Tiếp cận cấu trúc và tiếp cận văn hóa trong nghiên cứu xã hội học

92<br /> <br /> Xd hgi hgc. so 2 (138). 2017<br /> <br /> T I E P C A N C A U T R U C V A T I E P C A N V A N HOA<br /> T R O N G N G H I E N C l T U X A H O I HQC<br /> NGUYEN Dirc TRUYEN*<br /> Tdm tdt: Trong phuang phdp nghien ciiu xa hdi hgc, ngudi ta thudng ndi tdi hai<br /> cdch tiip can dinh lugng vd dinh tinh nhu Id hai cdch tiip can ddi Igp vdi nhau, dii tren<br /> thirc ti, chiing bd sung vd khdng the tdch biit vdi nhau. Frjedrich Tenbruck cho rdng cdc<br /> nhd xd hgi hgc, cho din nay, chu yiu chi quan tdm den cdc cdu triic xd hdi vd bo qua cdc<br /> su kiin vdn hda vdn chi ton tgi trong nhiing suy nghi hay y thiic ciia con ngudi, vd khong<br /> the dp dmg each tiep cgn djnh lugng. Tuy nhiin, cdc cdu true xd hdi cUng khdng thi tdn<br /> tgi niu khdng cd cdc su hen vdn hoa the hien dudi dgng cdc gid trj, chudn muc vd mo<br /> hinh vdn hda dugc xem Id tinh thdn cua chiing. Vi thi phdi coi vdn hda nhu la yiu td cdu<br /> thdnh ddi tugng cua xd hgi hgc chung chu khdng phdi cua xa hdi hgc chimin biit. Tiip<br /> can cdu true vi the khdng the tdch rdi cdch tiip can vdn hda.<br /> Tir khoa: tiep can cau tnic, tiep cdn vdn hda, tdn tgi xa hpi, y thdc xa hOi.<br /> 1. Sy uu tien each tilp can dinh lucrng do tuy^t doi hda vai tro cua cau true<br /> luan trong nghiSn cihi xa hpi hpc<br /> Trong xa hpi hgc hien nay, mgt sd ngudi vin quan nipm rdng cd hai cdch tilp can<br /> xd hOi hpc ddc lap va doi lap nhau la tiep can dinh lugng va tilp CEin dinh tinh. Trdn thyc<br /> te, cac nghien cdu xa hOi hgc vdn thien ve cdch tiep can dinh lugng m rdiung uu diem ro<br /> ret cua nd nhu tinh dai dipn cda quy md mau Idn, tinh khach quan cda cac chi bao va tinh<br /> phd quat cua cac ket qua nghien cuu dya tien cac ly thuylt da dugc xay dung tu trudc va<br /> dugc kiem dinh nhilu lan tiong khdng gian vd thdi gian. Do kha ndng do dim ciia tilp<br /> can dinh lugng, ngudi ta hy vpng xac dinh dugc cdc xu hudng xa hOi khdc nhau cua cdc<br /> nhdm, tang lop hay giai cap xa hOi can quan tam theo quan dilm quylt dinh ludn ciia cau<br /> true xd hOi, dugc xem Id tinh thdn cdt 15i cua phuang phap xa hdi hgc.<br /> Trong khi dd, cdch tilp can dinh tinh, chu ylu gdn vdi cac nghien cdu dan tOc hpc, cho<br /> dii cd nhfing uu the khdng tiie tranh cai tiong viOc tilp can trye tilp ede ddi tugng nghien cdu,<br /> da cho phep ehuyin ddi cac cd ehi vd ldi ndi cua cac ea nhdn thanh cac don vi y ngbia co ban<br /> hay cdc sy kien cdn phdn tich, dl xdy dyng cdc pham tru dia phuang trudc khi di tdi cae khai<br /> niem cd the didn gidi toan bO thuc tien nghien cdu (F.Weber, 1989: 9). Cach tilp cgn vira<br /> <br /> Hgi Xahgi hgc Vi4tNam.<br /> <br /> Nguyen Dire Truyen 93<br /> <br /> mang ti'nh dinh tmh, vda mang tinh dinh lugng nay cho ph^p kilm nghiem lien tuc va tai ch5<br /> cac gid thuyet ban dau hay dieu chinh chung theo myc tieu nghien euu da xac dinh. Tu nhfing<br /> uu diem nay ma each tiep cdn dinh tinh dan tdc hgc dugc sd dyng tiong xa hdi hoc tiong<br /> nhfing nghien cuu thdm dd hay dinh hudng trude khi triln khai cac nghien cdu dinh lugng<br /> quy md Idn. Mgt khac, khi can lam sang td cdc tuong quan dinh lugng da chilu phuc tgp, cdc<br /> nghien cdu dinh tinh se gidp xac dinh nOi dung hien thyc, nhung nguyen nhdn va logic xa hOi<br /> ciia cae xu hudng ma cdc so Heu tiidng ke dua ra. MOt vi dy cd sue thuylt phyc eho trudng<br /> hgp nay la khi Durkheim (1897) dua tien sl Upu tiidng kd cudi till ky 19 vl ty tii d Phap dd<br /> cho rdng nguyen nhan cua ty Id chd yeu Id do hai ea chi ti'eh hgp xa hpi va kilm sodt xa hgi,<br /> vi the cdc ydu td nhu tdn gjdo, gia dinh va mdt sd hoan cdnh chinh tri xa hdi cd dnh hudng<br /> ddn tinh trgng ty td. Khi phdn ti'eh lgi cac dfi kipn nay va dya tren cdc quan sat thyc tiln, vdo<br /> nam 1930, Maurice Halbwaehs (1930) da phat hipn ra rdng tdn giao khong anh hudng din<br /> tinh trgng ty td ma chd yeu do mdi trudng xd hOi va su thay ddi ldi sdng. Hilu theo each nay,<br /> chling ta thay hai cdch tiep can nay khdng dii Idp hay dpc lap ma cdn cdn thilt dk bd sung<br /> cho nhau tiong thyc tien nghien cdu xa hOi hpc. Dd Id sy cdn thilt kit hgp gjua hai cdp dp<br /> nghien cdu IJ' thuylt vd thyc nghiem, giua hudng tilp c|n khdch quan phd quat va hudng tilp<br /> can chu quan ddc thu ma cdc chd thi xa hpi hay eon ngudi ludn gid dinh.<br /> Nhidu nghidn cdu xa hgi hgc cho den nay van ehd ylu sd dyng cdch tiep cdn dinh<br /> lugng hon la dinh tinh, mac dd khdng the bd qua nhihig nOi dung hien thyc ciia cac ket<br /> qua nghien euu dinh tinh. Ciing vdi dd, each tilp c ^ cac sy kipn van hda hay hanh vi cd<br /> chu dinh eua eon ngudi hi xem la thu yeu trong tu duy khoa hpc thyc chdng vdn chi phdi<br /> thyc tien nghien euu xa hdi hgc tu khi nd xuat hipn den nay.<br /> Trong mgt nghien cuu ve "Cac nhipm vy ciia xa hOi hgc van hda", Friedrich H.<br /> Tenbruck cho rdng khi xde ^ n h ddi tugng nghien cdu ciia xa hdi hpc, cd mdt quan diem phd<br /> bien la "xa hdi cd the dugc xac dinh bdi td chdc ben ngodi ciia nd, bdi cac phau chia dugc the<br /> hiOn d mpi noi tiong ddi sdr^ xa hgi va ngay nay ehiing dugc xdc dinh ve dgi the la cau tnic<br /> cua no" (Tenbruck, 1979: 399-421). Dilu nay am chi rang, chi nhiing gi Id hihi hinh hay cd<br /> sy tin tgi khach quan ciia ddi sdng xa hOi mdi cd the txa thanh ddi tugng nghien cdu, cdn y<br /> niOm vl van hda, gdn vdi cac bilu tugng, y niOm, chudn myc hay gia tri deu la nhfing cai ehi<br /> cd su tdn tai chu quan, vd hhih nen bi gat ra khdi sy quan tam cua xd hOi hpc. Y niem ve xa<br /> hOi nay, theo dng, chd ylu Id sdn phdm cua nhfing hodn canh ngdu nhien khdc nhau hon Id<br /> dya tien mpt quylt dinh cd tinh nguyen tdc ho§c tidn nhfing bang chdng thuc nghiem. Tuy<br /> nhien, trong thuc te, dilu nay dan din ket qud Id xd hOi duge ding nhdt vdi cdu tilic cua nd va<br /> xd hpi hpc, bi quy gidn vao sy phan tich cai cdu tnic nay. Quan niem nay vl xa hgi khdng<br /> danh ch5 cho van hda nhu la dfi kien dOc lap; xa hOi hgc ve van hda, do dd, bi quy gian d<br /> mdc tdi thieu hay chi dugc xem nhu Id doi tugng cua mpt mdn xa hOi hgc chuyen biet (xd hOi<br /> hpe vdn hda) ma khdng phdi la chinh ddi tugng ciia mdn xa hOi hgc chung.<br /> 2. Cach tiep cdn van hda va m i i quan hp gifia cau true xa hpi va van hda trong<br /> nghi£n cihi xa hOi hoc<br /> Theo Tenbruck (1979) thi thyc tai xd hgi ludn bao gdm ca cau true va vdn hda, va<br /> ehung ludn tgo thanh mdt sy thdng nhdt khdng thi phdn chia va chi bi tdch rdi tiong phan<br /> <br /> 94<br /> <br /> Tiip cgn cdu trdc vd tiep can van hoa...<br /> <br /> tich. Ong cho rdng: "Mgi vdn hda diu dugc ghi dau trong nhihig cdu true, mgi cdu tiiic<br /> diu dugc idp ddy bdi van hda" (Tenbruck, 1979: 399-421). Vi tiie, neu xd hdi chi duoc<br /> nhdn thdc thdng qua edu tnic cda rieng nd va chi dugc gidi thich td nhung cau true nay la<br /> khdng du tinh ty trj, nd khdng dugc xac dinh vd khdng the xac dinh mgi thd cdn lai tu<br /> chinh ban thdn nd, va do dd, ndi dung ra nd khdng the tid thanh mdt chu de khoa hpc.<br /> Trd Igi vdi Emile Durkhehn, ngudi phdt trien quan diem thuc chdng luan cua<br /> August Comte va la ngudi sang lap mdn xa hOi hoc nhu mdt bp mdn khoa hpe dOc Idp,<br /> chung ta thdy rang dng khdng chi khdch the hda ddi tugng nghien cdu cua xa hOi hpc theo<br /> quan diem thyc chdng ludn khi coi "tinh xa hpi" (le social) nhu la bdn chat cua cdc su<br /> kiSn xa hOi (le fait social), vi cac bieu trung tap the (y thdc tap thd) la tinh than tao nen<br /> cac cau true hay td chuc xa hpi, cung nhu Max Weber eoi "dgo ddc Tin Lanh" nhu "tinh<br /> thdn ciia Chu nghia Tu ban". Nhu thi, Durkheim (1905) vda khdch thi hda cdc sy kien xa<br /> hOi nhu nhung hidn tugng hiiu hinh cd the quan sat va do dem mpt each khach quan voi<br /> tu cdch cdc sy vat mang tinh vat chat, vda ket ndi chiing vdi cae su kipn tinh than hay van<br /> hda (bieu trung hay y thdc tap the) hay cac su kipn vd hinh theo quan diem hien tupng<br /> lugn coi cai khdng hipn hiiu la ca sd cda cdi hien hfiu. Vi the theo dng hiOn thyc xa hOi la<br /> su thdng nhdt gifia tdn tai xd hOi vd y thuc xd hdi, gifia vdn hda vat the va vdn hda phi vat<br /> the hay gifia cau tnic xa hdi va van hda.<br /> Quan ruem hien tugng hgc ve hien hiiu hay tdn tgi cho rdng mgi Iiien hfiu hay tdn<br /> tai xa hOi la nhiing su v | t huru hlnh chi Id cdi thi hidn cua mOt cdi khdc Id ban chat hay<br /> hiiu the cua chung. Id vdn hda. Tuy nhien, ngudi ta khdng thi xdc dinh theo each tien<br /> nghiem va mOt lan eho tat ca nhung gi tiiuOe ve van hda va cau tnie trong cac hien tugng<br /> xa hpi, vi trong hien thyc xa hOi ludn cd sy thay ddi vi the gifia cai bieu hipn (hinh thuc<br /> hay sy kien) vd cai dugc bieu hien (ngi dung hay ban chdt). Chdng hgn, trong mpt xa hOi<br /> cd su ddng nhdt ve eau tnie gia dinh, ngudi ta se chi thay nhihig khdc bipt ve quy md cua<br /> nd nhu gia dinh hgt nhan (mOt the he) hay dgi gia dinh md rOng (nhilu the he), gia dmh<br /> khuyet (thieu mdt sd thdnh vien) hay gia dinh day du (cd du vg chong, cha mp, con cai),<br /> khi do, eac thuc trgng gia dmh dugc xem xet chi mang tinh cdu tnic thudn tiiy (cai bieu<br /> hidn). Nhung tiong mgt xa hOi cd nhilu kilu cdu true gia dinh khdc nhau (gia dinh mau<br /> he, gia dinh phu he) dan tdi nhiing kieu td chdc gia dinh, cdc vai trd va quan he gia fflnh<br /> khac nhau, sy khac biet nay khdng chi mang tinh cdu tnic gidn dan ma cdn mang y nghia<br /> van hda vi chiing gdn vdi cac nguyen ly (vd hinh) hay cac md hinh vdn hda khac nhau<br /> (cai dugc bieu hipn) ehi phoi cac td chdc gia dinh va xa hdi.<br /> Sy phdn bipt nay can phai dugc xem xdt tidn mOt phuang thdc thyc nghipm, voi<br /> tiing tiirdng hgp cy the. MOt mdn xa hOi hgc vl co ban chi nghidn cdu cae sy kipn cdu<br /> tnic va tim each dien gidi tdt cd nhfing su kien khac tu nhfing su kien ndy cd nguy co biSn<br /> thanh mOt thd ly thuyet tdch rdi hipn thyc. CuOc khiing hodng cda xa hpi hpe, da Idm tdn<br /> rdt nhieu gidy myc cung la bilu hipn cua mOt sy thdt vpng trudc mOt sy thieu vdng nOi<br /> dung hipn thyc trong cdc ly thuylt; hipn tgi ngudi ta ludn khao khdt thoat ra khdi nhfing<br /> phdn tich thudn tiiy cdu tnic dk di tim cac bdng chdng thyc nghiem cho chinh cae kit qua<br /> eua nghien cuu cdu true. Dd id sy he thdng hda cdc hanh vi xa hOi ciia cdc ca nhan thuOc<br /> <br /> Nguyen BOc Truyen 95<br /> cac nhdm xa hOi khac nhautiongmdt cdu true xd hdi nhdt dinh hay vi the cau tnic cua cdc<br /> nhdm tac dgng the nao din cac he thdng hanh vi xa hOi cda hg (ly thuyet ve "trudng hoat<br /> ddng" cua P. Bourdieu).<br /> Trong bdi canh dd, nhidm vy chu yeu cda xa hdi hgc vdn hda la dgt Idn hang ddu cai<br /> thuc te bi che khudt bdi thdi quen md ngudi ta dd mdc phai Id chi tap trung vao cdc cau<br /> tnic; de giai phdng xa hdi hpc khdi quan nipm thu hep vd hgn che eua nd ve xa hdi.<br /> Theo Tenbruck, xa hgi hpc vdn hda trudc tien khdng dugc coi van hda nhu mOt ITnh<br /> vyc dac thu va rieng bipt cdng tdn tgi vdi xa hpi la ddi tugng nghien euu ciia nd. Nhung<br /> phan biet giua xa hgi va vdn hda ndi dung ra la can thiettiongmdt thyc tgi ma cd hai ludn<br /> dugc long ghep vao nhau, nhung khdng till cd Igp "eai xa hdi" nhu mdt ITnh vue rieng<br /> bipt va tu tri. Nd phai ehi ra mpt each rd rang rang mdt ly thuyet ve xa hOi phai ddng thdi<br /> xu ly cac sy kien xa hdi va cdc su kien van hda. Xa hpi hpc vl vdn hod khdng thi la mOt<br /> ITnh vyc chuyen biet; nd phdi dugctichhgp vdo mdn xa hdi hpc chung nhfing su kien ma<br /> nd coi Id ddi tugng vd nhfing quan dilm dugc xem Id cda nd. Hon nfia, nd ciing khdng the<br /> chi la mgt mdn xa hgi hgc bd phdn, dem nhung luge dd hien cd cda xd hgi hpc vao tiong<br /> mOt Imh vuc dgc thu, trong trudng hgp ndy la ITnh vyc vdn hda ma nhung luge dd ban ddu<br /> ay khdng he hi anh hudng bdi cac thao tdc nay. Xa hdi hgc cd the xu ly khdng gidi hgn<br /> cac su kien van hda, nen khdng can thiet phai ndi vl mgt mon xa hdi hpc van hda chuyen<br /> biet neu nd chua dugc hinh thanh.<br /> d day, chling ta bat gap y tudng cua Max Weber ve cdc quydt dinh van hda cua cac<br /> qua trinh xa hdi khi dng dinh nghTa hanh vi xa hdi dua tren cac y nghia xa hpi (quyet dinh<br /> van hda) cua hdnh vi. 6ng loai trd cac hdnh vi sinh hpc nhu an khi ddi, udng khi<br /> khat,v.v... hay cac hdnh vi khdng cd chu dinh nhu tai ngn giao thdng, khdi pham tru cac<br /> hanh vi xa hOi dugc coi la doi tugng nghien cdu xa hgi hpc cda dng. Day efing chinh la ly<br /> do dng chgn hanh vi xa hdi dugc quylt dinh bdi -^ nghTa van hda hay each tiep can van<br /> hda, thay vi cdu true xd hOi hay each tilp can cdu trdc lam ddi tugng cua mdn xa hdi hpc<br /> thdu hilu cua dng (sociologie comprehensive), mdt each tiep can nhdm di tdi sy hieu biet<br /> trye tilp dya tren trye giac' (Trdn Dde Thdo, 1993) vl y nghTa cua cac hanh vi cua chu<br /> till hanh ddng trong nhiing dilu kien tdn tgi cu till cua nd trudc khi giai thich nd theo<br /> logic phd quat ciia each tilp can gidi thiehtiongeac khoa hpc ty nhiSn.<br /> Tuy nhien, khac vdi each tilp can tiilt hpc, cd till coi bdn chdt cua cdc su kien nhu<br /> Id ddi tugng nghien cuu, each tilp can xa hdi hpc ddi hdi cac ddi tugng nghien cdu cua nd<br /> phai dugc cy thd hda trong cac su kien xa hdi cy thi va sinh ddng, tuc la cd thi tri gidc<br /> dugc, Tenbruck cho rdng: "Nd (van hda) khdng thi dugc xem nhu mdt bdn chdt cua sy<br /> tdn tai ma nhu mdt hiOn tugng sinh dOng" (Tenbruck, 1979: 3). Bdi vi, y niem van hda<br /> khong chi thi hien nhu la nhiing dgc dilm chung cda cac hien tugng van hda ma con thi<br /> hien trong tinh da dang cua cac hidn tugng nay.<br /> D I van hda trd thanh ddi tugng cua mdn xa hdi hgc ehung chd khdng chi cua mpt<br /> mdn xa hdi hgc chuyen biet (xa hdi hgc van hoa), van hda can phai the hien moi lidn he<br /> ' Tic phdm culi cung tru6c khi mat, de ting Giio sir P. Bourdieu,<br /> <br /> 96<br /> <br /> Tiep can cdu triic vd tiep cgn van hda...<br /> <br /> tdng the gifia cdc hien tugng van hda. Mdi lien he chung dd chinh la ngudn glc cua cac<br /> hipn tugng vdn hda: "Trong tinh da dgng cda chdng, cdc hien tugng vdn hda cd chung mpt<br /> ngudn gdc. Tdt cd diu la nhiing bieu hipn cua hanh dpng ddc thd lam cho con ngudi tid<br /> thanh mOt hihi the cd vdn hda, vda khdng hodn todn bi chi phdi bdi cdc thien hudng tu<br /> nhien cua nd, vda khdng bi rang budc gidn dan bdi tri thdng minh ciia nd trong sy thich<br /> nghi tdi uu vdi nhfing dfi kipn ben ngoai" (Tenbruck, 1979: 3). Dudi hinh thdc chung cua<br /> nd, y tudng nay dugc hinh thdnh td Herder cho tdi Cassirer, Plessner vd Gehlen, dugc ap<br /> ddt d khdp noi ngay ca khi nd da ehdp nhdn mOt sd mau sac qude gia nhat dinh.<br /> Trong triet hpc hidn tugng ludn, ddy chinh la y tudng ve nhan tinh va vl sy hinh<br /> thanh ddi sdng tinh thdn eda con ngudi khi the hien sy phu dinh hay thai dO dOc Igp cua<br /> nd trudc nhfing dilu kipn tdn tai mang tmh dOng vat hay tu nhien dl khdng dinh su tin tai<br /> mang tinh ngudi eua nd. Su hinh thanh y thdc vl ban thdn minh ciia con ngudi d day<br /> chinh la y niem ve con ngudi vdi tu cdch la hihi the vdn hda.<br /> Tenbruck di den mOt dinh nghTa v l thudc tmh van hda: "Ngay nay, thuOc tinh van<br /> hda dugc xem nhu la todn bp hanh vi, kl ca nhfing hanh dOng chi phuc tung mOt myc tieu<br /> vd chi cd tinh be ngoai, cung nhu dugc ghi nhgn trong thi gidi eua nhfing ^ nghia bilu<br /> trung, noi con ngudi sdng va hanh dgng" (Tenbruck, 1979; 3). Dinh nghia nay cho chiii^<br /> ta thay vdn hda ludn gan vdi hanh vi, vi thuOc tinh vdn hda chinh la nhung hanh vi mang<br /> "y nghTa bieu trung" cda con ngudi, mOt dinh nghTa hodn toan ddng nhat vdi dinh nghia<br /> ve hanh vi xa hOi ciia M. Weber vd nd chi cy thi hda cai y nghTa cua hdnh vi xd hdi tiSn<br /> binh didn bilu trung ma thdi.<br /> Vdi tu each la hfiu the vdn hda, con ngudi ciing Id mdt hun the cd ndng lyc, co<br /> mong mudn vd nhu cdu van hda. Sy hinh thanh trdt tu ddi sdng ndi tdm ciia nd, vdi no Id<br /> mgt van de thudng it cd ap lyc nhung khdng kem phdn ca ban so vdi sy xac Isip nhihig<br /> dieu kipn ton tgi ben ngoai cua nd. Trgt ty cua hdnh vi ben tiong nay mOt khi dd hmh<br /> thanh efing chi phdi trat tu cda hdnh vi ben ngoai cua nd, va cai hanh vi ben trong nay doi<br /> hdi mdt tiit tu vd sy khdch thi hda nhfing y nghTa eiia nd. Vi tu kha nang ty rang buOc<br /> phai tgo ra mpt hidn thyc ridng bidt td nhfing tu tudng va gia tri nay, cho du nd vdn phdi<br /> phye tung nhung dieu kipn ben ngodi, con ngudi ludn la mOt bi mat vdi ehinh bdn tiian<br /> nd. Thyc v^y, trong tat ca cac xa hdi, con ngudi khdng ehi la ke sang tao va la san pham<br /> cda nhung dinh che vd nhung quy tdc xa hdi vdn la co sd eua cac quan h? va cdu tnic xa<br /> hOi, ma cdn la ke sang tao edc y nghTa tii tup va dgo ddc ma nhd chung va vi chdng, con<br /> ngudi ed thdi quen ldm ddo Idn vd thay ddi nhung dinh chi, nhung quy tdc xd hOi va cac<br /> cdutiTicxa hdi d tdt ca cac "giai doan" phat triln xa hOi va van hda.<br /> Tuy nhien nhung nang lyc van hda cda con ngudi ehi cd till nay sinh trong chinh<br /> ddi song xa hOi cua nd. Dilu nay dua Tenbruck din y nipm thd hai, y nipm xa hOi vl vdn<br /> hda. Thue vay, vdn hda chi cd the dugc hilu trong chiing mdc con ngudi song chung vdi<br /> nhau. Xa hOi la noi nang lye vdn hda cua con ngudi dugc thyc hiOn; noi nhu cau vdn hda<br /> ciia nd dugc thda man, ma khdng cd nd xa hOi sS khdng thi t i n tai. Trong chiing myc con<br /> ngudi Id mOt hun the vdn hda, cac lien hp xd hdi cung ludn cd thi tid thanh vdn hda, tiic<br /> la chling cho phep phat trien cdc y nghia cho hdnh vi ca nhdn va xd hgi von nang dd nd.<br /> <br />