tpc hpc ddng vai tro quan trpng trong<br />
nghien cdu vai tro ciia gidi trong xa hoi qua kbii. Tuy vay, cac xa hoi<br />
lai cUc ky da dang va moi xa hoi cung cd nhiing qui luat rieng biet. Cd<br />
sU bien ddi rat Idn tii phUdng Dong sang phUdng Tay, tii xa hoi chan<br />
nuoi la nganh kinh te chii dao sang xa hoi ma hai ludm la boat dpng<br />
kinh te chinh, tu" nhiing xa hoi cong nghiep sang xa hoi nong nghiep,<br />
hay ngay ca ben trong nhiing xa hoi ciing chung loai. N h t o g tU lieu<br />
khao sat gan day nhat ciia chung toi tai thon Co Liiy, xa Nghia Phu,<br />
buyen Tu Nghia, tinh Quang Ngai, mot thon ciia song ven bien va cU<br />
dan cd nghe khai thae thuy/hai san so'ng d v t o g nUde Id quanh nam<br />
rat noi tieng la don va hen cho thay cd sU chuyen boa nhat dinh ngay<br />
ca trong chi mot nganh danh bat/hai lUdm san vat tU nhien va vai tro<br />
nam giii kinh te gia dinh ciia phu nii. Do dac diem ciia viec khai thac<br />
nen dan ong gan chat vdi cong cu nhiii don, con dan ba thi di cao hen,<br />
ca hai loai cong cu lam bang chat lieu thuc vat nay deu do dan ong dan<br />
lat. Viec buon ban tuy vay nam trong tay dan ba va nhU the bp di<br />
nhien ddng vai trd tay bom chia khoa trong gia dinh.<br />
<br />
<br />
GlOl - QUA NGHIEN CtlU NGHE THUAT THC)I Tif N SLT<br />
Khai niem tien sd (prehistory) d t o g de chi mot thdi ky rat dai<br />
trong dien trinh van hda nhan loai khi chua c6 chii viet, bao gdm hai<br />
thdi dai da cii va da mdi tii each day vai trieu nam den khoang thien<br />
nien ky 2 trUdc cong nguyen.<br />
<br />
TrUdc khi Homo Sapiens va Nghe thuat xuat hien, loai ngUdi da<br />
trai qua 4 trieu nam tien boa. NhU vay nghe thuat mdi chi tdn tai<br />
<br />
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338<br />
trong khoang 1% gan day ciia ky nguyen loai ngUdi. Ngay tu: dau, c^n<br />
phai xua tan nhiing quan niem sai l^m ve nguon gdc cua nghe thuat.<br />
Nghe thuat khong sinh ra tu! mot trUc cam bat chdt ma la ket qua cua<br />
sU phat trien dan t t o g bude cac nang lUc nhan thiic ciia con ngUdi.<br />
Ngudn gdc cua nghe thuat lai it nhieu t r t o g hdp vdi nhiing bieu hien<br />
dau tien cua mot so'nang lUc dac biet ciik con ngUdi: tu duy t r t o tUdng<br />
va hinh tUdng hda, truyen tin, va y thiic ve ban than. So vdi thuy to<br />
ciia con ngUdi trUdc kia, day khong chi la mot sU tien hoa ma la mot<br />
cupe each mang thuc sU - cupe each mang nghe thuat, budc ngoat Idn<br />
trong tien hda tU duy con ngUdi. Mae dii c6 mot sd ngUdi da cd c h t o g<br />
minh rang loai khi va vUdn ngUdi deu c6 kha nang san sinh ra nghe<br />
thuat, song nhiing gia thuyet nay deu khong c6 can cii khoa hpc. Su<br />
hinh thanh cac ban sac Homo Sapiens cua loai ngUdi chiing ta theo cac<br />
nha nhan hpc ddi hoi phai cd dUdc toan bp nhiing chiic nang chuyen<br />
mon boa va nhiing thupc tinh rieng nhU: biet nbin, nghe va cam nhan<br />
vdi mot sU minh man va mot each thiic hoan toan dac biet cua nhiing<br />
sapiens (ngUdi tinh khon), tat nhien tri tue cua nhiing sapiens ciing da<br />
dUdc di truyen theo ky to tii phan bp ngUdi den ngUdi.<br />
<br />
DUdng nhu ve mat tri tue, Homo Sapiens khi sinh ra da c6 nang<br />
lUc san sinh ra van boa va tii do la dang dac biet cua van hda, tdc la<br />
nghe thuat. Do vay mot so' ngUdi da de nghi thay khai niem Homo<br />
Sapiens, Homo Sapiens Sapiens (tto hai Ian tinh khon) thanh Homo<br />
Cultural (con ngUdi van hda) hay Homo intelleetuahs (con ngUdi cd tri<br />
tue) cho chinh xac hdn.<br />
<br />
Dac diem cua nghe thuat thdi tien sxi theo cac nha nghien ciiu la<br />
sU tho'ng nhat cua chu de va ky thuat vdi tinh da dang dang kinh ngac<br />
ve bieu tUdng trong nhiing nen van hda va thdi ky khac nhau (Denis<br />
Vialou 1998: 17). Tinh thong nhat ve chu de va ky thuat cua cac nen<br />
nghe thuat tien sii da phan anh sU gid'ng nhau tUdng ddi ciia nhfing<br />
16'i song va cac nen kinh te tien sii hoan toan hudng ve thien nhien,<br />
tuy nhien dieu nay khong the che lap tinh da dang tuyet dieu ve<br />
hinh tUdng.<br />
<br />
Nghe thuat thdi tien sii cd mat hkn nhU d khip mpi viing tren<br />
Trai dat, tii mien nhiet ddi cho den B^c cUc, tren n h t o g dia hinh cUc<br />
<br />
<br />
339<br />
ky da dang, tii hang dpng dudi long dat cho den dinh nui cao. Nghe<br />
thuat thdi nay g i n lien vdi ma thuat, tin ngUdng... Theo cac nha<br />
nghien ciiu, nghe thuat thdi dai bang gia cudi c t o g phuc vu cho cac<br />
boat dpng ma thuat, g i n lien vdi san b i t va sinh san. Sau thdi ky<br />
nay nghe t h u a t di theo dudng hUdng "nhan van" va cam hiing b i t<br />
ngudn tii mot quan niem than bi ve cac mdi quan he giiia con ngUdi<br />
va thien nhien.<br />
Viec giai thich y nghia bieu tUdng cua cac hinh tUdng nghe thuat<br />
thdi tien sii tren thUe te cUc ky phong phii da dang, hau nhU khong<br />
khac tinh hinh phe binh nghe thuat dUdng dai ma chiing ta gap trong<br />
sach bao hien nay. Vi du ve nghe thuat hang dpng thdi da cii hau ky<br />
ching ban: Mot so' ngUdi g i n nen nghe thuat nay vdi ma thuat san<br />
bIn/bIt, so'khac cho r i n g day la mot p h i n ciia nghi le khai tam, ctog<br />
CO nha nghien c t o lai xac dinh do la mot p h I n cua toan the the gidi<br />
ket hdp nhiing nguyen ly dUc cai, theo kieu nguyen ly am dUdng sau<br />
nay; trong khi d6 v i n tdn tai quan diem nhiing binh tUdng do the hien<br />
vat to cua nhiing bp tpc va thu linh giau cd (B. Hayden 1993: 8).<br />
<br />
Trong nghe thuat da cii, phd bien la nhiing hinh tUdng giong cai,<br />
hinh tUdng phu nii. Da phIn cac dien giai truyen thong ve cac "Ve nii"<br />
nguyen thuy deu gan vdi phdn thUc, tinh due. Tuy vay, cd the chap<br />
nhan quan diem hien nay rang hau bet cac "Ve nii" nay khong chi<br />
chuyen tai y nghia ve tinh due, ma hdp ly va bien chiing hdn la chtog<br />
the hien y tUdng cd ban ve sU sinh san, ve tinh lien tue ciia cupe so'ng,<br />
ngoai ra sU phd bien cua hinh tUdng nay d nhieu v t o g tren the gidi con<br />
the hien quan diem cua con ngUdi trUdc hien tUdng mang thai, sinh<br />
san, nuoi con nhU mot hien tUdng tU nhien ky bi. Theo Rice, nhiing "Ve<br />
nii" chau Au nguyen thuy the hien phu nii trong chu ky song ciia bp.<br />
Hinh tUdng ngUdi nii - ngUdi me phdng chieu qua bdn nhom Idp tudi<br />
sinh san tiic mot dang "tai san xuat" theo trinh tU sau: Tien - Sinh san<br />
Sinh san va mang thai; Sinh san va khong mang thai; Hau - Sinh san<br />
(Ricel981).<br />
<br />
Hinh tUdng Ba Me - Dat phd bien k h i p the gidi trong nghe thuat<br />
thdi dai da mdi thUdng dUdc cho la lien quan den mau h e - m l u quyen<br />
mat khac gan bd chat che mot each h t o cd vdi tin ngUdng nong nghiep<br />
<br />
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340<br />
dUdc hinh thanh mot each da dang ngay tii khdi dau ciia cupe each<br />
mang da mdi. Nhiing hinh tUdng nii t h i n phd bien rpng k h I p ban dao<br />
Ban Cang thdi Da mdi dUdc dien giai nhu la nhiing hinh tUdng ve vi<br />
the quan trpng va quyen lUc cua ngUdi phu nut. Tuy vay, lai c6 y kien<br />
phan bac dieu do, theo phai nay cd sU khong nhat quan giUa thUc te<br />
kinh te - xa hoi vdi nhiing de tai buyen thoai - ly tudng chinh. Doi khi<br />
chinh nang lUc sinh san t h i n bi cua con ngUdi va tU nhien quyet dinh<br />
n h t o g bieu tUdng van hda ma khong lien quan trUc tiep den vi the ciia<br />
bat cii mot gidi sinh hpc rach rdi nao. Su vUdt trpi ve sd lUdng nii than<br />
trong lich sit trung dai Viet Nam cd le ciing can dUdc xem xet mot each<br />
can trpng hdn la each dien giai ddn gian ve sU tai bdi nguyen ly Me cua<br />
van hda Viet Nam ban dia.<br />
<br />
<br />
THAY KfiT LUAN<br />
Tat ca nhiing dien giai ly thuyet va cu the ndi tren h l u nhU chua<br />
de cap den nhiing khac biet mang tinh sinh hpc bam sinh giiia nam va<br />
nii. Theo cac nha sinh hpc xa hoi, sU khac biet gidi cd ban trong chien<br />
lUde sinh san va giao phoi mang tinh di truyen. Trong khi cac nha<br />
khoa hpc xa hpi ngUdc lai, kha bi quan ve sU tdn tai ciia khac biet gidi<br />
do di truyen, hp cho r i n g nhiing khac biet ve gidi hien tdn la ket qua<br />
tii n h t o g gia tri van boa. Dii chap nhan hay chdi bd bat cii khuynh<br />
hudng nao trong ca hai khuynh hUdng ke tren, de giai quyet chung ta<br />
cin de ngd n h t o g dieu ndi tren cho n h t o g khao sat thuc nghiem va<br />
the nghiem.<br />
<br />
Thien hUdng bam sinh cua mdi gidi cung can dUdc tinh den ciing<br />
vdi xu hudng chinh tri ciia moi xa hpi va lieu ngoai hai che dp m l u /<br />
phu he trong lich sii con cd che dp thii ba trung gian nao khong va lieu<br />
chi hien nay chung ta mdi c6 phong trao ddi quyen binh dang nam nii<br />
hay khong. Do la nhiing van de ma khao cd hpc e i n tham khao tU lieu<br />
cua nhieu cac nganh khoa hpc khac neu mudn dat dUdc ket qua khach<br />
quan (d m t o dp c6 the).<br />
<br />
Rieng ddi vdi khao cd hpc Viet Nam, cho tdi nay gidi ehua bao gid<br />
dUdc dat ra de nghien ciiu, tham chi chi d m t o dp diem qua ve ten gpi<br />
hay khai niem.<br />
<br />
341<br />
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br />
1. Sarah Milledge Nelson va Myriam Rosen-Ayalon 2001. In<br />
Pursuit of Gender: Worldwide Archaeological Approaches. Gender<br />
and Archaeology Series. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.<br />
2. Kathleen M. Bolen 2004. Prehistoric Construction of<br />
Mothering. Html.<br />
3. Cheryl Claassen 2004. Gender in Archaeology. Html.<br />
4. Lowie R. 2001. Luan vexd hoi hgc nguyen thuy. NXB DHQG Ha<br />
Noi<br />
5. Barbara Bender 1986. The Roots of Inequality. Paper presented<br />
at the World Archaeology Conference. Southampton, England.<br />
6. Denis Vialou 1998. Nghe thuat cua bong tdi, nghe thuat cua<br />
dnh sang. Tap chi NgUdi dUa tin UNESCO, s d 4 .<br />
7. B. Hayden 1993. Archaeology-the science of once and future<br />
things. W.H. Freeman and Company.<br />
8. Patricia Ricel981. Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood<br />
or Womanhood? Journal of Anthropological Research 37.<br />
<br />
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342<br />