42<br />
<br />
Xd hpi hpc, sd I (137), 2017<br />
<br />
NHCTNG YEU TO QUYET DINH TINH TRANG MUC SINH THAP<br />
<br />
T^I VUNG DONG NAM B O VA GQI MC) CHO<br />
CHINH SACH DAN SO CJ VIET NAM<br />
NGUYEN DCC VINH'<br />
Tdm tdt: Theo kit qud dieu tra quoc gia gdn ddy, long ty sudt sinh ciia vimg Dong<br />
Nam Bp dd gidm khd sdu dudi miic sinh thay Ihe. Dua tren so liiu vd Dieu Ira ddn sd va<br />
nhd d gida itp ndm 2014 vd khung phdn tich mic sinh thdp cua Bongaarts (2001), cdc<br />
phdn tich cho thdy, ty li phu nii chira kit hon tang cao chinh Id nguyen nhdn chu yeu ddn<br />
din long ty sudt sinh thdp a viing Dong Nam Bp. Viic gidm long ty sudt sinh xuong dudi<br />
muc thay the Id hijn lupng khd phd biin khixd h^iphdt triin vd hijn dpi hoa den muc dp<br />
nhdt dinh, ngay cd khi hau hit cdc gia dinh diu vdn mong mudn co 2 con. Kit qud ndy<br />
gpi y viic xem xet ndi long vd da dgng hoa chinh sdch hgn chi sinh de hiin cho phii hpp<br />
voi ddc diem kinh te, xd hpi vd bien dpng nhdn khdu hpc, chudn bi chinh sdch khuyen sinh<br />
hap ly, chu trpng duy Iri chudn muc quy mo gia dinh 2 con.<br />
Tdr khod: mite sinh, miic sinh thip, yeu td quyet djiih mire sinh, Ddng Nam Bg.<br />
<br />
1. Boi cdnh<br />
Qua ba thdp ky cua qud Irinh Doi mdi, Vi^t Nam da dat dugc nhieu thdnh ti;u ding<br />
ghi nhan trong s\r nghigp phdt tridn kinh t6 - xi hgi ddt nude. Ciing trong giai do^n nay,<br />
Vi?t Nam trdi qua thdi ky qud dd ddn s6 vdi nhimg thay doi Idn ve mirc sinh, miic chit, di<br />
cu. Cling nhu ve quy md va phin bd ddn sd. Nhung bien dgng nhan khau hgc nhu vay<br />
ludn c6 s\r tuong ho kha chdt chS vdi qud trinh phit triin kmh ih xd hdi d moi quoc gia.<br />
Do dd, vi?c tdn dyng toi da tiem ning dan sd ciing nhu han che, iing phd vdi nhihig tic<br />
dgng khdng thuan Igi ciia bien dgng nhdn khau hgc la didu rit quan trgng trong xay d\mg<br />
chinh sdch vi chien luge phdt tri^n ciia Vi$t Nam trong giai doan hi^n nay.<br />
Miic sinh la mgt trong nhung ySu to nhdn khdu hgc quan trgng nhat quyit djnh quy<br />
md, CO cau ciia mdt ddn sd trong hi?n l^i vd tucmg lai. Miic sinh cao so vdi miic chet<br />
thudng dan d6n tdng quy md ddn so, tdc ddng tiSu c\rc den mdi trudng sinh thdi vd cdc<br />
myc lieu phat trien kinh te xd hgi. Ngugc Iai, niu miic sinh qud thdp sg dan din nguy co<br />
gia hda dan so nhanh, thieu hgt I\ic lugng lao dgng, gia ting nhihig van de an sinh xa hdi<br />
bat cap, Dieu ndy cang nghiSm trgng neu xay ra voi nhihig din so cdn dang trong qud<br />
Vifn Xa hpi hpc, Viin Hdn Idm Khoa hpc Xd hpi VijI Nam<br />
<br />
Nguyen Due Vinh 43<br />
trinh phat trien, ndng suat lao dgng chua cao. Chinh vi vay. hiu het cic quoc gia tren the<br />
gidi deu cd kha nhiiu n5 lire trong vi$c xdy dyng ehinh sich nhdm diiu chinh hoac thich<br />
ling vdi mtie sinh. Theo bao cdo ciia Lien hgp quoc vao ndm 2013, trong tdng sd gdn 200<br />
qudc gia Ihdnh vien thi cd 27% dp dgng chinh sdch gidm sinh, 43% dp dyng chinh sich<br />
khuyin sinh. va da sd qudc gia cdn lai cd chinh sich duy tri miic smh hi?n tai (UN, 2013).<br />
Viet Nam d i ap dung chinh sdch gidm sinh tir nhimg ndm 60 ciia thi kJ trudc, Cho<br />
ddn nay, mgt trong nhung myc tieu trong Chiin luge dan sd ciia Viet Nam la tiep tyc<br />
gidm tdng ty suit smh, xudng 1,8 con vdo ndm 2020 (Chinh phii, 2011). Phap lenh Dan sd<br />
liien hdnh van quy dinh mdi c|ip vg chdng chi sinh 1 hodc 2 con (Qudc hdi, 2013) khdng<br />
phdn bi$t vimg hay tinh/thanh phd cd miic sinh cao hay thap, Viet Nam vln chua cd chinh<br />
saeh nao true tiip khuyin khieh sinh dd tuy dd thyc hi?n mgt sd chinh sdch xd hdi ed thi<br />
giin tiep khuyen sinh khdng chu dich. Thdi gian gdn ddy, dd cd mgt sd khuyin nghi nSn<br />
sdm bd quy djnh han che sinh de nhdm tranh miic sinh giam sdu dSn den tinh tr^uig gid<br />
hda ddn so qui nhanh (TCTK vd UNFPA, 2016). Do cung Id bai hgc kinh nghi?m trong<br />
thyc hien chinh sdch sinh de d mgt sd qudc gia vd vung lanh tho trii qua qui dd din so<br />
trudc Vi$t Nam nhu Thai Lan, Trung Qudc, Dii Loan, Han Quoc, Nhat Ban (Chen, 2012;<br />
Hirschman va cgng sy, 1994; Lee, 2009; Morgan va cdng sy, 2009; Suzuki. 2006 vd<br />
2013). Ben canh do, cung cd y kiin cho ring qui sdm de bd quy djnh mdi cdp vg chdng<br />
chi sinh I hodc 2 con boi dieu dd se 1dm miic sinh ting trd ltd. Cd le vl the nen sau khi<br />
ban hanh Phdp l^oh Dan sd nam 2003 khdng djnh moi cdp vg chong cd quyen quyit dinh<br />
v i thcri gian sinh con, sd con va khodng each giiia cdc ldn sinh (Quoc hgi 2003) thi Phap<br />
l?nh Dan sd siia ddi nam 2008 (hgp nhdt ndm 2013) lai quy dinh rd chinh sdch sinh 1<br />
hodc 2 con (Quoc Hgi, 2008). Dy thao Luit Dan so khdng cd quy dinh cy the ve sd con,<br />
nhung chii truong giam sinh a dja phuang c6 miic sinh cao. tdng sinh d dia phuong cd<br />
miic sinh qud thdp (Qudc hdi, 2017). Tuy nhien, bg luit nay cdn dang trong qua trinh xem<br />
xet v i c6 the chinh siia them nen van chua chinh thirc dugc thdng qua vd ban hanh. Tinh<br />
tr?ng nay cho thiy, cac nha ldp phdp va qudn ly van khd din do trong vi^c quyit dinh<br />
chinh saeh sinh de 6 Vi^t Nam cho giai doan sdp tdi.<br />
Theo nhiing sd Ii?u Ihdng ke cdng bd chinh thiic thi tong X^j suat sinh (TFR) ciia<br />
Viet Nam khi 6n dinh d gan miic sinh thay the (2,1) trong mdt thap nien qua, nhung sy<br />
khdc biet vi TFR theo vimg dia ly gia tang. Vao nim 2014, trong khi TFR ciia vung ddng<br />
bdng sdng Hdng Id 2,3 thi TFR cua vimg Ddng Nam Bd chi 1,56, vd d thanh phd Hd Chi<br />
Mmh Ii dudi 1,4 (TCTK v i UNFPA, 2016). Ket qud khao sdt nim 2015 cho thay, TFR a<br />
vimg Ddng Nam Bg da tang len 1,63 nhung vln cdn thap hon mirc smh thay the khi<br />
nhiiu (TCTK, 2016). So vdi cic vimg khdc trdn todn qudc, Ddng Nam Bg Id vimg cd thu<br />
nh§p binh quan diu ngudi cao nhat va dan dau vi nhiiu chi tieu phat trien kinh te xd hgi.<br />
Cau hdi ddt ra Ii nhihig ylu to x i hdi vi nhan khdu hgc ndo lien quan den mirc sinh thap d<br />
vimg nay'' Niu nhu miie sinh gidm sau la xu hudng chung a Vi?t Nam trong qud trinh<br />
phit triin thi th\rc ti ndy ddi hdi cd nhihig hi?u chinh chinh sdch kiem sodt mirc smh kip<br />
thdi vi phil hgp. Cho din nay, nghien ciru vi mirc sinh thdp d Vi$t Nam cdn rat I ^ che<br />
vi cd le mdi chi dugc di cap din trong mdt chuyen khdo gan day cua Tong cyc thong ke<br />
<br />
44<br />
<br />
Nhiing yiu td quyel djnh Tmh Irgng mdc sinh thdp...<br />
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vi Quy Ddn so Lien hgp qudc (TCTK vd UNFPA, 2016). Chuydn khdo dira ra nhdn dinh<br />
ring tudi kit hdn tdng, gidm ty Ig kit hdn, vd qui trinh dd thi hda cd thi Id cdc nguySn<br />
nhdn chinh dan din miic sinh khd thip d mgt sd tinh thinh vio ndm 2014, Tuy nhien phan<br />
tich ndy cdn khd so luge vd khdng thyc hi?n rieng cho vimg Ddng Nam Bd- Do do, vi?c<br />
phin tich lim hieu sdu hrm dgng thii ve muc sinh thip 6 vimg Ddng Nam Bd Id can thiit<br />
nhim cung cip them co sd khoa hgc gdp phan xdy dyng chinh sdch dan so cho giai doEin<br />
tiip theo sao cho hiSu qua va phi hgp vdi myc tieu phit trien bin vimg.<br />
2. Co* so-1^ lu^n v i phuwng phip<br />
Co sd di phdn tich cdc yeu td kinh le - xd hdi vd nhdn khau hgc quydt djnh miic<br />
sinh la mgl sd Iy thuyit dan so vd cic kit qud nghien ciiu dan so hgc xa hgi ve gidm sinh.<br />
Ly thuyet qua dg ddn sd md ta vd gidi thich sy chuyin doi mang tinh quy luat ciia cic ddn<br />
sd tir muc chit vd mirc sinh deu cao sang miic chet thap vi mirc sinh thdp do tdc dgng cua<br />
qua trinh hien dai hda va cdng nghiep hda. Do miic chet thudng gidm tiudc miic sinh nSn<br />
d ^ din giai doan cd miic sinh eao hon miic chet vi quy md dan sd ting nhanh<br />
(Casterline 2003). Nhu vdy, theo ly thuyit qui do din sd thl giam miic chit khdng chi cd<br />
mdi lien he md cdn Id dgng lyc quan trgng ciia gidm miic sinh.<br />
Tuy nhien, chi rieng miic chit cimg nhu ly thuyit qui dd din sd ndi chung khdng<br />
dii de giii thich mgi bien dgng mirc sinh, nhdt Id v£ tdc dg gidm sinh hay hien tugng miic<br />
sinh gidm xudng dudi miic thay the, Cac nhi nliien ciiu dd dua ra mdt sd md hinh gidi<br />
thich tryc tiep miic sinh dya tren cdc yeu td sinh hgc cua qua trinh sinh sin, hay cdn ggi la<br />
cic yeu td quyet dinh miic sinh gan sat. Phdt trien tir luge dd cila Davis vd Blake (1956),<br />
Bongaarts (1978) dua ra md hlnh gom 7 yeu td quyit dinh mirc sinh gan sat mi trong dd<br />
cd 4 yeu Id chinh la: chi sd kit hdn, sir dyng trdnh thai, nao phd thai, va nudi con bing sihi<br />
m?, Thyc te cho thay, cdng thiic tinh TFR dya tren muc sinh tif nhien ciing 4 yeu to ndy<br />
den (Bongaarts, 1978) td ra khd ehinh xic vd dd dugc dp dyng pho bien trong nghien cihi<br />
ve miic sinh tren the gidi, trong dd cd cd Vi?t Nam (vi dy: Haughton, 1997), Dieu nay djc<br />
bi?t hi^u qua trong xiy dyng cdc chinh sich giam smh d cic ddn sd ed miic sinh cao<br />
thdng qua khuyen khieh ket hdn mugn, sir dyng trdnh thai hi?u qud, nudi con bdng siia m?<br />
va cd thi cho phep nao thai.<br />
Khi miic sinh gan miic thay the hodc thdp hon, md hinh cOa Bongaarts (1978) tuy<br />
van cd the dp dyng nhung khdng cd niiiiu -y nghia thuc tien bdi tinh trang nay thudng xdy<br />
ra nhimg ddn so d mirc phat triin kinh te xd hgi trung binh trd len, nhu ciu trdnh thai,<br />
tranh sinh dl ddng dugc dap iing. Tir thuc tien dd, Bongaarts (2002 va 2001) dd di xuat<br />
md hlnh udc lugng miic sinh tir sd con mong mudn ciing vdi 6 nhdm yiu td lac dgng the<br />
hi?n qua cdng thiic:<br />
TFR = tPx. (F„ xFr1dng bing sdng Hong de cd the so sinh, danh<br />
gii cdc yeu td tdc dgng. Ngoii ra, phuong phip chuin hda ty suit ciing dugc dp dyng de<br />
cd thyc hi?n cdc phdn tich so sdch, ddnh gid tdc ddng (xem Caselli, Vallm vi Wunsch,<br />
2006:200).<br />
3. Phan tich cac yiu to quyet djnh mii-c sinh thap ix viing Dong Nam b$<br />
3.1. Sd thich CO con trai (F^<br />
Sd thich cd con trai Ii yiu Id cd thi Iim gia tdng mirc sinh. Ci Vi?t Nam, di cd<br />
nghien ciiu cho thiy trong giai doan 2009-2014, xdc suit sinh con thii 3 khi hai con diu Ii<br />
con gdi cao hon hdn so vdi nhiing truong hgp dd cd con trai (TCTK and UNFPA 2016).<br />
Nhu vgy, cd thi dua ra gii thuyit Id sd thich cd con trai d vimg Ddng Nam Bg khdng<br />
manh vd dieu dd gdp phdn lam cho mirc sinh d viing ndy thip hon han vimg Dong bdng<br />
song Hdng. Di kiim dinh gia thuyit nay. Bang 1 trinh bay kit qui phdn tich long ty suit<br />
sinh ndm 2014 ciia vimg Dong bdng sdng Hong, viing Ddng Nam Bg vd todn qudc thinh<br />
5 nhom dya tren gidi tinh cdc con cdn sdng ciia m3i phy nii trudc lin sinh cuoi ciia hg<br />
trong khodng thdi gian tir thdng 4/2013 din hit thdng 3/2014.<br />
Bing 1. Phan tieS\ TFR theo gidi tinh cdc con C6D s6Dg trade l^n siDh cu^i, 2014<br />
Nhfim<br />
<br />
DB song Hong<br />
<br />
Dong Nam BQ<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
Chua c6 con<br />
<br />
1,05<br />
<br />
0.82<br />
<br />
1,02<br />
<br />
2<br />
<br />
M^t con trai<br />
<br />
0,47<br />
<br />
0.34<br />
<br />
Vi^lNam<br />
0,44<br />
<br />
3<br />
<br />
MOt con %ii<br />
<br />
0,46<br />
<br />
0.29<br />
<br />
0,39<br />
<br />
4<br />
<br />
Tren 1 con, chi con gii<br />
<br />
O.IS<br />
<br />
0,0S<br />
<br />
0,11<br />
<br />
5<br />
<br />
Con trai vi gii<br />
<br />
0,14<br />
<br />
0,06<br />
<br />
0,13<br />
<br />
T6ng(TFRth\rctl)<br />
<br />
2,30<br />
<br />
1,56<br />
<br />
2,09<br />
<br />
Ty s6 Nhiim 4 / N]i6m 5<br />
TFR*<br />
<br />
1.28<br />
<br />
0,74<br />
<br />
0,84<br />
<br />
2,26<br />
<br />
1,57<br />
<br />
H^s6fj<br />
<br />
1.02<br />
<br />
0,99<br />
<br />
2,11<br />
0,99<br />
<br />
Ngudn. So hiu DTDSGK ndm 2014<br />
Chli Ihich: • neu miic sinh cQa nhSm 4 bang ciia nhbm 5.<br />
<br />
So sdnh kSt qud cho nhdm 4 va nhdm 5 Ihi ed thi thiy, d vung Dong bdng sdng<br />
Hdng, tong ly sudt sinh thanh phan ciia nhdm "cd 2 con gii trd Ien" Id 0,18, cao hon dang<br />
ki so vdi nhdm "cd cd con trai va con gii" (0,14) vi ty so chenh l§ch hai nhdm li 1,28.<br />
<br />