Thăng Long - Hà Nội vị thế lịch sử và di sản văn hóa

THfING LONG-Hfl NQI<br /> VI THE UCH S(]r V^ Dl SflN V^N HOd<br /> <br /> PHAN HUY Lfi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Trung t a m cua ba ky nguyen van dong va nhiiu c6ng cu san xua't, d6 dung,<br /> minh trong lich sii dan toe vii khi, do trang siic phong phU. Tiep noi<br /> Qua ti^n trinh lich sii lau dii, kl iiC khi nU6c Vfin Lang thdi Hung VUdng ma trung<br /> con ngudi xuS't hien tren vung da't Uh Noi, tam la vung Viet Tri tren dinh tam giac<br /> nha't la ti( khi dinh do ThSng Long nfim chau song Hdng, nUdc Au Lac ddi An<br /> 1010 cho den nay, Thang Long • Ha Ngi dd Dudng Vudng da chuyen do ve Co Loa nhm<br /> CO mat vOi vi thi' trung tdm cua ba ky giiia vung thiidng chau thd song Hdng, tren<br /> nguyan vdn minh ldn cua lich sikddn toe. bcl song Hoang Giang noi lien h§ thong<br /> Trong thdi dai diing na6c, tren nS^n tang song Hdng v6i song Thai Binh, Day la lin<br /> cua ky thuSt luy$n kim ma dinh cao la vin dau tien trong lich sit, thanh Co Loa tren<br /> hoa Dong Sdn, ngUdi Viet co da sang 14p vung da^t Ha Ngi da trS thfinh trung tam<br /> nen nen vdn minh co dai va hinh thanh chinh tri, quan sii, kinh t^, vfin hoa cua<br /> nha nu6c sd khai VSn Lang - Au Lac. Da'y vUdng quoc Au Lac. Ba vong thanh tren<br /> li Ky nguyen vdn minh vd dUng niidc cua mfit dfi't cung vcli cac di tich, di vat mfi khao<br /> ngUcfi Viet cd. Nen tang ciaa ky nguySn nSy cd hgc phat hi$n tit trong long dfi't cho tha'y<br /> la vfin minh lua niiflc phat trien cao v6i day la mgt toa thanh qui mo ldn dat din<br /> cong cu san xua't bSng dong, sfit vk cd ca'u trinh do kie'n tnic va quan sU cao trong<br /> xa hoi cong dong x6m lang tren dia ban chii binh di$n phat trien ciia vfin minh Dong<br /> yeu cua chau tho song Hong. Thu6 do, dlTt Nam A thdi d6. Clfu true ba vong thanh dai<br /> Thang Long - H& Noi la mot vung kinh te, tren 16km, ngoai thanh co hao thong vdi<br /> xa hoi tru phu trong cai noi cua nen vfin song Hofing Giang cung vdi h§ tho'ng cac<br /> minh lua nU6c vung chau thd song Hong. luy phong v^ ben ngoai vl cac u dfi't dfip<br /> Tren hau khSp vung da't nfiy, cac di tich nho ra ciia thfinh Noi nhil nhQng vong gac<br /> Vfin hoa Dong Sdn phan bo kha day, tap (g£n nhu cong sU kieu "dich lau" trong kien<br /> trung nh^t Ifi vung Co Loa. Tren mot di^n true thanh cua Trung Quoc), chdng minh<br /> tich hep, khao co hoc da phat hi^n nhieu di Co Loa la mdt ki§'n true quan sU kien cd<br /> tich, di vat tieu biiu cua Vfin hoa Dong Sdn xay dUng tren cd scl tfin dung dia hinh tU<br /> nha trong dong, lU3i cay dong, mui ten nhien, kit hijp rS^t chat giiia thuy va bg.<br /> <br /> <br /> • GS.VS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi<br />  Rghl6n curu Ljch sir, stf 8.2012<br /> <br /> giiia phdng ngU vfi tfi'n cdng. Hang van mui cung 06* chfnh quyin trung Udng, dfkp tan<br /> ten ddng tim tha'y 5 C^u Vi^c ciing vdi h^ cu$c xflm IU(?c lin thCt nha't ciia nhfi Tdng,<br /> thdng 16 ddc mui tfin ddng phfit I^ trong gifl viing chu quyin qudc gia. Da'y la thfing<br /> thanh Ndi vi truydn thuydt "nd thfin" cang l(;i to ldn trdn con dudng d^y thach thflc<br /> phan anh nhu cfiu qufin si^ cao ciia nUdc Au ciia nha nU6c ddc l$p non tr^ gianh lai sau<br /> Lac, tfnh Uu vi^t ciia loai vu khi nfty. tham hoa Bfic thu^c hdn nghin nfim, kh^ng<br /> NhUng trdm ldn ta't ca, nUdc Au Lac ra ddi djnh Biic m^nh cua dan tdc vfi chu^n bi<br /> tren su hen kit c^ng ddng cao hdn cua nhflng tiln dl cho cdng cu^c phuc hUng dSn<br /> ngUdi Lac Vi^t va Au Vi6t, md r^ng dia ban tdc, xay dUng mgt qud'c gia ddc lap va thinh<br /> cua dfl't nUdc va chuyen do vc gifla viing vxicfng. Chinh trdn cd BCt nhflng tien de lich<br /> chau thd, xfiy thanh Cd Loa ki§n cd. Dd la sil dd, nfim 1010, vua Thfii Td LJ Cdng Uln<br /> chi tieu phan anh m^t bu6c phat tridn mdi da thUc hi§n mgt quyit dinh trgng dai: dtii<br /> ciia td chiic nha nUdc vfi nin vfin minh ciia dd tijf Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) vl thfinh Dai La<br /> ngUdi Vi^t cd. Trong dicu ki|n chinh tr}, (Ha Ndi) va ddi tdn la thSnh Thfing Long.<br /> kinh te, xa hdi thdi dd, do thfinh Cd Loa ndi Trong bidu tUc?ng Rdng bay len vita tran<br /> bat lin nhu mot tda thfinh phdng v^ kien cd d^y khi t h i vfi sfle sdng, vfla chfla dUng<br /> ciia mdt trung tam chinh tri qudc gia, vfi ben dfi'u dn cpi ngudn con Rdng chau Tien cua<br /> ngoai la vung cU trd tUdng doi tflp trung cua huyin thoai dan gian, vUdng trieu Ly<br /> cac xdm Ifing cU dan Ifim nghi ndng, nghi (1009-1225), rdi vUdng trilu Tr^n (1226-<br /> thii cdng, nghi chii lUdi danh bSt thuy san 1400), Hd (1400-1407) vfi Ld sd (1428-1527)<br /> ven sdng. Dd Ifi ke't cfi'u nfing vl mot quan da thuc hidn thanh cdng sU nghidp phuc<br /> thfinh, cdn vl kinh te', cS'u phin cua dd thi hUng dfin toe, dfiy manh cdng cudc xay<br /> mdi hinh thanh cdn mang tinh sd khai. dUng va bao v? dfi't nUdc, sang Ifip nen Ky<br /> Tiep do, trong hdn nghin nfim Bfic nguyen van minh Dai Viet.<br /> thuoc, the ky X da ghi vao lich sxi nhU mot Dd Ifi ky nguyen vfin minh thfl hai trong<br /> budc ngoat trong cudc da'u tranh ket thiic lich sii Vigt Nam vdi nhflng thfinh tUu rUc<br /> thdi Bfic thugc gianh lai ddc Ifip hoan tofin. rd trong phat tridn kinh te, chfin hUng vfin<br /> Khiic Thtfa Du ndi day gifinh lai chu hda va nhflng vu cong hao hiing trong<br /> quyin, Dudng Dinh Ngh6 danh bai cudc chdng ngoai xfim, bao v^ dS^t nude. Cong<br /> xam lUdc lin thiit nha't cua Nam Hfin, giii cudc phuc hUng dan tgc nfiy mang tinh dac<br /> viing chu quyin vfi Ngd Quyin Ifip n§n dai thu cua lich axl Vi?t Nam, dUdc thuc hign<br /> thfing Bach Dfing ddp tan cudc xflm luge thfinh cdng sau khi da't nUdc da vUdt qua<br /> lin ihxt hai cua nha Nam Han. Do Ifi nhflng hdn nghin nfim Bfic thuoc, da khfic phuc<br /> su kicn danh difu budc trudng thanh cua dui?c nguy cd bi ngoai bang ddng hda, de<br /> phong trfio dan tdc va nliflng bUdc di tie'n tim lai sfle manli cua cdi ngudn ma xay<br /> tdi cha'm dfit hofin toan nen dd ho nudc dUng vfi phat triin dfi't nudc. Nudc Dai Viet<br /> ngoai. Ngd Quydn xUng vUdng tiic la cdng trd thanh mgt qudc gia dan tdc ddc Ifip,<br /> khai xSc lap nen ddc Ifip, dinh dd 6 Cd Loa; thd'ng nh^t, van minh va cUdng thinh eua<br /> Dmh Bd Linh rdi Le Hoan xUng de, xay viing Ddng Nam A. Tfl niia sau thd ky<br /> dung dd thanh Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) khing XVIII nhin vl qua khfl, vdi sU suy nglm, so<br /> dinh chii quyen quoc gia, bieu thi y thttc sanh vdi thd gidi Ddng A trong vdn kiln<br /> xay dUng mdt nha nUdc ddc ISp. Cac vUdng thflc uyen bac cua minh, nha bac hgc Le<br /> trilu nay da danh bai cac the luc cat cii. Quy Ddn da nhfin x6t: "Nudc Nam, hai<br /> Thang Long - Tih R6i..<br /> <br /> trieu dai nhd Ly, nhd Trdn c6 tieng Id vdn Thfinh, c^nh nllm Ifi bd sdng Hdng. Ngofii cU<br /> hien" (1). Nen vfin minh Dai Vi?t thdi LJf, ddn trong nudc, da cd mgt sd cU dfin nUdc<br /> Trin, Ld di^a tren cd sd ndng nghidp liia ngofii din budn ban sinh sdng nhu ngudi<br /> nUdc phfit trien cao vdi nhflng cdng trinh dd Chfim, ngudi Hdi, ngUdi Hoa, ngUdi Nhfit vfi<br /> song, de bien va thuy lOi do nhfi nUdc vfi dia tfl thd ky XVII cd ca thUdng didm ngUdi Anh,<br /> phUOng xay dUng, kit hi?p vdi cfic nghi thii ngUdi Hfi Lan... Thfing Ijong - Ke Ch