Quan hệ Trung-Pháp trong việc giải quyết vấn đề Đông Dương tại Hội nghị Geneva năm 1954

QUAN HE TRUNG-PHAP TRONG VIEC GIAI QUYET VAN<br /> DE DONG DUONG TAI HOI NGHI GENEVA N A M 1954<br /> • • •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN VAN TRi*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> cai tri d Viet Nam; ddi lai, Phap nhupng<br /> H di nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng<br /> n i m 1954 cung nhQng nhan t d t a c<br /> ddng tdi Hdi nghi n i y v i n l i mdt mdi quan<br /> cho Trung Quoc mdt sd quyen vd kinh te,<br /> giao thdng d ndi niy. Khi nUdc Cdng hda<br /> tam cua gidi sd hpc trong va ngoai nUdc. Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi (1-10-1949),<br /> Trong khudn khd nhQng t i i lieu hipn ed quan he giQa Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung<br /> trong tay, bii viet n i y t i p trung tim hieu Hoa vdi Phap cung nhU quan diim cua<br /> l i p trUdng cua Trung Quoc v i Phap trong Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa vd v i n dd<br /> vipc giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng Ddng DUdng cd sU thay ddi: Trung Qude<br /> Duong tai Hdi nghi Geneva n i m 1954 v i vipn trd cho Vipt Nam khang Phap gianh<br /> t i c ddng cua mdi quan he giQa hai nUdc dde l i p d i n toe, qua dd, bao v§ bien gidi<br /> n i y tdi ket qua cua Hdi nghi. phia Nam cua minh. Vipn trd cua Trung<br /> Qude cho Vipt Nam khdng chi cd v i t liic mi<br /> Ddng DUdng, cho den luc Hdi nghi cd ca nhan lUc- dpi ngu cd vi'n d cac nginh,<br /> Geneva dien ra, l i dia b i n cd vi tri quan cic d p . Rieng ve vipn trp v^t chit, khdi<br /> trpng ddi vdi ldi Ich qud'c gia cua Phap v i lupng h i n g Trung Quoc vi^n trd nhdng<br /> Trung Qud'c. Vdi Trung Qud'c, day l i phen n i m 1951-1954 Udc chdng 50.000 t i n v i<br /> diu, l i d u ndi xud'ng phia Nam. TQ giQa "xdt cho cung-vin dUdi 100.000 t i n , hay<br /> the ky XIX trd ve trUdc, Viet Nam l i ndi cdn kdm xa mdc nUdc Phap n h i n cua My<br /> Trung Qud'c cd nhieu anh hudng. Vdi P h i p , cung trong thdi gian dd" (1). Vi^c Trung<br /> Ddng Duong l i "hdn nggc" d Vien Ddng - Qude giup nhan dan Vipt Nam khang chidn<br /> ndi mang den cho hp nhidu ldi Ich tQ ngudn l i m cho quan he Trung - Phap trd nfin ddi<br /> tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu; tQ vi tri dich (2). Phap khdng cdng n h i n Chinh phu<br /> an ngQ cac ludng giao thdng giQa Ddng Bic nUdc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa; hda<br /> A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa Ddng An Dp theo My, Phap thi h i n h chinh sich d m<br /> DUdng vdi Tay Thai Binh DUdng. v i n kinh te chdng Trung Quoc. Ddi vdi vin<br /> dd Ddng DUdng, b§n canh vipc n h i n vi§n<br /> Chinh vi the, trUdc khi nUdc Cdng hda<br /> trd quan sU cua My, td t h i n g 9 n i m 1950,<br /> Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi, Ddng DUdng<br /> Phap ldi kdo My va mdt sd ddng minh khic<br /> da l i dia ban tranh chap quyen ldi giQa<br /> b i n bipn phap ddi phd vdi kha n i n g Trung<br /> Phap vdi Trung Qud'c. Trong cudc tranh<br /> Qud'c dUa quan tn;(c tiep tham chidn d ndi<br /> chip dd, cudi cung hai ben budc phai dung<br /> nay. NhU thd, Ddng DUdng trd t h i n h m^t<br /> hda, chia nhau quyen ldi d Viet Nam;<br /> diem ndng trong cupc "Chidn tranh l^nh"<br /> Trung Qude de cho Phap thiic hipn quyen<br /> <br /> * Vipn Lich sd Quan si;f Vipt Nam<br /> Quan ht Trung-Ph^p h\>ng viec. 49<br /> <br /> giQa hai phe x i hdi chu nghla (XHCN) va trong danh dii. Tai mdt phien hpp Qude hdi<br /> tu ban chu nghia (TBCN). Phap vio t h i n g 5 n i m 1953, Thu tUdng<br /> De'n n i m 1953, cudc "Chien tranh lanh" Laniel tuyen bd: "Cho den n i m 1953, trong<br /> da cd bien chuyen Idn. Cac nUdc Idn deu cdng chiing Phap cd hai xu hUdng ddi ngUdc<br /> mudn giai quydt hda binh nhQng xung dot nhau. Mdt so' ngUdi mudn giai quydt cudc<br /> giQa hai phe. Ngiy 27 t h i n g 7 n i m 1953, chien bing con dudng thUdng lUdng, trong<br /> cac ben tham chien tren b i n dao Trieu khi sd khac lai cho r i n g cd the giai quydt<br /> Tien ky Hipp dinh dinh chidn Bin Mdn cudc chien bing chien tranh. Den luc niy,<br /> Didm. Ngiy 4 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953, Lien Xd cac cudc tranh l u i n dd can cha'm dQt. Tren<br /> keu gpi cac nUde Idn (trong dd cd Trung thtic te, chiing ta deu mong ring cudc chien<br /> Quoc) trieu t i p mdt hpi nghi ban bien phap se giai quyet dUdc bing con dUdng thUdng<br /> lim giam cing t h i n g d Vien Ddng. Cung lupng" (5). Ddi vdi Trung Qud'c, cugc chidn<br /> luc nay, d Ddng DUdng, cudc chien cung cing nghieng phan t h i n g vd phia liic lUdng<br /> mang de'n mpt tinh the mdi khien ca Phap each mang Ddng DUdng thi cang mang lai<br /> Iin Trung Qud'c phai tinh tdi hUdng giai nhieu ldi the cho hg trong quan he qud'c te<br /> quydt khic. TQ n i m 1950, cudc chien tranh v i trong viec bao ve bien gidi phia Nam ciia<br /> Ddng Dudng da phat trien thee hudng ngay minh. NhUng gid day, trong nhin nhin cua<br /> cang cd ldi cho liic lUdng khang chien. Cudi Trung Qud'c, tinh hinh dd ciia cugc chien<br /> n i m 1950, tuydn phdng thu bien gidi Vipt- cung dUa tdi khd ndng hg phai ddi phd vdi<br /> Trung cua quan Phap bi pha vd, chien My d Ddng DUdng (6). Trong cugc chien<br /> trUdng Ddng DUdng khai thdng tren thtic td tranh Trieu Tien (1950 - 1953), hai ben<br /> vdi cic nudc XHCN. Dau n i m 1952, he Trung - My da dung dau vdi nhau. TQ cugc<br /> thdng phdng thu d trung du v i ddng bing dung diu nay, Trung Qud'c cho ring My la<br /> Bic Bd cua quan P h i p bi chpc thung, cac con "bd gii'y"- khdng thiic sU hung manh vi<br /> cin cQ, khu du kich cua quin dan Vipt dang sd nhUng ciing tQ day, Trung Qud'c (It<br /> Nam dupe lien thdng tQ vung nui phia Bic nhi't la trong gidi quan sti) ciing nhin thi'y<br /> xud'ng trung du, ddng bing Bic Bp v i vao nhQng ban che trong kha ning quan sU cda<br /> tdi khu vtic Bic Trung Bd. Cud! xuin n i m minh. Theo Shaul Breshn trong tic phim<br /> 1953, vung kiem soat cua quin P h i p d Mao Trach Ddng, thi, "d mdt mQc do nio<br /> ThUdng Lio bi thu hpp: toan bd tinh Sam dd, chien tranh Trieu Tien da cho cac tUdng<br /> Neua, mdt p h l n tinh Xieng Khouang v i linh quan ddi Trung Qud'c, nhi't la Banh<br /> Phong Saly n i m dudi sU kiem soit cua Itic DQc Hoii, thi'y r i n g Trung Qude khd cd the<br /> lUdng khang chidn Lio. Vung giai phdng til bao ve minh. Md hinh chien tranh du<br /> ciia Lio d khu vtic n i y dUdc ndi lien vdi cac kich linh boat da giup ich nhieu va din tdi<br /> vung giai phdng cua Viet Nam d Bic Bd v i thing ldi sau thdi gian ndi chien kdo dai,<br /> Bic Trung Bd. nhQng nhQng cudc xung dot quoc te hien<br /> dai lai l i vi'n de khac" (7). NhU the, mpt<br /> Su phat trien dd cua cudc chien mdt m i t<br /> cudc dung dau vdi My lln nQa, du tnic tiep<br /> budc Phap phai yeu clu My vien trd ngay<br /> hay giin tidp, thi v i n l i mpt van de khien<br /> cing nhieu hdn (3) nhUng m i t khac, tinh<br /> Trung Qud'c cdn cdn trgng suy tinh. Trong<br /> hinh dd cung lai l i m gia tdng xu hUdng<br /> khi dd, tQ n i m 1953, Trung Qud'c thtic hipn<br /> mud'n thoit khdi cudc chidn trong ndi bd<br /> ke hoach 5 n i m lan thQ nhi't. Ke hoach nay<br /> cua hp (4). Den giQa n i m 1953, gidi d m<br /> ddi hdi hp phai "ddn tim, ddn liic vio giai<br /> quyen Phap thd'ng nhi't chpn con dUdng<br /> quyet cac vi'n de trong nUdc" (8), dong thdi<br /> thUdng lUdng de' thoat khdi cudc chien<br /> 50 Rghidn ciJru Ljch sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> phai tranh thu ngudn lUc tQ cac nUdc vai trd cua Trung Qude trong cudc thUdng<br /> phUdng Tay, ndi cd nen khoa hpc va cdng lUdng du dinh dd, ban ghi nhd ngiy 21<br /> nghp hien dai. Trong v i n kien vd chinh t h i n g 11 n i m 1953 cua Bd ngoai giao Phip<br /> sach ngoai thUdng trinh Uy ban Trung k h i n g dinh: "Rd r i n g khdng the cd mdt giai<br /> Udng Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c ngay 8 p h i p vQng ben cho cac cudc xung dot d<br /> t h i n g 3, Bp Ngoai thUdng Trung Quoc xic chau A ndu khdng cd Trung Qude tham gia"<br /> dinh: 'Tich cUc phat trien quan he budn (13). Ngay 10 t h i n g 4 n i m 1954, Bd ngoai<br /> ban vdi cac nUdc tU ban chu nghla du r i n g giao Phap cho r i n g : "Tinh hinh quan h$ vdi<br /> Trung Qud'c phai ludn canh giac, khai thic Trung Qud'c diu di (chUa phai l i mdt lien<br /> mau t h u i n v i phan bipt ddi xd giQa cic minh vdi Trung Qud'c) l i mdt trong nhQng<br /> nUdc dd tren nguyen t i c hai ben cung cd dieu kipn thanh cdng cua Hdi nghi Geneva"<br /> ldi" (9). Phu hdp vdi dudng ldi kinh te dd, (14). Ve phia Trung Qud'c, trUdc khi Hdi<br /> Trung Qud'c chu trUdng thiic hien mdt nghi Berlin hpp, ngiy 9 t h i n g 1 n i m 1954,<br /> chi'nh sach ddi ngoai hda binh, d i thipn Thu tudng Chu An Lai keu gpi "ti't d cic<br /> quan he vdi the gidi ngoii khdi XHCN. nUdc Idn lien quan ddn cic cudc xung dot<br /> Trong mdt cudc hpp cua Bd Ngoai giao, quan sti d chau A ngdi lai thao l u i n vdi<br /> t h i n g 6 n i m 1953, Thu tUdng Trung Qud'c nhau de tim bipn p h i p giai quydt hoi binh<br /> phat bieu: Trung Qud'c " d n phai lam cho cac cudc xung dot" (15). Sau khi cic nUdc<br /> thd gidi tin r i n g Trung Qud'c l i ngUdi ung tham gia Hdi nghi Berlin nhi't tri tripu t i p<br /> hd thUdng lUdng hoa binh cdn ddi phUdng Hdi nghi Geneva, ngiy 2 t h i n g 3 nim<br /> l i nhQng ke thich dung bao lUc trong vipc 1954, Ban BI thU Trung Udng Dang Cdng<br /> giai quydt cac cudc xung dot qud'c td' (10). san Trung Qud'c thdng qua ve nguyen tic<br /> Bdi the', ddi vdi vi'n de Ddng Dudng, Trung v i n kipn "NhQng n h i n dinh ban d i u vi<br /> Qud'c cung mud'n giai quydt bing con dUdng cdng tie c h u i n bi vd Hdi nghi Geneva",<br /> thUdng lUdng. Ngay 24 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953, trong dd, vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, Trung<br /> sau khi ky Hipp dinh Ban Mdn Diem, Thu Qud'c chu trUdng: "Phai cd' ging hdt sQc de<br /> tudng Chu An Lai tuyen bd': "Cd the thao dam bao Hdi nghi se khdng rdi vio tinh<br /> luan "cac vi'n dd khic" sau khi giai quydt trang kdt thuc m i khdng dat mdt kdt qua<br /> hoi binh van dd Trieu Tien" (11). nao. Ngay d khi Hdi nghi khdng di den<br /> mdt hiep nghi, chung ta v i n khdng dQpc de<br /> Chinh vi vay, d Trung Qud'c lan P h i p<br /> cho cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de van hdi<br /> deu tan thanh sang kien m i Lien Xd dUa<br /> hoa binh d Ddng DUdng bi pha hoai hoin<br /> ra ngay 4 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953. Tai Hpi nghi<br /> toan. Chung ta d n tao mdt tinh thd vQa<br /> Berlin (DQc) b i n sang kidn dd cua Lien Xd<br /> danh vQa d i m n h i m l i m gia t i n g nhQng<br /> (tQ 25-1 den 18 - 2 - 1954), Phap nha't tri<br /> khd k h i n vdn cd cua P h i p v i khdi siu<br /> trieu t i p mdt hdi nghi qud'c te (trong dd cd<br /> them mau t h u i n giQa Phap v i My trong<br /> sii tham gia cua Trung Qud'c) d Geneva vio<br /> vipc giai quydt vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, tQ dd<br /> ngay 26 t h i n g 4 n i m 1954 de giai quydt<br /> phuc vu mdt each ed ldi cho cdng cudc di'u<br /> hoa binh cac vi'n de Trieu Tien v i Ddng<br /> tranh gianh tU do cua nhan dan Ddng<br /> DUdng. Vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, ngiy 5<br /> DUdng" (16). Trong cudc thUdng lUpng dd,<br /> t h i n g 3, tai Qud'c hdi Phap, Thu tUdng<br /> Trung Quoc coi vipc P h i p cd mdt lip trUdng<br /> Laniel xae dinh muc tieu: "Phai giinh dUdc<br /> dim phan dde l i p vdi My nhU l i bieu hipn<br /> mgt nen hda binh ma d dd tdn trpng the<br /> eua mdt y dinh thUdng lUdng thiic sU.<br /> dipn qud'c gia, tU do c i nhan va dam bao an<br /> TrUdc khi Hdi nghi khai mac, theo Phring-<br /> toin cho Dao quan Vien chinh" (12). Ddi vdi<br /> Quan h& Trung-Ph6p trong vi^c... 51<br /> <br /> xoa Goay-d trong t i c p h i m Trung Qud'c vd sdc minh l i p lai hda binh". Minh chQng cho<br /> viec gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Dong thien chi dd, VUdng Binh Nam ndi: 'Trung<br /> DiiOng lan thd nhat, cac dai dipn ban chinh Qud'c khdng nhi't thiet khuyen khich Viet<br /> thdc cua Trung Qud'c d Hdng Kdng cho biet: Minh hudng hoat dgng quan sti vd vung'<br /> D i u tien Trung Qude phai xic dinh "xem ddng bing". Nhan xet ve tuyen bd' nay,<br /> lip trUdng cua Phap le thudc hoin toin vio Phring-xoa Gioay-d cho ring dd la "mdt<br /> chinh sich ddi ngoai cua My, hoic ngUpc cau ndi trgng yeu giQa luc viec phdng thu<br /> lai P h i p cd the k h i n g dinh rd rang y mudn khu vtic H i Ndi - Hai Phdng l i mdi quan<br /> giai quyet h o i binh vi'n de Ddng DUdng t i m Idn nhi't cua cac gidi hQu trach quan<br /> hay khdng" (17). sU Phap" (20). TQ cudi thing 5 den dau<br /> Nhu viy, trUdc khi bUdc vio Hgi nghi thing 6, hai ben Trung - Phap lien tiep td<br /> Geneva, hai ben Trung - Phap ddi dau chQc 6 cudc gip rieng (27-5; 30-5; 1-6; 5-6;<br /> nhau vd vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, Trung Quoc 6-6; T-6). Trong cac cudc thao luan dd, hai<br /> ung hd cudc khang chien cua nhan dan ben vQa trao ddi nhQng vi'n de mang tinh<br /> Viet Nam chd'ng lai cudc tai chidm Ddng nguyen tic trong dam phan vQa thao luin<br /> DUdng cua Phap. NhUng, de phu hop vdi loi nhQng van de cu the ma Hgi nghi dang<br /> ich qud'c gia cua minh, hai ben Trung - thUdng thao (van de tap ket chuyen quan d<br /> Phap lai tim den con dudng thUdng lUdng Viet Nam; van de uy ban qud'c te giam sat<br /> de kdt thuc cudc chien. thi hanh hiep dinh). Ve cac van de cu the<br /> Hdi nghi Geneva vd Ddng DUdng khai dd, phia Phap da cd nhQng nhUdng bd dang<br /> mac ngiy 8 t h i n g 5, kdt thuc ngiy 21 ke. Ve vi'n de iiy ban qud'c te giam sat thi<br /> t h i n g 7 n i m 1954. Tham gia Hdi nghi cd hanh hiep dinh, tai cugc gip ngay 30 thing<br /> cac doin dai bieu cua 9 nUdc (18) (doin dai 5, dai dipn Phap Chauvel tuyen bd: 'Tdi<br /> bieu Phap do Ngoai trUdng G. Bidault din hoan toin ddng y vdi quan diem cua ngii<br /> diu, doin dai bieu Trung Qud'c do Thu VUdng Binh Nam ring nhiem vu cua uy<br /> tudng kiem Bd trUdng Ngoai giao Chu An ban li ngin chin sU tai dien xung dot d<br /> Lai l i m trUdng doin). Vao nhQng ngiy diu ben trong v i ngin chin viec dUa phUdng<br /> cua cudc thUdng lUdng, hai ben Trung- tien chien tranh cung quan ddi nUdc ngoai<br /> Phap cdn khdc biet nhau ve quan diem dam vao lanh thd Dong DUdng. Chung tdi cung<br /> p h i n den mQc phia Trung Qud'c thi'y khdng nha't tri nghien cQu vice lap sii giam sat d<br /> the dung hda dUdc. Chu An Lai nhan xet ca tren di't hen Iin tren bien" (21). Ve van<br /> ban de nghi 9 diem ngiy 8 t h i n g 5 cua de tap ket chuyen quan d Viet Nam, trUdc<br /> Phap l i "lim theo y cua My"; l i "sU chuan viec Trung Qud'c de nghi Phap thao luin<br /> bi cho mUu dd l i p khdi phdng thu d Ddng vdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda cac<br /> Nam A cua My" v i vi the "khdng phai la nguyen tic tai Hpi nghi, ddng thdi thao<br /> thQ ding de thUdng lUdng" (19). Du thd, luin cac ndi dung cu the d Ddng DUdng, tai<br /> Trung Qud'c v i n mud'n thUdng lUdng vdi cudc gip ngay 5 thing 6, Chauvel phat<br /> Phap tren mdt Idp trUdng khach quan m i d bieu: phia Phap 'Vin tin ring mgt thda<br /> dd phia Phap cd the trdng ciy de trao ddi. t h u i n ve nguyen t i c phai dat dUdc d<br /> Tai cupc gip b i n chinh thQc d i u tien giQa Geneva trUdc khi b i t diu cac cupc thao<br /> Trung Qud'c vdi P h i p ngay 18 t h i n g 5, dai luan d tai chien trUdng. NhUng du sao di<br /> dipn Trung Qud'c, VUdng Binh Nam tuyen nQa, (Chi'nh phu P h i p d) Paris da yeu d u<br /> bd: "Chung tdi den day khdng phai de ung (chinh quyen P h i p d) Sai Gdn cii cic n h i<br /> hd quan diem cda Vipt Minh m i de l i m hdt dim phan Phap tiep xiic vdi phia Viet<br /> 52 Rghien cijru Lich sd. sd 6.2009<br /> <br /> Nam" (22). Ben canh dd, ve nhQng van de sU nao" (27). Thtic chi't, Phap v i n mudn<br /> nguyen t i c trong dam phan, Trung Qud'c thUc thi chinh sich dung My de tao ldi the<br /> k h i n g dinh mpt each rd rang hdn lap trong thUdng lUdng. Trong cudc hdi dim ba<br /> trUdng khach quan cung nhU mdt thai dp ben (Phap, Anh, My) ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, tai<br /> thUdng lupng thUc sti, qua dd hp Id ra kha Geneva, Phap va My thdng nhi't "khdng<br /> n i n g nhUdng bd phia Phap khi giai quyet giai tda mdi lo ngai cua Trung Qud'c vd vi'n<br /> vi'n dd Ddng DUdng. Tai cudc gip Chauvel dd d c c i n cQ quan sQ My d Lio vi<br /> ngay 30 t h i n g 5, VUdng Bi'nh Nam tuyen Campuchia" (28). NhU viy, sau mdt thing<br /> bd': "Bi't ky mpt giai phap nao cung phai dam phan, hai nUdc tuy da nhlch lai gin<br /> diia tren ldi ich rieng cua mdi qud'c gia nhau nhUng v i n cdn khoang cdch trong<br /> n h i m dUa den sQ ddng t h u i n va h i i Idng thUdng lUdng. Trong cudc hdi dim vdi<br /> cho cic ben d i m phan" (23). Cu the, VUdng trudng doin Anh, Eden ngiy 19 t h i n g 6,<br /> Binh Nam ndi: "Ong Pham V i n Ddng ndi trudng doin Lien Xd, Molotov n h i n dinh:<br /> nUdc Phap v i n cd the de cac cd sd v i n hoi "Quan he Trung - Phap (trong qua trinh<br /> va kinh td d Viet Nam. Sau khi t i i l i p hoi Hpi nghi), du da cd sU d i thien ding ghi<br /> binh, Viet Nam se xem xdt vipc tham gia n h i n nhUng chUa thay ddi nhieu" (29).<br /> khdi lien hipp Phap va xay diing quan he<br /> Ddn giQa t h i n g 6, Hdi nghi ve Ddng<br /> than thipn vdi Phap" (24). Tinh than<br /> DUdng lam vao be t i c do hai ben dam phan<br /> thUdng lUdng dd cua phia Trung Qud'c lai<br /> khdng thda t h u i n dupe vdi nhau ve vipc<br /> dupe Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh trong cudc<br /> xem xdt rieng vi'n de Lao v i Campuchia<br /> gip Bidault ngay 1 t h i n g 6. Cd the ndi, day<br /> vdi vi'n dd Viet Nam; vd vi'n dd rut quin<br /> l i nhQng quan diem mang ndi dung^dn vdi<br /> dpi Viet Nam ra khdi hai nUdc dd. Su be tic<br /> nhQng dieu m i Thu tUdng Phap de ra ngay<br /> n i y gdp p h l n dan den vipc Chinh phu<br /> 5 t h i n g 3 n i m 1953. Bdi the, ngay trong<br /> Laniel that bai trong cudc bd phidu tin<br /> cudc gip Chu An Lai lan d i u tien, ngiy 1<br /> nhipm tai Qud'c hdi Phap ngiy 12 t h i n g 6.<br /> t h i n g 6, Bidault d i k h i n g dinh quan diem<br /> Vdi Trung Qude, sU be t i c dd cua Hdi nghi<br /> giQa hai ngUdi g i n nhau nhU hai n h i lien<br /> khidn hp lo l i n g ve kdt cue cua cudc dim<br /> kd (25). Tie'p dd, trong cupc thao l u i n vdi<br /> phin. Bdi viy, de hdi nghi khdi dd vd, trong<br /> Chu An Lai ngiy 7 t h i n g 6, Bidault, khdng<br /> cudc hpp ba doin phia eac nUdc XHCN<br /> gii'u didm, ndi r i n g quan diem giQa dng v i<br /> ngiy 15 t h i n g 6, Trung Quoc da thuyet<br /> Chu An Lai ri't g i n nhau v i nhQng cudc<br /> phuc phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoi<br /> ndi chuyen giQa hai ngudi "cd tinh xay<br /> (DCCH) rut quan ra khdi Lio v i<br /> diing hdn nhQng cupc ndi chuyen vdi ngudi<br /> Campuchia. Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Ndu<br /> khac" (y mud'n am chi Lien Xd) (26). Diu<br /> chung ta khdng thQa n h i n sti cd m i t cua<br /> the, neu nhU phia Trung Qud'c diia ra quan<br /> quan dpi Viet Nam d Lio v i Campuchia thi<br /> diem thiiOng liiOng mdt cdch rd rdng - tdn<br /> cudc thao l u i n vd Lao v i Campuchia se<br /> trpng the dien cua Phap cung nhU chip<br /> khdng the tidp ttic dUdc v i tQ dd se lim do<br /> n h i n sti duy tri d mdt mQc dp quydn ldi v i<br /> vd nhQng cudc thUdng lUpng vd Viet Nam.<br /> anh hudng cua Phap trong rridt giai phap<br /> Do dd, chung ta phai thQa n h i n r i n g cd<br /> dti dinh ve va'n de Ddng DUdng, thi, phia<br /> quan tinh nguypn Viet Nam d Lio va<br /> Phap, trong cudc gip ngay 7 t h i n g 6,<br /> Campuchia". Ddi lai, Chu An Lai cho ring<br /> Bidault chi "biy td mong mud'n hda binh v i<br /> Viet Nam DCCH cd the ddi Phap nhQdng<br /> hd Id vdi phia Trung Qud'c (ring phia Phap)<br /> bd ve vi'n de p h i n chia vung kiem soat. Y<br /> se khdng sd dung bi't ky mdt sQc dp q u i n<br /> kien cua Trung Qud'c dUde Lien Xd ung hd<br /> Quan he Trung-Phap h-ong vi^c. 53<br /> <br /> v i cudi cung doin Viet Nam DCCH chip Phap cung cd sU chuyen ddi cd Ipi cho cudc<br /> t h u i n (30). Theo gdi y cua phia Anh, trUa dam phan. Sau khi Chinh phu Laniel do,<br /> ngiy 16 t h i n g 6, trudng doin Trung Qud'c, ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, Qude hdi Phap bau<br /> Chu An Lai gip trudng doin Anh, Eden Mendes France (thanh vien dang Xa hdi<br /> trao nhQng nhUdng bd cua phia cic nUdc ci'p tidn, ngudi khdng t i n t h i n h chi'nh sach<br /> XHCN. Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Se t h i n My trong d i m p h i n cua Chinh phu<br /> "khdng khd" de budc Viet Minh ddng y rut Laniel) lim Thu tudng chinh phu mdi. Tai<br /> q u i n cua hg ra khdi hai nUdc i'y trong le n h i m chQc (18-6), M.France cam ket dUa<br /> khuan khd qui dinh q u i n ddi nUdc ngoii Hdi nghi di den hipp nghi trong vdng mdt<br /> nit khdi (Ddng DUdng)" (31). Ve Lao v i t h i n g (20-7). Nhu viy, cdng chiing vd chinh<br /> Campuchia, Chu An Lai ndi: Trung Qud'c gidi Phdp mud'n mdt chinh sach thiiOng<br /> "sin s i n g cdng n h i n tinh chi't hdp phap liiOng dgc lap vdi My hOn; mong mud'n sii<br /> cua hai chinh phu Hoang gia d Lio v i ke't thuc chien tranh bdng thiiOng liiOng<br /> Campuchia" ngay khi nao Trung Qude mg.nh me hOn. Sti bien chuyen dd cua phia<br /> "dupe dam bao r i n g khdng cd mdt cin cQ Phap dupe Trung Qude hoan nghenh. Hp<br /> quan sU n i o cda My dupe xay diing d hai ddnh gid cao vd tin tiidng vdo cugc dam<br /> nudc niy" (32). Trung Qud'c cung "mong phan vdi Chinh phu M.France. Ngay 19<br /> mud'n hai nUdc Lio va Campuchia duy tri t h i n g 6, tiep chuypn dai bieu Canada l i<br /> quan he vdi Phap". De di de'n hoa binh d Chester E. Ronning, Chu An Lai ndi: 'Tdi<br /> hai nUdc nay, Chu An Lai cho ring: Vd sung sUdng thi'y nUdc Phap cd mdt chinh<br /> trudng hdp Campuchia, "vi liic lupng khang phu kha manh de h i n h dgng... 6ng<br /> chidn nhd nen chi d n mdt thoa t h u i n Mendes d i thi'y dupe tinh hinh vi da hinh<br /> chinh tri giQa Chinh phu Hoing gia vdi liic ddng mdt cich khdn ngoan" (34). Do dd,<br /> lupng k h i n g chien". Vd trUdng hdp Lio, "vi n h i m thuc dly Hdi nghi, Trung Qude d i de<br /> liic lupng khang chidn Idn hdn nen can tao nghi vdi phia Phap td chQc mdt cupc gip<br /> nhQng khu tap kdt cho liic lupng dd dgc giQa Chu An Lai v i M.France. Cupc bdi<br /> bien gidi Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c" (33). dam giQa hai vi Thu tudng dUdc td chQc vio<br /> Ndi dung nhUdng bd tren dUdc Trung Qud'c ngiy 23 thing 6 tai Bern, thii dd Thuy Sy.<br /> trinh biy lai trong cudc gip Bidault ngiy Trong hdn hai gid ddng hd trao ddi, Trung-<br /> 17 t h i n g 6. Tren cd sd dd, ngay 19 thing 6, P h i p di den ddng t h u i n ve thii tuc dam<br /> Hdi nghi di ddn thoa t h u i n : De thiic hipn phan: dim phan ve v i n de t i p kdt d n di<br /> ddng thdi v i nhanh chdng di den ngQng vao b i n cu the; vi'n de phan vung tip kdt<br /> b i n d Lao v i Campuchia, Bd tu lenh hai giQa hai ben d n giai quyet trUdc. Hai ben<br /> ben nghien cQu trUdc bet vi'n de rut quan cung nhi't tri thuc day cic ben lien quan<br /> dpi v i n h i n vien q u i n sU nUdc ngoii ra cua phia minh trong vipc giai quydt cic vi'n<br /> khdi hai nUdc niy. Cung tai phien hpp niy, dd cua Hdi nghi. Die bipt, theo nhin xdt<br /> cic ben cung nhi't tri r i n g sau khi cac cua phia P h i p , trong cudc gip niy Chu An<br /> trUdng doin ve nUdc bao cio, Hdi nghi v i n Lai da dUa ra mdt sdquan diem quan trpng<br /> tidp tuc hpp. Nhu viy, nhUpng bd m i the hipn "mdt budc tie'n ding ke" - mdt sti<br /> Trung Quoc dUa ra da thao gd bd tic, tao cd nhupng bd nQa so vdi quan diem trUdc dd<br /> sd de Hdi nghi tiep tuc giai quydt cac vi'n cua hp. "Lan ddu tien Chu An Lai thda<br /> de cdn lai. n h i n sU tdn tai tren thiic te cua Chi'nh phu<br /> Trong luc Hdi nghi cd bUdc chuyen tich Vipt Nam qud'c gia"; lan ddu tien Trung<br /> ctic nhu thd thi tinh hinh chinh trUdng Qud'c ddng y vdi phia Phap ring "cd hai giai<br /> 54 Rghien curu Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> doan cho mdt giai phap d Viet Nam: TrUdc phia Nam mdt chut" (so vdi md'c l i vi tuyen<br /> tien la giai quyet van de quan sU, sau dd 18 m i hp da de nghi ngiy 26 t h i n g 6)- cd le<br /> giai quyet van de chinh tri" (35). Doi lai, theo dudng Ddng Hdi- Thakhek hoic hoi<br /> M.France cung the hien mdt thai dp rd qua vd phi'a Nam con dudng dd" (39). Ngiy<br /> rang mud'n di den thUdng lUdng thtic sU- 14 t h i n g 7, Phap cung My ra tuyen bd<br /> dieu m i Trung Qud'c khdng tha'y khi dam chung, trong dd Phap bay td mong mudn<br /> thoai vdi Bidault. Ldn ddu tien phia P h i p giinh dupe hipp dinh phu hdp vdi Vdn kien<br /> de cip den giai phap ehlnh tri cho ba nUdc bdy diem. Doi vdi Trung Qude, sU kipn Anh,<br /> Ddng DUdng v i M.France td y s i n sing My ra tuyen bd' chung ve vipc lip khdi<br /> tiep xuc tnic tiep vdi Pham V i n Ddng. phdng thu Ddng Nam A khien hp lo ngai<br /> NhUng hdn ta't ca, ldn ddu tien Phap the hdn vd kha n i n g My nhay vio Ddng DUdng.<br /> hipn mdt l i p trUdng d i m p h i n doc lap vdi Vi viy, Trung Qud'c chu trUdng di den hipp<br /> My hdn. M.France tuyen bd: 'Tdi mud'n ndi nghi trong ban m i Phap d i dUa ra (20-7)<br /> rd rang r i n g chung tdi khdng dinh lap mpt n h i m n g i n c h i n h i n h ddng dd cua My<br /> cin cd My nao d Ddng DUdng" (36). Cd the (40). Theo dd, dieu kipn thUdng lUdng se<br /> thi'y ring, cugc gip nay da dUa hai ben dUa ra phai cdng b i n g hdp ly de cho phia<br /> Trung - Phap xlch lai gan nhau hdn nQa. Phap "cd the chip n h i n dUdc". Tai cudc gip<br /> Hai ben da tha'y dUdc rd hdn quan diem Chu tich Hd Chi Minh d Lieu C h i u tQ ngiy<br /> thUdng lUdng cua nhau, tin vio y dinh dam 3 den ngiy 5 t h i n g 7, Trung Qud'c dinh<br /> phan cua nhau hdn, tQ dd cd them quyet dudng gidi tuyen phan chia vung kiem soat<br /> tam dam phan, cd cd sd de dUa ra nhQng de giQa hai ben d Viet Nam tai vl tuydn 17-<br /> nghi thuc day cugc dam phan di den t h i n h gin vdi de nghi d i t dudng gidi tuyen tai vi<br /> cdng. tuydn 18 cua phia p h i p ngiy 26 t h i n g 6;<br /> Trong luc niy, ben ngoai Hdi nghi, tai ve thdi ban tdng tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n l i<br /> Washington, ngay 28 t h i n g 6, hai nUdc 2 n i m (Viet Nam de nghi dudng gidi tuydn<br /> Anh, My ra tuyen bd' chung, trong dd, tai vi tuydn 16, thdi ban tdng tuyen cd l i 6<br /> thd'ng nhi't d i t ra bay dieu kien cho vipc t h i n g sau ngQng bin) (41). Ngay 10 thing<br /> tdn trpng mpt hiep dinh d Geneva. Vd vi'n 7, Trung Qude khdng nhi't tri vdi quan<br /> de phdng thu d Ddng Nam A, hai nUdc thoa diem cua Viet Nam: NhUdng cho Phap<br /> thuan se "thuc day cac bien phap n h i m dudng sd 9 v i Da Ning, ddi lai, Vipt Nam<br /> thanh lap mdt khdi phdng thu d Ddng Nam DCCH kiem soit Lien khu 5 (khu vtic Nam<br /> A" (37). Vdn kien bdy diem ma Anh, My Trung Bd v i Tay Nguyen). Thay vio dd,<br /> dUa ra tao cho Phap mgt sU h i u t h u i n de Trung Qud'c khuyen Vipt Nam nen nhUpng<br /> mic ca vdi ddi phUdng. Vi vay, ben canh bd ve VI tuydn, ve vi'n dd Lio v i Uy ban<br /> vipc thuyet phuc My trd lai Hdi nghi, Phap qude te giam s i t thi hanh hipp dinh (42).<br /> chii trUdng "tranh td ra vdi ving di den mgt NhUng, tinh t h i n nhUdng bd dd cda Trung<br /> hiep nghi" khi ma yeu d u cua hp khdng Qud'c v i n khdng phdi Id sU di de'n hiep nghi<br /> dUdc thda man. Phap khdng chap nhan bdng mgi gid. Trung Qud'c chd dinh nhUpng<br /> chia cit Viet Nam d vi tuyen 13 theo de bd n h i m n g i n My vio Ddng DUdng viy nen<br /> nghi cua Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda (tai hp mud'n sU nhUdng bd cua minh cd y nghla<br /> cudc hpp Phap - Viet ngay 28 t h i n g 6) (38), thiic sU. Ngay 8 t h i n g 7, quydn trUdng<br /> ma, tai cugc hpp ba ben (Anh, P h i p , My) d doan Trung Qude l i Ly Khic Ndng ndi<br /> Paris ngay 13 t h i n g 7, Thu tudng Phap chi t h i n g vdi dai dipn P h i p Chauvel: Trung<br /> ra: Phap chi n h i n "dudng gidi tuydn lui ve Qud'c se giup Phap trong cudc thUdng lUpng<br /> Quan hg Trung-Phap trong vigc. 55<br /> <br /> ndu "mong mudn duy nhi't" cda Trung cd the dat dUdc hipp nghi trong vai ngiy<br /> Qud'c ve vipc khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng tdi". Trong hipp nghi dd, Trung Qud'c cdn<br /> Duong dupe thoa m i n (43). NhU viy, trUdc dinh de cho Phap duy tri quan d Nam Viet<br /> khi cac trUdng doan trd lai Hdi nghi, Trung Nam mdt thdi gian (ti't nhien khdng qua<br /> - P h i p ddu s i n s i n g di den nhupng bd de thdi gian td chdc tdng tuyen cd) nhim ldi<br /> dUa cudc thUdng lUdng de'n t h i n h cdng. dung Phap ngin chin sil lien ket giQa My<br /> NhUng hai ben cung d i t ra khung gidi ban vdi Bao Dai. Nhu da ndi, de di den hiep<br /> cu the cho sti nhUpng bd dd - mpt sti cdng nghi, Trung Qud'c mud'n cd sU dam bao<br /> r i n hdn ve m i t nguyen t i c thUdng lUdng. trUdc ve viec khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng<br /> DUdng v i ngiy 17 thing 7, hp trao ddi van<br /> Vio thUdng t u I n t h i n g 7, cac trudng<br /> de dd vdi phia Anh (47). Tuy nhien, tai cudc<br /> doin trd lai Hdi nghi (44), hai ben thd'ng<br /> gip giQa Caccia vdi TrUdng Vin Thien trUa<br /> n h i t thao l u i n rieng giQa cic doan trUdc<br /> ngiy 18, phia Anh lai mud'n phia Trung<br /> khi b i t d i u cic phien hpp chung. Theo dd,<br /> Qud'c nhUdng bd trUdc v i trong phien hpp<br /> trong mdt tuIn, da cd nhieu cudc gip tay<br /> ban che chidu ngay hdm dd, khi "My biy td<br /> ddi, tay ba giQa cac doin vdi nhau. Trong<br /> quan diem rd rang", "phia Anh va Phap b i t<br /> khi cac cudc gip tay ddi Xd- P h i p (10, 15-<br /> dau the hien tinh than boa nghi thiic sii"<br /> 7), tay ba Xd - P h i p - Anh (16, 17-7) khdng<br /> thi, nhu Chu An Lai ndi, phia cac nUdc<br /> di den thda t h u i n n i o (ngoai trQ vi'n de di<br /> XHCN tha'y "khdng d n gay them sQc 6p<br /> lai cua Uy ban qud'c td giim sat thi h i n h<br /> (len ddi phUdng) nQa" va quyet dinh nhan<br /> hipp dinh) thi d cic cudc gip Trung- Phap<br /> nhUdng ddi phUdng trUdc. Trong gid giai lao<br /> quan diem cua hai ben lai tie'n gdn den<br /> ciia phien hpp, Chu An Lai ndi vdi Eden<br /> mQc cd the di den hipp nghi dUpc. Tai cudc<br /> ring dng ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua doin<br /> gip M.France ngiy 13 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai<br /> Phap ve t h i n h phan iiy ban qud'c te giam<br /> gdi y phia Phap nhUdng bd ve vi'n de Viet<br /> sat thi hanh hiep dinh, dd la, tiy ban: gom<br /> Nam de ddi li'y sU n h i n nhUdng nhieu hdn<br /> An Dp, Ba Lan v i Canada, trong dd An Dp<br /> tQ phia cac nUdc XHCN: 'Tdi tin la neu cac<br /> lim chu tich (48). NhU viy, vi'n de thanh<br /> ngii tidn len mdt budc thi ben kia se di<br /> phln iiy ban qud'c td giam sat thi hanh hiep<br /> nhidu budc hdn ve phia cic ngii" (45). Ngiy<br /> dinh dugc giai quyet. Hanh dgng cua Trung<br /> hdm sau, 14 t h i n g 7, phia Phap hudng Qng<br /> Qud'c lam cho phia cac nUdc phUdng Tay<br /> gpi y dd b i n g mdt dd nghi mdi, trong dd cd<br /> hai long. Trong khi doan Lien Xd dUdc nhin<br /> sQ nhupng bd vd gidi tuydn phan vung kiem<br /> n h i n "li t h i n h vien cQng r i n va khd dam<br /> soit giQa hai ben. Guillermaz thdng bao vdi<br /> phan nhi't trong doan cac nUdc xa hdi chu<br /> VQdng Binh Nam: phia Phap se chi chip<br /> nghia" (49) thi vipc Trung Qude dUa ra<br /> n h i n dQdng gidi tuye'n d phia Bic dQdng sd<br /> nhUdng bd dd khien hp trd thanh diem de<br /> 9 (khoang vl tuyen 17, trUdc dd, hp de nghi<br /> che phia ben kia tap trung hy vpng va ddn<br /> dudng n i y d vi tuydn 18). Vd thdi gian tdng<br /> nd lUc dam phan vao.<br /> tuyin cd sau ngQng bin, Guillermaz cho<br /> bidt, phia P h i p cung chi ddng y khoang That viy, trUa ngiy 19, cd Eden cung<br /> thdi gian l i 2 n i m (46). NhQng quan diem du, M.France den gip Chu An Lai. Hai ben<br /> gin vdi quan diem m i Trung Qud'c da neu nhan nhUdng l l n nhau ve vi'n de Lao. Phia<br /> ra cho phia Vipt Nam d i u t h i n g 7. Vi viy, Phap ddng y vung t i p ket cua Itic lUdng<br /> tai cudc hpp ba doin (Viet Nam Dan chu khing chien Lio d khu vUc Ddng Bic giap<br /> Cdng hda. Lien Xd, Trung Qud'c) ngiy 16 vdi Vipt Nam va Trung Qud'c, ddng thdi<br /> t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai, n h i n dinh: "Chung ta dam bao quyen cdng dan cho lUc lUdng nay.<br /> 56 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> Doi lai, Trung Qud'c chip nhan cho Phap nQa (ve phia Bic)" (51). V i , den ngiy 20<br /> d i t cin cQ d Lio, nhUng khdng dUdc d i t d t h i n g 7, sau nhidu cupc thao luin, hai ben<br /> gin bien gidi Viet Nam, c i n cQ Xieng mdi di den thda t h u i n : dUdng gidi tuyen d<br /> Khouang phai chuyen cho ngUdi Lio n i m . Viet Nam d i t d vl tuydn 17, thdi ban tdng<br /> Thay vao dd, quan P h i p phai ddng cin cQ d tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n la 2 n i m . Ngiy 21<br /> phia Nam cua Lao (50). Ngay sau cudc gip t h i n g 7, Hdi nghi di den ky kdt cic hipp<br /> tay ba nay, dai dipn Anh, Caccia gip dai dinh dinh chien ve Viet Nam, Lio,<br /> dipn Trung Quoc, TrUdng V i n Thien Campuchia v i ra Tuyen bd cuoi cdng, ket<br /> thUdng thao ve van dd Viet Nam. Caccia thiic cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de Ddng<br /> nha'n manh phia Phap nhi't quydt ddi DUdng.<br /> dudng sd 9 v i de cho vipc sd dung "an toin"<br /> con dudng nay, dng gdi y dudng gidi tuyen Nhin chung lai, trong Hdi nghi Geneva<br /> la "mdt trong hai con sdng" n i m trong khu ve Ddng DuOng, nhQng cudc tidp xuc<br /> vUc giQa dudng sd' 9 v i vi tuydn 18; trong Trung- Phap l i nhQng boat ddng d i m phan<br /> n i m 1956 se td chQc tdng tuyen cd Viet quan trpng v i cd hieu qua. O dd, x u l t p h i t<br /> Nam. NhUng ve vi'n de niy, phia d c nQdc chu yeu tQ ldi Ich qude gia cda mdi nUdc,<br /> XHCN khdng hoan toan nhi't tri vdi de hai ben da nhan nhUdng nhau, phia Trung<br /> nghi cua ddi phQdng. Chieu cung ngay, Qud'c da nhUdng bd phia Phap nhidu hdn.<br /> TrUdng V i n Thien gip Caccia v i tuyen bd: NhQng nhUdng bd l y da gdp p h l n thuc dly<br /> "dudng gidi tuyen se dUdc thidt l i p cich cudc thUdng lUdng di den thanh cdng. Die<br /> dudng sd' 9 mUdi kildmet ve phia bic"; hai bipt, trong nhQng cudc tiep xuc niy, phia<br /> n i m sau khi ngdng b i n se td chQc tdng Trung Qud'c da dUa ra nhQng quan diem<br /> tuyen cd. Ve diem niy, "thdi gian v i mang tinh nguyen t i c l i m cd sd cho vi^c<br /> phUdng thQc tuyen cd cu the se dQdc dai giai quyet cac vi'n de cua Hdi nghi. Qua<br /> dipn cua cac chinh quydn d hai mien Nam day, chung ta hieu rd hdn vai trd cua cic<br /> v i Bic Viet Nam quydt dinh nhQng khdng nUdc ldn trong vipc giai quyet vi'n de Ddng<br /> dupe mudn hdn t h i n g 6 n i m 1955"; vipc DUdng; chung ta cung thi'y rd hdn xu<br /> t i p kdt quan dpi d Viet Nam se phai thtic hudng h o i nghi giQa hai phe trong vipc giai<br /> hien trong 245 ngiy. (Ngay sau cudc gip quydt cic tranh chip qud'c td luc dd. Cd t h i<br /> niy, VUdng Binh Nam gip Guillermaz dUa ndi, Hdi nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng<br /> ra nhQng quan diem tUdng tU ve vi'n dd khdng chi giai quyet rieng vi'n de Ddng<br /> Viet Nam). Do dd, dap ldi TrUdng V i n DUdng m i cdn giai quydt d cic v i n dd<br /> Thien, Caccia cho r i n g nhQng vi'n dd dd ngoii Ddng DUdng; Hdi nghi khdng chi dem<br /> d n thao luan them giQa Pham V i n Ddng lai hoi binh eho ban dao Ddng DUdng m i<br /> vdi M.France. Ve gidi tuye'n, Caccia ndi: cdn gdp p h l n mang lai hda binh d vdng<br /> "Ngudi Phap cd le mud'n mdt vai kildmdt Vien Ddng va the gidi.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Phring-xoa Gioay-6, Trung Quoc vd viec To'ng ehl huy quin viin chinh Phip cl Dong DUdng,<br /> gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng Duung ldn thii da dupc ehl thi "lim mpi vifc de khdng cho Vi^t<br /> nhd't, Nxb. Thong tin ly luin. Hi Npi, 1981; tr. 90. Minh ed the tie'p xiic dUpc vdi cac ddn vj ciia Mao".<br /> (2). Phap di sdm ludng dinh hinh dpng dd eua Cupc t i n cdng len Vi^t Bic cua quin Phip thing<br /> Trung Qud'c. Tii t h i n g 5 n i m 1947, tUdng Salan, 10 nim 1947 m$t phin nhim myc dich dd. Thing<br /> Quan h& Trung-Ph6p h*ong vt^c. 57<br /> <br /> 5 n i m 1949, khi chinh q u y i n T r u n g Hoa Quoc d i n de giiip hui'n luy$n c i c n h i n vien ky t h u i t P h i p<br /> dang s i p thi't thii, tudng Reveres, Td'ng t h a m mUu v i bao tri may bay m i hp vien trp; de'n t h i n g<br /> t n i d n g q u i n dpi P h i p , dupc cii sang Ddng DUdng Gieng n i m 1954, My lai dUa 200 nhan vien ky<br /> tim bi^n p h i p phdng thii b i n dao. Reveres ki^n t h u i t khdng quan niia sang Ddng DUdng giiip<br /> nghj: q u i n P h i p c i n "thUc hiSn mot h§ thdng lien P h i p . Hdn the, trUde nguy cd Phap n i t khdi Ddng<br /> h o i n cho ph6p bao dam vi6c phdng thu bien gidi tii Dudng, tii d i u n i m 1954 cac n h i hoach dinh chi'nh<br /> Mdng C i i d^n Thi't Khe", ddng thdi t i p t r u n g s i c h My cdn b i n tinh den viec dUa quan My true<br /> q u i n phdng thii dong b i n g B i c Bp. (Phring-xoa tiep t h a m chien tren chien trUdng n i y . (William<br /> Goay-6, Trung Qude vd viec gidi quyei cudc chien Conrad Gibbons, The U.S government and the<br /> tranh Ddng DuOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd, tr. 74,77). Vietnam war - Executive and Legislative roles and<br /> relationships, part I: 1945- 1960, Princeton<br /> (3). N i m 1950, so vi§n trd ciia My cho q u i n<br /> University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986;<br /> P h i p d Ddng DUdng l i 52,0 ty franc, n i m 1953 len<br /> p.158- WilUam Conrad Gibbons, Chinh phii My vd<br /> tdi 285,0 ty v i n i m 1954 d a t tdi 555,0 ty chiem<br /> cudc chien tranh Viet Nam- Vai trd cua cO quan<br /> 73,9% chiJfn phi cua P h a p d Dong DUdng. (Ban Chi<br /> hdnh phdp vd lap phdp, p h i n I: 1945- 1960, Nxb.<br /> dao Td'ng ket chien t r a n h trUc tbupc Bp Chinh tri,<br /> Dai hpc Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986,<br /> Chien tranh cdch mgng Viet Nam (1945- 1975)-<br /> tr. 158).<br /> Thdng lai vd bdi hgc, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H i<br /> N$i, 2000, tr. 498). (7). Shaul Beslin, Mao Trgch Ddng, Nguyen<br /> <br /> (4). Theo dieu tra cua Vipn Du l u i n Phap, HQu Quang dich, Nxb. Tri Thiic, H i Npi, 2008, tr.<br /> <br /> t h i n g 7 n i m 1947 cd 37% ngUdi P h a p t i n t h i n h 254.<br /> <br /> cu§c chi^n t r a n h ciia P h i p d Ddng Dudng; t h i n g (8). U.S Department of State, Foreign relations<br /> 10 n i m 1950, con sS'dd l i 27%; t h i n g 5 n i m 1953 of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI- The<br /> l i 2 1 % v i de'n t h i n g 2 n i m 1954 chi cdn 8% (Bd Geneva conference, United States Government<br /> Ngo^i Giao, Hiep dinh Gianeua- 50 ndm nhin lgi, Printing Office, Washington, 1981; p. 898 (Bp<br /> Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, H i Ndi, 2008, tr. 76). Ngoiii Giao MJ, Quan he ddi ngogi cHa Hop chung<br /> (5). Ilya V. Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam- qude Hoa Ky, 1952- 1954, t i p 16- Hpi nghj<br /> Soviet policy toward the indochina conflict, 1954- Geneva, Cd quan in i'n Chinh phu My xua't ban,<br /> 1963, Stanford University Press, Stanford, Washington, 1981, t r 898).<br /> California, 2003; p. 17. (Ilya V.Gaiduk, Gidt quyet<br /> (9). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war:<br /> vdn di Vift Nam - Chinh sdch ciia Lien Xd vi cu^c<br /> America's embargo agaisnt China and the Sino-<br /> chien tranh Ddng DUdng, 1954 - 1963, Nxb. Dai<br /> Soviet alliance, 1949- 1963, Stanford University<br /> hpc Stanford, Stanford, California, 2003, tr. 17).<br /> Press, Stanford, California, 2001, p. 149. (Shu<br /> (6). TrUdc sii thi't b^i cua P h i p , de chd'ng cich Guang Zhang, Chien tranh Ignh vi kinh te: My<br /> m?ng Ddng Dudng v i n h i m th6' c h i n P h i p , My cdm vdn Trung Quoc vd sU lien minh Xd- Trung,<br /> c i n g n g i y c i n g can thifp s i u v i o cupc chien cua 1949 - 1963, Nxb. Dai hpc Stanford, Stanford,<br /> P h i p trgn b i n dao n i y . N6'u nhU n i m 1950, khi California, 2001, tr. 149).<br /> cdng khai vi^n trd eho P h i p tien h i n h ehifi'n t r a n h<br /> (10). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war:<br /> cl Ddng DUdng, sii vi$n tnj cua My ehi gom tien b^c<br /> America's embargo agaisnt China and the Sino-<br /> v i vu khf thi de'n n i m 1953, sii vifn tn? dd cd si,!<br /> Soviet alliance, 1949 - 1963, ibid, p. 143.<br /> ddng gdp tnic tie'p cua ca " b i n tay, khdi dc" cua<br /> ngUdi M9. C i c n h i quan sii My t h a m gia l$p k^ (11). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd vi^c<br /> hoiich Nava; til t h i n g Gifing n i m 1953, M9 d i cho gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii<br /> P h i p "mUdn" 28 n h i n v i i n kS t h u i t khdng q u i n nhdt, sdd, tr. 124.<br /> 5S Rghi&n cdu Lich sd, sd 6.2009<br /> <br /> (12). U.S Department of State, Foreign (24).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topic3/pubs/C<br /> relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI- WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p.27.<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 437.<br /> (25).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C<br /> (13). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 30.<br /> gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcmg ldn thd<br /> (26).http://wv(rw .Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C<br /> nhdt, sdd, tr. 130.<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 41.<br /> (14). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec (27)http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C<br /> gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 40-41.<br /> nhdt, sdd, tr. 212.<br /> (28). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> (15). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war:<br /> relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> America's embargo agaisnt China and the Sino-<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1174.<br /> Soviet alliance, 1949- 1963, ibid; p. 144.<br /> (29).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C<br /> (16).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topies/pubs/C<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 101.<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, Woodrow Wilson<br /> international Center for Scholars, Cold war (30). Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam wars.<br /> international history project: Bulletin- Inside University of North Carolina Press, (USA), 2000;<br /> China's Cold war. Issue 16, Fall 2007/ Winter p. 56-57. (Qiang Zhai, Trung Qude vd nhiing cudc<br /> 2008; p. 12. (Trung tam hpc gia qude te Woodrow chien tranh a Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Bic<br /> Wilson, Du i n lich sii quoc te ve chien tranh l^nh: Carolina, 2000, tr. 56- 57).<br /> Tap vdn bdn bdo cdo- Chien tranh Ignh trong phe (31). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> Trung Quoc, i'n ban tha 16, tr. 12). relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVl-<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1174.<br /> (17). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec<br /> gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DiiOng ldn thii (32). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec<br /> nhdt, sdd; tr. 148. gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii<br /> nhd't, sdd, tr. 253.<br /> (18). (Lien Xd, Trung Qude, Viet Nam Dan chu<br /> Cpng hoi, Phap, Anh, My, Viet Nam quoc gia, (33). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> VUdng quoc Campuchia, Vudng quoc Lao). relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1171,1173.<br /> (19).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topic8/pubs/C<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 17. (34). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd vi^c<br /> gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii<br /> (20). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec<br /> nhdt, sdd, tr. 268.<br /> gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcfng ldn thii<br /> nhdt, sdd; tr. 237. (35). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> (21) .http://www.Wilsoneenter.Org/topics/pubs/C<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1239-40.<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 28.<br /> (36).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C<br /> (22).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid, p.53.<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 36.<br /> (37). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> (23) .http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 28. The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1255.<br /> Quan he Trung-Ph6p trong viec... 59<br /> <br /> (38). U.S Department of State, Foreign chi Chu An Lai, sd 1 n g i y 10 t h i n g 7 n i m 1954.<br /> relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> (43). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1279.<br /> giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii<br /> (39). U.S Department of State, Foreign nhdt, sdd, tr. 284.<br /> relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> (44). M.France trd lai Hdi nghi n g i y 10, Chu<br /> The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1349.<br /> An Lai cd m i t n g i y 12 t h i n g 7.<br /> (40). Trong cudc hdi dam n g i y 10 t h i n g 7, tai<br /> (45). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec<br /> Moscow, trUde viec Lien Xd cho r i n g , thdi diem<br /> gidi quyei cudc chien tranh Ddng Duong ldn thii<br /> n i y "khdng nen lam phiic t a p rUdm r i kdo d i i<br /> nhdt, sdd; tr. 291.<br /> d i m phan, l i m Ipi cho My p h i hoai" v i , chu<br /> trUdng "dUa ra dieu kipn cdng b i n g hpp ly m i (46).http://www,Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C<br /> <br /> Chinh phii P h a p cd t h i n h i n dupe d l ...mau chdng WIHP Bunetinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 97.<br /> <br /> di den dinh chien" trong h a n m i phia P h i p da d i t (47). Ve vi'n d l khdi phdng thii Ddng Nam A,<br /> ra- n g i y 20 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: theo Trung Qud'c, giiia My v i Anh cd mau thuan<br /> "Quan diem v i sU p h a n tfch tinh h i n h eiia T r u n g nhau ve y dinh t h i n h l i p . Do dd, Trung Qude g i p<br /> Udng Lien cdng vdi q u a n diem v i sU p h a n tich tinh d o i n Anh n h i m Ipi dung mau t h u a n dd giiJa Anh<br /> hinh cua chiing tdi khi d Lieu C h i u v i B i c kinh l i vdi My.<br /> nhi't trf. Vi nhi't tri nen (vi'n de) chia khu vUc, vi'n<br /> (48).http://www.Wils0ncenter.0rg/t0pics/pubs/C<br /> d l L i o , Mien, Uy ban quoc te k i l m soat ciing deu<br /> WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 72,73.<br /> c i n suy xdt theo phUdng c h i m tren de t r a n h thii<br /> mau ehdng di de'n hipp nghi". (Bp Ngoai Giao, Td' (49). U.S Department of State, Foreign<br /> Td'ng k i t , Ho sd so' 182, Tdp ghi chep d Vdn phbng relations of the United States. 1952-1954, vol. XVI-<br /> Trung uong (til n g i y I d i n n g i y 6 t h i n g 10 n i m The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1429.<br /> 1973), dipn cua dong chf Chu An Lai, sd 1 n g i y 10<br /> (50).http://www.Wil3oncenter.org/topic3/pub8/C<br /> t h i n g ? n i m 1954.<br /> WIHP Bunetinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p.76-77.U.S<br /> (41). Bd Ngoai Giao, Hiep dinh Gianeva- 50 Department of State, Foreign relations of the<br /> ndm nhin lgi, sdd, tr.60, 256. United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVI- The Geneva<br /> conference, ibid; p. 1466.<br /> (42). Bp Ngoai Giao, To' Td'ng k i t , Hd sd sd 182,<br /> Tap ghi chep d Vdn phbng Trung UOng (tvf n g i y (51).http://www.W1lsoncenter.0rg/topics/pub8/C<br /> I d i n n g i y 6 t h i n g 10 n i m 1973), dien cua ddng WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid<br />