Tổ chức và thực hiện nhiệm vụ “Giám sát và phản biện xã hội” của Nhà nước Việt Nam trong lịch sử (Tiếp theo và hết)

^<br /> TO CHUt VA THl/C HIEN NHIEM VU<br /> • • • •<br /> <br /> "GIAM SAT VA PHAN BIEN XA HOI"<br /> CUA NHA NU'dC VIET NAM TRONG LICH SlT<br /> (Tiep theo vd het)<br /> <br /> VAN TAO*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Thiic h i e n g i a m sat v a p h a n bien 4. Ddt nhd hoc d dinh trdn, chdu huyen:<br /> Trieu Nguyin, nhiem vu giam sat, phan Xin chon nhQng biie lao sU tue nho ldm trd<br /> bien dUdc thi hanh nghiem ngdt nhUng giao. Pham hoe trd trUde het phai de'n chau<br /> hieu qua khdng cao. Thiem sU Bo Le id huyen hoc tap, trd giao phai xet tai ndng<br /> Nguyin Ddng Tuan dang sd tau 6 dieu ve khf dp md day. Khi da hdi thong kinh sach<br /> xay diing td chQc giam sat, phan bien: vd biet lam vdn thi eho den dinh trfin de<br /> dd'c hoe ddy. ThUdng khao xdt ngUdi nao<br /> "1. Dat Vien Ngii sii: Xin chon vdn vo<br /> trung each thi cii len Thai hoc eho Giam<br /> trong thfin kiem chQc dai Hien sQ, h trong<br /> ddc hoe khao duyet bdi lai ma tau len...<br /> tbi dan hdc siia chQa tram quan de khien<br /> NgUdi nao kinh thudt rong khfip, hoc hanh<br /> gfing sQc sieng nang, ngodi thi cvl sat cac<br /> thufin du cho ldm sinh vien, cfip cho lUdng<br /> chau huyen de rdn sQ gian tham nhung lam.<br /> an ma hoc tap, de ddi luc dung.<br /> 2. Ddt Thdi phong sd: Xin chgn quan<br /> Kinh, ngUdi ndo thanh Hem, trung triic, 5. Md khoa dn thi: Ndi rdng hien nay<br /> dQng dfin, trong sach thi sai di khfip eac dang cii hdnh an chfnh, thien ha deu dUdc<br /> chau quan, xdt chien tfch, xem tinh dan de nhd dn... Xin sang ndm md an khoa nhU<br /> nghiem xem cae thii thfin gidi hay khdng, dien le nUdc dai Thanh.<br /> vd de thau sud't ldi, benh cua tieu dan (day 6. Cit hdnh dn tii: TrUdc kia The To Cao<br /> la chQc quan mdi md cae trieu dai trUde Hodng de dfip thanh vang, md dudng sa,<br /> chua dat ra-VT). nhQng phfin mo hoang phe deu de y thUdng<br /> 3. Bdt nhQng viin chdc thiia di: Ndi rdng xdt... Hdng ndm mot Ifin hoi td... Nay nha<br /> can than chon be toi nho hoc lam tri huyen, vua la ehu bach thfin, thfin ky ldn nhd deu<br /> ma ehi giao eho lam 1 viec gifiy td kien dUde nhd dn, duy nhQng ed hdn khdng ngUdi<br /> tung, eon viec tien thdc binh lUdng van iiy thd cung thi chUa kip thUdng de'n. Ddi xUa<br /> thae ta't ca cho cai huyen, ky huyen... Neu cd ndi rdng: "Ma quy khdng cd cho nUdng<br /> mot ngUdi khdng lam ndi thi ddt hai ngUdi tua thi ldm dich le". Xin dinh lam le te...<br /> de cho ho phat trien nhieu sd hoc rdi mdi Vua sai dinh thfin bdn de Ifin l\i(}t thi<br /> trach dUde viec phue vu nhan dan. hdnh" (65).<br /> <br /> • GS. Vien Sd hoc<br /> Tdchurc va ttuic h i ^ nhi^m vu.. 15<br /> <br /> 3.1. Thiic hien theo ldi tdu trinh, phdn deu chieu theo phfim, cap theo gfip bdi sd<br /> biin ki tren tien vd gao.<br /> Bfit dfiu dat Thdng chfnh sQ. Chufin eho Thanh tra cdng viec do lUdng va dong<br /> dinh thfin ban dinh ve quan chQc, thuoc ludng b cac dia phUdng.<br /> chQe vd chQc vu, rdi eho thi hanh: Thanh tra cdng viec kiem ke vd do dac d<br /> "1. Ve quan va thuoc vien: 1 Thong cae dia phUdng.<br /> chfnh sQ, 1 thd'ng chfnh phd sQ, 1 vien Ve chQc thanh tra eac dia phUdng,<br /> ngoai lang, 1 ehu sii, 1 tU vu, bat, cvtu pham thUdng phai that, bat phfim di lam, nen<br /> thu lai mdi thQ 2 ngUdi, vi nhap lUu thU lai chufin (hnh: TQ nay de'n khda thanh tra 6<br /> 15 ngUdi. ndm thi phai quan Kinh Tam pham hodc<br /> 2. ChQc vu: Tiep nhan cac tau sd, sd sach Bd chinh, An sat hat khac; khda thanh tra<br /> cac ndi de trinh. 3 ndm thi phai quan Kinh TQ pham hodc<br /> 3. Moi ngay cii 1 vien thuoc ty den eung cac bien khoa dao. Tfit ca deu do bo tau xin<br /> vdi phai vien eua Ty Tam phap phai den trUde ky han de chia di ldm viec (67). Vua<br /> Qng triic cl cdng dUdng. He cd ai danh trdng ndi: "Vien dd sdt giQ chQc dai hien, ed quan<br /> Ddng v a n keu viec gi, ddn kien thi do Ty h? den phong hda ky eUdng, trim nghe<br /> Tam phap nhdn xdt, nhUng thuoc vien Qng khoa dao 6 Bfic trieu (Trung Qude) deu ed<br /> chQc TrUdng An, mdi khoa, dao deu ed 5, 6<br /> tnic eung ddng ky ngay nhQng ddn fiy de<br /> ngUdi, nay chufin cho trUdc het ddt them<br /> trinh Cdng chanh dUde lUu chieu. Neu Tam<br /> mdi khoa deu 1 chQc TrUdng An cfip sii<br /> phap ty im di hay de chdm tre khong xdt<br /> chung de lam cfip bac thdng chuyen... Cfip<br /> ddn thi tham hdc.<br /> mu do ngu phfim eho quan khoa dao vi^n<br /> 4. Ve viec vao Qng triic, thi cac dan Dd sat; NgU sQ cae dao 17 ngUdi...<br /> thong chanh xQ cung theo le cac dUdng<br /> Vua Uu dai chQc ngdn quan, ddc each<br /> quan d bo va vien ma Ifin lUdt vao trUe. Cac<br /> cap cho nhu tren. Lai chufin cho mu chfiu<br /> thuoc vien nhU: Vien Ngoai lang, chu sU, tU<br /> cua vien trUdng va trUdng fin d 6 khoa...<br /> vu, mdi hang mdi ngdy 1 ngUdi luan lUu<br /> deu them 2 mieng sQng bit bac d tren cfiu<br /> theo ban va Qng triie, cung phai theo le dan<br /> mu, goi la mu giai trai, de hdp vdi y nghia<br /> the bdi nhU cac nha mdn.<br /> con giai trai ehi hue ke gian td... (68).<br /> 5. Trong eac hoi nghi eua dinh than, vien<br /> 3.3. Ky luat dot vdi viic de cit, tien cit sai<br /> thdng chfnh sQ eung dUde dii.<br /> ldm<br /> 6. Tien edng nhu, cung theo nhU Thai<br /> Chuan dinh tQ nay, pham cae nha chon<br /> thUdng tu vd Quang lap tU moi ndm cfip 50 ngUdi xung ldm ehu thii phu Noi vu, gian<br /> quan. hodc cd ldi nho tfim thUdng, thi ngUdi tien<br /> 7. An tri§n, fin quan phdng, the bai, dinh cii dUde mien nghi; neu cd ai lUdi bieng chdi<br /> thii, phdng, trai deu do ty tiep tue Qng ldm" bdi va kdm coi, bi vien giam lam xdt hdc thi<br /> (66). vien tien cit bi xii toi sd sufit, phat lUdng 6<br /> 3.2. Quy dinh to chdc vd nhiem vu thanh tra thang; cQ mdi ngUdi lai ra toi mot bdc, neu<br /> Qua nhQng ldi tau ve td chQc giam sat, ngudi a'y pham toi bdt xdn, trom cfip vien<br /> phan bien: Dinh lai le thudng thanh tra: tien cit phai xii theo luat nSng "bfit Ung vi"<br /> NhQnc nhan vien dUde xung ldm thanh tra, (khdng nen lam ma lam) (69).<br /> 16 Rghien curu Lich siSr. 56 4.2009<br /> <br /> 3.4. Phan Thanh Gian ddng sd len Tii 3.6. Sd tdu ve viic cdc quan lai che ddu<br /> Ddc phdn biin ve tdchitc bo mdy giac ciidp, ciidng hdo chiem ddt<br /> "... Chung toi thiet nghi: Mudii cho nUdc Nam 1842, Nguyin Cu Si dang sd tau:<br /> khoi sdi rao, khdng gi bfing nit bdt cui ra; "Cac quan thudng che gia'u giSc cUdp, tri<br /> mudn cQu chQa md'i te, khdng gi bfing bdt phii Doan Hung, Pham Khfic Tuy lai nuoi<br /> viec; lam nen tri binh cdt phai thiie te, gidc cUdp de Ifim md't trong an di". Ndm<br /> mud'n lam dUde viec cdt phai cd ngUdi gioi. 1849, Trfin Vdn Y tau: "Quan lai Nghe An<br /> Chi mong hodng thUdng tdm giQ dai eUdng, dau cUdp va nhung nhiiu; Tong Vo Liet,<br /> giQ viec chf yeu, ken chon ngUdi tai ndng, mot thang cudi he, cd 4 dam cUdp, cd ddt<br /> bd lam quan chQc, tuy tai liia dung... Viec pha giet ngUdi. Ndm 1852, Hinh bo ThUdng<br /> eat nhfie tfit phai khoan rong ve tU each, thu Dang v a n Thiem di thanh tra tinh<br /> ma lay ngUdi cd tai can kham ndi dUdc viec; Binh Dinh ve tau: 'TrUdc kia dinh le quan<br /> viec trQng phat phai nghiem khfic vdi ke dien, cQ 10 mfiu thi 5 mau lam cdng, ndm 5<br /> IQa dd'i xao trd, ma khoan tha eho sii sd mfiu lam tu. NhUng rudng cdng mau md thi<br /> suat nhfim ldn, viec tra xdt de to ra cung cudng hao chiem, cdn thQa chd nao thi<br /> rang buoe ldn nhau, nhUng khdng nen qua hUdng ly chiem, dan ehi dUde phfin xUdng<br /> ve cau ne bd buoe... NhU vay, se thay thdi xfiu" (72).<br /> khf dieu hda vui ve, vat thinh nhieu, nam<br /> dUde mua, dan dfin rdi sU dau khd mfit di, 3.7. Dinh diin sit Nguyen Cong Trit<br /> ngUdi dUde tUdi tinh lai ma ke sach ciia ddng sd tdu ve tri an vd khdn hoang<br /> nude ngay den gifiu manh...". - Lap phdp nghiem cfim de trQ dQt bon<br /> trom eUdp.<br /> Td sd dang len, vua phe bao rdng: "Dd<br /> deu ndi tdm tfit ve dao ly ldn, nhUng ehUa - Minh viec thudng phat de khuyen<br /> ed thuc khoan de thi hdnh..." (70). khich quan lai.<br /> 3.5. Td Pho dd Ngii sii Viin D6 sdt la Hd - V6 rudng hoang cho dan ngheo (73).<br /> Huy Phiin tdu ve viec tri an Xin trQ cai te cUdng hdo ve chiem doat<br /> 'TrUdc kia, Nguyen Cdng TrQ dang sd rudng dat... tQ trUdc de'n nay nhQng ngUdi<br /> kin tau xin: "Pham trong tdng xa nao cd ke bdn viec deu dd ldi cho quan lai ma khong<br /> chQa chap gidc trd'n, bfit ngUdi ddi chuoe ma biet phfin nhieu la tai cUdng hao... Nd lam<br /> cae tdng trUdng, ly trUdng va hUdng trUdng con ngUdi ta thanh bd cdi, vd ngudi ta<br /> biet rd, nhUng khdng to' giac thi deu phai thanh gda bua, gie't ca tfnh mang cua ngUdi<br /> xii tit. Viec dd da dUdc bdn xet va chufin eho ta, het ea gia tai cua ngUdi ta, md vi^c<br /> thQ lam d tinh Nam Dinh 3 ndm nay. Den khong Id, cho nen cQ cdng nhien khdng<br /> bay gid da 6 nam rdi, the ma quan sd tai va kieng sd gi... Tham chi chung cdn fin Idu<br /> quan Bo Hinh vfin khdng phue tau, cdn cQ dinh dien, rudng den nghin mfiu khdng nop<br /> theo the xQ doan, thiie e qua ndng" thue, dinh den trdm sua't khdng dkng sd chi<br /> Vua du noi cae rdng: 'DUdng ldi ldm chfnh phue rieng cho bon cUdng hao. Nay xin<br /> tri cdt phai khoan hda nhan hau ehfing nen trich la'y mot vai ngUdi dUa ra phap ludt, vk<br /> dung nghiem khfic; duy cd viec rdn ke gian, bai le thue mUdn ruong dfit cdng (74).<br /> phat ke ac thi buoe phai lay hinh phat de 3.8. Bo Cdng tdu vi sit dung ngdn ngQ<br /> giup chfnh sQ khoan nhan" (71) Hdn, Viet<br /> Tdchurcvattn/c hito nhi&n vu. 17<br /> <br /> "Dd vat de dung, khdng goi ten thi lieu (ngUdi ldm quan dUdi quyen minh),<br /> khdng rd. Nudc ta viec kien tnic dien chau ho la Phan Huy San dUdc do Tu tdi,<br /> dUdng, tdu thuydn, vat kien khdilg chi 1, 2 chau goi bang cdu la Hodng Dinh Ta dUdc<br /> thQ, tQ trUdc de'n nay vfin goi bfing tieng do Cii nhan, tUa hd cd y giii gfim thien tU...<br /> Ndm. Vang hoang thUdng ta nhan viec ddt Vua ra lenh eho bon Thiic cu thiie tau len.<br /> ten chQ Han, thf du: LUdng tam (long Khi td tau de len rdi, vua cho Id khdng biet<br /> rUdng), thQa liiu (mfing nUdc), long tu (rau xa trfinh hiem nghi, ben giam Thiie xudng 1<br /> rdng)... Theo y ddt ten du cho dUdng thdi cfip, phat 3 thang lUdng (77).<br /> thdng hdnh, ngay sau noi theo. Nay xin 3.11. Chi du ve viic tdu bdy cdn phdi<br /> tdm la'y dai lUdc, rong tim chQ cii phu Ifiy y chinh xac<br /> thudng. Hodc dung 161 hoi y, hodc dung ldi<br /> Vua ra chi du: Dan ta vdn du lUdng tri<br /> hdi thanh, phdm ten cu eac dd vdt cd que<br /> lUdng ndng, nen sdng yen dn, dQng nen ngd<br /> mua thi ddi di (nhU trinh ddi ldm lUcfng,<br /> sd. Neu ed ai mudn den Kinh lUdc dai thfin<br /> xuyin doi lam chdn, chdu mai ddi ldm bdc<br /> td cao oan udng thi phai la sU vi$c thiic cfin<br /> mdn, dQdng giang ddi lam hodnh giang)".<br /> thiet, ldi hai mdi eho phdp dUde tii trinh<br /> Vua y ldi tau (NhU vay, vua quan nha<br /> bdy. Neu ke nao dam dem trinh nhQng vi^c<br /> Nguyin coi nh? chQ Ndm, thfeh dung chQ<br /> nho nhat khdng cfin thiet, vd vi vu khdng<br /> Han - VT) (75).<br /> hiem thu thi cung se tri toi nang (78).<br /> 3.9. Nhdn ddn ddnh trdng Ddng Vdn kiu<br /> 3.12. Triiu dinh coi viic chip sQ la mot<br /> len nhQng bi vua trach phat<br /> hinh thQc gidm sdt, phdn biin<br /> Dan ThQa Thien ed ngUdi bi quan Kinh<br /> Vua bao cac thi thfin rfing: Qudc the<br /> Doan danh ddn, bdn danh trdng Ddng Vdn<br /> khdng ed gi trong bfing sQ, md tai ldm sd,<br /> de keu. Vua nghe biet, bao thi thfin rdng:<br /> chdp sQ, thiic khd cd ngUdi ldm td't dUdc ...<br /> "Dat ra trdng Ddng Vdn cdt d^ nhQng ngUdi<br /> SQ de chdp viec hay, viec dd ciia vua, de<br /> khdng cd cho keu de than oan, the md tQ<br /> ldm gUdng rdn bao ddi sau... NhQng vi^c dQ<br /> trQdc den nay nhQng ke de'n keu chi la<br /> nho nhU: "NgUdi nUde khae den nUdc ta<br /> nhQng viec nho nhdt trong lang xdm. Nay<br /> hodc tha'y ngUdi di efiy nhUdng bd, ngUdi di<br /> ke ndy tQc gian vi bi trach phat, dam danh<br /> dUdng nhUdng dudng, chfnh sU cdng bfing,<br /> trdng de keu nham, thi cai thdi gian ngoan<br /> kien tung thanh thda ma khen ngdi, cd<br /> t$ bae lai cang qua ifim! Cd le vi dan tue<br /> nhien nen chon Ifiy de ghi 6 sii xanh..." (79).<br /> ngdy mot kieu bac ma de'n the ehdng; ben<br /> sai Tam Phap ty tra xdt, x^ Phii doan Trfin 3.13. Ca quan chuyen gidm sdt phdn<br /> Tii Dinh bi each lUu vi da danh gia re san bien cung dQdc dQa ra xet xQ vi khdng ldm<br /> vdt cua dan de di den dan di kien nham, trdn nhiem vu<br /> Phii thQa Nguyin VSn Cfin cd y benh viic Vien Dd sat, cd nhi^m vu Id Dai ngii sii,<br /> cho ldm thi bi giang 3 cfip, lUu. NgUdi dan kinh tra viec an, vi?c kien, da lau vfin<br /> danh trdng de keu bi phat 100 trUdng (76). khdng tim ra sii thiic, eung Id bfit liic. Giao<br /> 3.10. Cdc quan lai tdu hdc ldn nhau ca cho Bo Lai nghi sii (80).<br /> Cac Ngii sii Nguyin Xuan Canh, Tau trinh ve tri toi tham nhung - Vi?n<br /> Nguyin Qudc Hoan lai tau hfic rfing L i bo Cd mat tau ndi: Sau khi loan lac, tuyen bd<br /> ThUdng thu Phan Huy Thiie liia cii quan cfin ngUdi, cd khi khdng do khoa muc xufit<br /> trUdng Hd Noi, phfin nhieu Id cho thuoc than, ed khi phfin nhieu tU each khdng hdp,<br /> IS Rghien ciiru Ljch sit. s6 4.2009<br /> <br /> nhQng bon tao bao canh tranh dUde tien, 3.15. TrQdng Ddng Que, Nguyen Tri<br /> md te tham nhung sinh ra, nen gfin day d PhQdng, Ldm Duy Thiep, Nguyin Ddng<br /> phu huyen cac hat, trong dd nhieu ngUdi Giai, Phan Thanh Gian ddng sd tit qud<br /> sach nhieu de dan khong dUde yen; vdy cac trdch vi viic khdng ldm trdn trach nhiim<br /> tinh tQ Thanh Hda trd vdo Nam xin do (nhUng noi dung cd an y phan bien vdi nha<br /> quan tinh xet ro vien phu huyen, ngUdi vua)<br /> ndo tham nhung, tQc thdi phai hdc tri va "Nay bpn chiing tdi lai nfim giQ then<br /> ngUdi tu each khdng hdp, tU len Bo Lai xet chd't chfnh tri. NgUdi giQ viec cfit nhfie thi<br /> xvt (81). khdng hay ehpn Ipc eho quan trUdng dUde<br /> 3.14. TrQdng Qud'c Dung tdu vi yiu cdu trong sach ma ke hay ngUdi dd chUa ph§n<br /> chinh ddn chinh sQ biet dUdc, ngUdi giQ tdi chfnh thue khda,<br /> Phong thu dan kfn trinh bay 5 viec: khdng hay tuyen dUdng ldi trach ma bon vd<br /> vdt, due khoet chUa trQ het. Quy thfin<br /> "1. Xen tiiu dung: Bd xa xi theo kiem<br /> hudng d long thanh, ma ngUdi coi viec te le<br /> Ude, pham dd chau ngoc khdng phai dung.<br /> ciia nha nUde, khdng hay giQ het long kfnh.<br /> Chi cfin ben chfic moc mac khdng trang sQc<br /> Nhan tinh khdng ai la khdng mudn nghi<br /> long Ifiy... thi ddi so'ng cua dan dUde ddi dao<br /> ngdi, ma ngUdi coi viec binh khdng biet<br /> md coi gd'c eua nUde se ben vQng<br /> thUdng dan khd nhpe; ngUdi coi vifc hinh<br /> 2. Thiidng viic hinh nguc: Trieu dinh phap, khdng hay giQ long ngay thfing, udng<br /> diing phdp ngdn ke gian, ran ke ac, xa ldi lam cdn nhieu; ngUdi coi cdng viec lam,<br /> tha toi... diing ldm trai le, ehUa hay khoan nhe sQc<br /> 3. Chgn Igc trong ngg.ch quan lai: Trieu ngUdi. Tim ra ed, sd di trai pham khf hda<br /> dinh diing ddt da dfiy dii, ddt quan dfin dfin cua trdi, Id bdi nhQng thQ dd.<br /> nhieu them, md gfin day nhQng ngUdi hieu<br /> Bpn chung tdi chUa biet ldm ra the nao,<br /> sU hodc cd xin phan chia phu huyen, ddt<br /> cui mong chufin eho dem bpn chung toi hoi<br /> them quan lai, vien chQc so' len da nhieu,<br /> ve toi khdng ldm trdn chQc vu, ngd hfiu hdi<br /> khdng khdi sinh ra ton nhieu dn hai. Nay<br /> lai long trdi sdm cho mUa xudng de eho thoa<br /> xin giam bdt.<br /> thiep long mong ciia dan. Vua xem ldi tau<br /> 4. Bdt vdn thQ: Gifiy td cfin ed the 1$ cdt cung tu nhdn loi, nhan du dai thfin Ifiy y<br /> yeu. Neu gifiy td nhieu ma khdng them lai vua tdi cung kinh sd, khuyen rdn Ifin nhau<br /> vien thi khdng dii ngUdi lam viec. Nen rdi kinh sU lai dUdc mUa to, cae tinh cung<br /> pham cac gifiy td cham trUde ma giam bdt, tiep tue bao tin dUde mUa" (83).<br /> bo phien ddm md dung cdt yeu... 3.16. Dinh thdn ddng sd ngdn vua TQ<br /> 5. SQa lai thdi quen cua nhdn si: Nhan DQc gidm bdt chdi bdi de ddn dd kho (Sd<br /> si hoc tap ta't phai say me ve nhan nghia mang tfnh chfit ddn hdc)<br /> dao dQc rdi sau mdi phat ra ldm van Vua (Tu DQc) di chdi nhd nghi mfit cl<br /> chUdng, ldn thi cd the sQa nUdc giup dan, sdng Huong 5 ngdy. Khi trd ve khoa dao<br /> nho thi ed the siia minh chQa tue, mdi la dang sd can: (Dai lUdc ndi: Thanh chii sdm,<br /> thiic dung. Nhan si phai gdm vdn va hanh. tdi c6 thUdng sd chdi, vui cd thUdng ky; nay<br /> Xin sfic ehi xud'ng: chdm theo nghia ly, s^a (be ha) di chdi lau den 5 ngdy, thdnh rdo<br /> lai cho khi hdn hau, duy tri cho nhan tam che mdn vay vai each cung cd khong d u ^<br /> phong tue cae ndi dUdc td't" (82). nhu ndi thanh vang ao ndng; ben song<br /> l6 chijrc va thxfc hi&i nhi^m vu... 19<br /> <br /> thdng tudng, dUdng di nhieu nga, sQ 3.18. TQphdn bien din phdn Qngxd hdi<br /> nghiem mdt khae hfin ndi them cao cung Thdng dd'c Hoang Ta Viem tau ndi: "Cao,<br /> thfim, lai them dem ke den ngdy, quan Hnh Lang, Thfii, Tuyen mfiy ndm nay bi giac tan<br /> hoc lp chd sUdng nfing, tudng long thanh pha, toan do quan lai d bien gidi khdng<br /> thUdng cung bfit nhfin. TQ nay be ha bfit kheo vo ve md ra. Ngay nhU bpn giac ndi<br /> thfin cd ngii chdi dau, xin trong 1 ngay thi len da cd cau: "Gie't het bpn quan lai tham<br /> trd ve. Vua bao rfing; Ndng qua phai di 6" (87). Hinh thQc cao nhfit la "phan bien<br /> hdng mat... (84). bfing vu khf ehdng doi lai trieu dinh", khien<br /> Vua Tii Due hay di chdi hdnh cung cd nhieu eupe ndng dan khdi nghia. Cae<br /> Thuan Triie sdn bfin chim. Hoang Ta Viem cdng trinh nghien cQu ve khdi nghia ndng<br /> dang sd can: "... Xa gia vua di den dau, ddn thdi can dai, tfnh tdng sd tQ Gia Long<br /> dfing trUde, dfing sau phai trdn tranh, da de'n Tu DQc ed tdi hdn 400 cupe khdi nghia<br /> hai vi$c budn, lai hai vi^c lam rupng, quan eiia ndng dan chd'ng lai trieu dinh.<br /> si theo hfiu, hodc phai ddi phai ren, hodc rdt<br /> Nhin chung lai, nhQng tau sd dang len<br /> sinh dm, ldm luy den dQc tdt, ehfing ciing<br /> cac vua chua thdi phong kien, nhQng ldi<br /> nhieu U?<br /> ddn hae cac hdn quan, gian thfin, ninh<br /> Vua bao rfing: "... Ta bi benh ufit khdng thfin, nhQng ldi len an chi trich cac thdi hU<br /> vui da lau, ehi cd each tieu khien nhU the tat xfiu ciia vua va trieu dinh ma cac tri<br /> mdi ldm dUdc viec, cho nen khdng biet toi thQc phong kien yeu nUde thupc cac td chQc<br /> loi" (85). nha nUdc cung nhU eua nhan dan da ndi d<br /> 3.17. Phdn biin cda ddn bi vua trdch tren, deu la ket qua ciia sU giam sat, kiem<br /> phat soat lau ddi ciia nhieu quan lai vd nhan<br /> Thdi Nguyen cd ngQdi 6 Ngh? An la Le dan. NhQng nhd tri thQc tieu bieu da tap<br /> Diim ddn gia vua dang ndi 8 dieu: hdp lai de phan bien len vua vd trieu dinh.<br /> 1. Cfim cung hp khdng Ifiy dUdc nhau; 2. rV, Tong k e t lai<br /> Cfim ta dao; 3. Ldp thi vo; 4. Ban phdp thi Cd nhQng dd'i tUdng vd muc tieu giam<br /> vdn; 5. Dinh viec danh thue cQa quan va sat, phan bien nhU sau.-<br /> ben; 6. Doi y phuc. 1. Gidm sdt, phdn bien vi hdnh vi, trdch<br /> Vua xem ndi: "TQ trUde de'n nay md rpng nhiem cda nhd vua, dd'i tUdng Id cae vi vua<br /> dUdng ndi thdt mud'n biet het noi khd 5 khdng anh minh nhU vdi Trfin Du Tdng, Le<br /> hUdng thdn, neu ke dan mpn khdng danh Thai Tdng, Le TUdng Due, Mae Mdu Hdp,<br /> vi, ed biet dich thfiy ro viec gi, cho dUdc cQ Tu DQc.<br /> vi?e tau thfing, gian hodc niia tning niia<br /> 2. Gidm sdt, phdn biin vi qudn sQ nhQ<br /> sai, eung khdng nd vdi qud trach. Den nhU<br /> ciia Tran Thu Dp, Trfin HUng Dao vdi eac<br /> vi^e ldn cua nUde khdng phai Id thUdng dan<br /> vua Trfin trong khang chien ehdng Nguyen;<br /> dUde dii biet. Id sd lam hdn hao le phai cua<br /> ciia Le Tich, TrUdng Dd phan Qng vdi vua<br /> nude. Nay Le Diem dam dem vi$c phan<br /> Trfin Due Tdng khi vua quyet di danh<br /> phong vd qudn vu la vi§e tm trpng dai md<br /> Chiem Thdnh bi tii trdn.<br /> ndi bay ban can, neu khoan hdng ma tha<br /> thi sao eho nghiem dUde hinh phap? Vdy 3. Gidm sdt, phdn biin vi kinh te, vdn<br /> giao xudng Bp Hinh nghiem nghi". Rdi hda, xd hdi nhU ciia Ly Cdng Ufin ve vi?c<br /> Diim bi toi tram giam hdu (86). ddi dd, cua TrUdng Han Sieu ve bien dao<br /> 20 Rghien cijru Ljch stir, sg 4.2009<br /> <br /> Phat thanh me tin di doan, ciia sQ gia Le 9. TQ gidm sdt, phdn bien khdng dat<br /> Nghia ve viec chdp Thiic luc nhu mpt thQ hiiu qud, ddn de'n phdn Qng xd hdi<br /> phan bien mong vua Le Thanh Tdng xem Nhu ldi tau eua Hoang Ta Viem ve ndng<br /> sii de tu siia minh; cua Bp Cong trieu dan ndi ddy cho'ng trieu dinh d Thai<br /> Nguyin tau ve sii dung ngdn ngQ Han - Nguyen. Hay nhU nhieu cupe khdi nghia<br /> Viet; eua Dinh dien sQ Nguyen Cdng trQ nong dan ehdng trieu dinh cl Thai Binh, Hai<br /> tau ve tri an vd khan hoang. DUdng ma vua phai sai Nguyen Cdng TrQ,<br /> 4. Gidm sdt, phan biin vi cd chi to chQc Le Hoan, Hoang Cao Khai di ddn dp.<br /> vd diiu hdnh bo mdy nhd niidc nhU eua Ly Nhu vay, cac vi vua anh minh eua cac<br /> Dao Thanh, Td Hien Thanh thdi Ly, eua trieu dai xUa, sau khi nhdn dUde cac ldi<br /> Ngd Chf Hoa va Le Bat TQ thdi Le Thfin khai, cac sd tau, ldi tau trinh, ddn hdc... da<br /> Tdng; cua TrUdng Ddng Que, Nguyin Tri dUa xud'ng bach quan bdn luan, xem xdt, de<br /> PhUdng, Lam Duy Thiep, Nguyen Dang ehinh siia. chfnh sach, che dp cua trieu finh<br /> Giai, Phan Thanh Gian ve ehi'nh sU cd chd va de dieu hanh cac edng viec vi ldi fch qudc<br /> dd nat cfin chinh siia. gia vd eua nhan ddn. Nhd vdy, ma da cd<br /> 5. Gidm sdt, phdn bien vi trdt tQ, tri an nhQng thdi thai binh, thinh tri, day dQdc xa<br /> nhu cua TrUdng Qud'c Dung, Nguyen Cdng hpi tien len. Cdn nhQng vua chua khong<br /> TrQ cung nhieu quan lai cap tinh, huyen anh minh thi ehdng nhQng khdng thiic hien<br /> dang len trieu Nguyen ve viec cac quan lai nhQng yeu cfiu dUdc neu ra trong eac ldi<br /> che dfiu gidc eUdp, cUdng hao chiem doat phan bien md cdn cd khi phan bac lai hodc<br /> rupng da't, cua Nguyen Duy Thi ddi Le The tra thu, len an, tri tdi ddi vdi nhQng ldi le<br /> Tdng, LUdng Dfic Bfing ddi vua Le TUdng thfing thfin eua qufin thfin hodc eiia thUdng<br /> Due. Tfit ca deu Id khuyen can nha vua tU dan.<br /> siia minh va stta sang chfnh sU. V. Ke thvfa di s a n lich aii ve giam<br /> 6. Gidm sdt, phdn biin ddi vdi cdc doi sat, p h a n b i e n<br /> tQdng long quyin, tham nhung nhU cua Qua thiic te lich sii ke tren chung ta cd<br /> Chu v a n An thdi Trfin Du Tdng, eua the tii hao rfing trong truyen thdng diing<br /> Nguyin Binh Khiem, Giap Hai thdi Mac nUdc va giQ nUdc, dng cha ta da quan tam<br /> Mau Hdp, cua Vien Cd mat thdi Nguyin. xay diing mpt ed che giam sat eiia nha<br /> 7. Cdc quan lg,i gidm sdt, phdn biin, ddn nude vd mud'n nghe tieng ndi phan bien<br /> hdc ldn nhau tdu lin vua nhU ciia eac NgU tnic tiep hay gian tiep eua nhan dan de<br /> sii Nguyin Xuan Canh, Nguyin Qud'c Hoan xay diing dat nUde, phat trien xa hpi.<br /> ve nhQng hanh vi sai trai ciia mpt so' quan Trong eac eupe chien tranh giai phdng dan<br /> lai khae. tpc hay bao ve dpc Idp dan tpc, nhQng<br /> 8. Quyin gidm sdt, phdn bien cua ddn hanh dpng phan boi dan tpc, nhQdng bp,<br /> khdng dQdc tdn trpng nhU mpt ngUdi dan cl hodc dau hdng ke thu deu bi phan dm, hi<br /> ThQa Thien danh trd'ng Dang Van keu oan, nhan dan len an thdng qua ed che giam<br /> vua qud trach, phat danh 100 trUdng, quan sat, phan bi^n, theo the thQc phong kien,<br /> Phii doan ThQa Thien bi each chQc, hay ciia nhu tren da trinh bay.<br /> Le Diim d Nghe An dUa y kien ed tfnh chfit Nha nUde Cfich mang Vi^t Nam ra ddi tQ<br /> phan bien len vua, bi vua xii an tram giam ndm 1945 dUdc xay diing theo nguyen ly<br /> hdu. Chu nghia Mac-Lenin va Tu tudng Hd Chf<br /> Tdchtrcvajhuc h i ^ nhi^m vu. 21<br /> <br /> Minh, la nha nUdc "cua dan, do dan, vi dan" - Dinh chQc bfit giam bfit cQ nhan vien<br /> nen coi trpng viec ke thQa vd phat huy nao trong Uy ban Nhan dan hay Chfnh phu<br /> truyen thdng yeu nUde, trpng dan. Trong da pham ldi trUde khi mang ra Hpi ddng<br /> truyen thdng dd ed viec xay diing cd che td Chfnh phu hay toa an ddc bipt xdt xQ.<br /> chQc giam sat, phan bien, nhUng Id lam - Ban thanh tra cd the truy td tat ca cae<br /> theo tu tUdng ly ludn va phUdng phap mdi viec da xay ra trUdc ngdy ban bd sfic lenh<br /> cd tfnh each mang. Dd la vQa ed cac ed quan nay.<br /> dan cii (Qudc Hpi, Hpi ddng nhan dan eac<br /> Nhu vay, nhiem vu giam sat da dUde<br /> cfip) vd cac ed quan nha nUde nhU Ban<br /> thiie hien ngay khi Chfnh phii Viet Nam<br /> Thanh tra Chinh phu, Bp Tu phap, vien<br /> Dan ehu Cpng hoa mdi ra ddi (d dieu 1).<br /> Kiem sat... lai Id vQa ifing nghe y kien<br /> nhan dan qua nhieu ngudn, nhieu kenh Cdn nhiem vu phan bien ma trong lich<br /> thdng tin tQ cac td cHQc Dang, td chQc qufin sit gpi la tau trinh, xet hach, dan hdc thi<br /> chung md bao chum nhfit la Mat tran dan nay ban thanh tra nhdn ddn khieu nai<br /> tpc thdng nhfit. eiia nhan dan ddng thdi xem xet cac tai<br /> lieu gifiy td cua cae cd quan nha nUde rdi<br /> Dang cd Ban Kiem tra trung Qdng... Ddc<br /> quyet dinh cd nhQng nhdn x6t, sQa ddi...<br /> bipt la cac ky Dai hpi Dang, tfit ca cae dang<br /> (88).<br /> vien deu thdng qua Dai hpi Dang bp eac cfip<br /> Trong sudt cupe khang chie'n trUdng ky<br /> ma thao luan, ddng gdp y kien vdi Dai hpi<br /> ehdng Phap, Ban Thanh tra Chinh phii lien<br /> cfic cfip va Dai hpi Dang todn qudc. Dieu dd<br /> tiep dUdc xay diing mdi, bd sung them<br /> eung bao hdm y nghia giam sat, phan bien<br /> thanh vien. Thang 5-1950, Ban Thanh tra<br /> vdi cac hoat dpng ciia Nhd nUde va cae nhd<br /> Chfnh phii mdi dUde thdnh lap mdi do cu<br /> lanh dao Dang ve trach nhiem vdi dan, vdi<br /> Hd Tung Mdu la trUdng dodn, ddng chf<br /> nUdc.<br /> Trfin Ddng Ninh ldm uy vien. Ban da di<br /> Ngay sau ngdy Cach mang thang Tam thanh tra, kiem tra eac lien khu khang<br /> thanh cdng, Chii tich Hd Chf Minh da sdm chien. PhUdng cham lam viec nhU Chu tich<br /> eho thdnh lap Ban Thanh tra eiia Chi'nh Hd Chf Minh da chi dao Id: "NgUdi di kiem<br /> phii. Ngay 14-11-1945, Hpi ddng chinh phu tra thanh tra phai nghe bfing hai tai, phai<br /> da ra Nghi dinh thdnh Idp Ban thanh tra nghe nhieu tieng chudng, ddng thdi phai di<br /> ddc biet eua Chfnh phu, dQng dfiu la cu Bui sat thuc te "trdm nghe khong bfing mpt mfit<br /> Bfing Dodn vd uy vien la ddng ehf Cu Huy thfiy".<br /> c a n . Sfic Ipnh thanh lap Ban thanh tra dac<br /> Mpt sU kipn ndi bat la da dUdc nghe y<br /> biet ban hanh ngay 23-11-1945, gdm 8 dieu:<br /> kien phan bien cua nhdn dan ve vu tham<br /> 1. Giam sat tfit ca cac edng vipe va cac nhung eiia Dai ta - Giam dd'c Nha quan nhu<br /> nhan vien ciia Uy ban Nhan dan vd cae cd Bp Qudc phdng Trfin Du Chau. Mpt dai<br /> quan ciia Chinh phu. bieu Qud'c hpi da phat hien va td gidc Trfin<br /> 2. Cd todn quyen: Du Chau va ddng bpn pham tdi tham 6,<br /> - Nhdn cae ddn khieu nai cua nhdn dan quan phiet trong quan dpi. Chu tich Hd Chf<br /> Minh, Chi'nh phu vd Bp Qudc phdng da<br /> - Dieu tra hoi chQng xem xdt cac tai lieu<br /> cha'p nhan ldi phan bien cua Ban Thanh tra<br /> gifiy td ciia Uy ban Nhan dan hoae cac cd<br /> Chfnh phu. Ngay 5-9-1950, toa an quan sU<br /> quan ciia Chfnh phii cfin thiet eho cdng viec<br /> tdi cao da md phien toa xdt xii vk ket tdi tii<br /> giam sat.<br /> 22 Rghien ciJru Ljch siir. sg 4.2009<br /> <br /> hinh vdi Trfin Du Chau. Chu tich Hd Chi hdn 17.660 ban thanh tra ed sd vdi tren<br /> Minh da phe duyet ban an (89). 367.000 can bp (92).<br /> Ban Thanh tra Trung Udng cdn nhdn TQ ndm 1981 cho den ndm 1986, tinh<br /> dupc nhieu thU khieu to'. NhQng khieu td hinh thanh tra dUdc thiic hipn tdt dUa den<br /> deu la nhQng ldi phan bien cua nhan dan, Nghi quyet dai hpi VI cua Dang coi trpng<br /> cu the nhu ndm 1957, Ban Thanh tra cdng tac thanh tra theo phUdng cham md<br /> Trung Udng da nhan dUde 3.998 thU khieu Dai hpi de ra la nhin thfing vao sQ thdt,<br /> to', ehUa ke 2.037 ngUdi tnic tiep den Ban danh gia diing sQ that, ndi rd sU t h a t TQ<br /> Thanh tra khieu nai (90). Mpt sd trong sau dai hpi VI, thanh tra nhan dan da nhdn<br /> nhQng thU khieu td ndy mang y nghia phan dUdc nhieu y kien phan bien qua cac ddn<br /> bien eiia dai chung, cung nhU trong lich sQ, thu khieu nai, td cao. Cu the ndm 1987 da<br /> cae trieu dai phong kien da ddt ra trdng cd 172.291 ddn thU khieu nai, tdcao, trong<br /> Ddng Van de nghe nhan dan ndi. Den thdi dd ed tdi 12 can bp bi td cao la Bp tnidng,<br /> ky xay diing ehu nghia xa hpi trong toan ThQ trUdng hodc cap tUdng dUdng, 19 Bf<br /> qude tQ 1975 trd di, Ban chfip hanh Trung thu, Chu tich tinh, thdnh phd, 78 can bp<br /> Udng Dang da coi trpng viec ndy nhU Bao cfip cue, vu, vien... (93).<br /> cao chinh tri tai Dai hpi Ifin thQ IV cua Nhiem vu giam sat phan bien nhU vdy<br /> Dang da nhfin manh: da dUde thiic hien rpng rai tQ cfip cd sd cho<br /> 'To chQc kiem tra chat che va nghiem de'n cfip trung Udng. Nhd vay ma vipe thiic<br /> tue sU hoat dpng cua cac cd quan nhd nUde hien Nghi quyet Dai hpi VI cua Dang ve sQ<br /> la bien phap rfit quan trpng de nang cao nghiep ddi mdi todn dipn trUde het la ddi<br /> hipu liic cua nhd nUde. Cd cfiu kiem tra bao mdi tu duy ddc biet la tU duy kinh te da<br /> gdm hp thd'ng tii kiem tra trong bp may nha dem lai hieu qua to ldn. Tiep theo Dai hpi<br /> nUde, sU kiem tra cua Dang va eiia cac td VI, Dai hpi VII ciia Dang, ke ca dai bieu dai<br /> chQe qufin chung. Kiem tra phai thanh mpt hpi giQa nhipm ky khoa VII da gdp phfin to<br /> cd che budc tQng td chQc, tQng can \>q, tQng ldn vdo vipe ddi mdi tU duy nhd thiic hipn<br /> ngUdi dan tuan thii hien phap vd phap cae vfin de qua sii giam sat phan bipn.<br /> luat... Nhan dan sQ dung quyen eiia minh Trong vipe xay diing eUdng linh vd chien<br /> theo hien phap vd phap luat de dau tranh lUdc ciia Dang vao dau nhQng nkm 90, cdng<br /> vdi nhQng hanh dpng sai trai trong viec tac giam sat va phan bipn da gdp phfin tfch<br /> quan ly kinh te, vdn hod, ddi sd'ng, buoe eac ciic vdo viec thiie hien cUdng Hnh va chien<br /> cd quan nhd nUde thiie hien dung vd td't lUde. Cu the nhu rieng ndm 1992, cac<br /> quyen lam chii tap the ciia nhan dan" (91). nganh thanh tra da de xufit 4.480 kien nghi<br /> Den thdi ky cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai chfin ehinh cong tac quan ly eua cae cfip,<br /> hoa, nha nUdc coi trpng thanh tra nhan cac nganh, cac ddn vi trong dd ed 78% sd<br /> dan. TQ ndm 1981 trd di da xay diing cae td kien nghi da dupe tiep thu siia chQa. Dang<br /> chQc thanh tra nhan dan va thanh tra cong ke la cd 289 kien nghi da dUdc cac bp vk iiy<br /> nhan tai cac cd sd. Cd nhieu tinh thdnh ban nhan dan cac cfip chfip nhan bd sung...<br /> trong ca nUde thanh lap dUde ban thanh tra (94).<br /> tinh. Cd tdi 4.124 xd tren tdng so' 8.147 xa Cho den nay, sii nghiep ddi mdi thu dUpc<br /> da thdnh lap Ban Thanh tra nhan dan. nhieu ket qua mpt phfin Id nhd Dang vk<br /> Tong cpng ndm 1981, trong ca nUde cd tdi Chfnh phii da phat huy dan chii coi trpng y<br /> T6 chuc va ftuc hi&i nhiem vu. 22<br /> <br /> kien cua nhan dan. Tuy vdy, eho den nay, a. Chu trUdng tdp the hoa ndng nghiep<br /> hoat dpng cua Ban Thanh tra cae cfip cung mpt each nhanh ehdng, quyet dinh sdm dUa<br /> mdi la kiem tra, thanh tra, giam sat va hdp tac xa tQ thf diem len bae cao phd bien.<br /> phan bien tdi cae cd quan tQ cap Bp trd Viec lam nay da nhdn dUdc y kien phan<br /> xudng ma ehua lam dUde viec kiem tra bien eua can bp Trung Udng va dia phUdng,<br /> ngUde len tdi cae cd quan phu trach cao cfip thdm ehf ed nhQng phan Qng tfch ciic ehdng<br /> nhu Chu tieh nUdc, Chfnh phu va Trung hdp tac hoa mpt each d at, nhUng nhQng ldi<br /> Udng Dang, tUa nhU trUdc kia ed nhQng ldi phan bien dd eung khdng dupe chfip nhan<br /> tau trinh, ddn hdc edng khai den ca nhd lai eon cd ndi thi hanh sQc ep tQ tnic tiep<br /> vua va trieu dinh. Hipn nay, cae cupe chfit den gian tiep... Sau ndy, sU tan ra cua<br /> vfin trong Qudc hpi cung bUdc dau thiic nhieu hdp tac xa ndng nghiep, nan thieu<br /> hipn nhiem vu ndy. ddi diin ra, d i n den sU kien khoan chui<br /> trong nong nghiep. Dd la hau qua cu the<br /> VI. Nhiifng kinh nghiem lich sijf va<br /> nhfit cua vipe thieu nghe y kien phan bien<br /> bai hoc lich aii<br /> ciia can bp va nhan dan.<br /> Trong hdn ntta the ky qua, tuy chung ta<br /> b. Chu trUdng cai tao xa hpi ehu nghia<br /> da ke thQa vd phat huy dUde nhQng mdt<br /> trong edng nghiep cung vdi tU duy mud'n<br /> tfch ciic ve giam sat, phan bien eua dng<br /> dUa quan he san xufit tien tien len trUde rdi<br /> cha, nhUng cung cdn cd nhQng thieu sdt<br /> kdo lUc lUdng san xufit lac hau len sau mpt<br /> nghiem trpng.<br /> each nhanh ehdng qua each mang khoa hpc<br /> 1. Dang ke nha't Id sai Ifim ta khuynh, - ky thuat, nen da quy nhieu chu tieu thii<br /> duy y ehf trong cai cfich rupng dfit vd chinh cdng nghiep 6 Hd Npi vd cac tinh phfa Bfic<br /> ddn td chQe nhU Trung Udng Dang da kiem len tu san de cai tao. Rdi sau lai mudn ap<br /> diem va thQa nhdn, nhUng vipe nghe phan dung bien phap nay d mien Nam sau khi<br /> bien ciia cdn bp va nhan dan ve viec ndy giai phdng, nhUng nhd nghe phan bien ciia<br /> trong khi dang tien hdnh cdn chUa that can bp va nhan dan mien Nam nen da<br /> thoa dang. Cu the trong so' can bp cao cfip ngQng lai kip thdi. Mdc dfiu vdy, cupe cai<br /> eiia Dang da cd mpt so' ddng ehf qua tiep tao tu san d mien Bfic va bUde dfiu d mien<br /> sue thiic tiin (eung ed y nghia Id giam sat) Nam cung dd dUa lai sU giam sut dang ke<br /> cd kien nghi phan bien ve chu trUdng cai nen edng - thUdng nghiep ciia ca nUde.<br /> each rupng dat cua Trung Udng ed yeu to'<br /> Ddn cQ mfiy viec tieu bieu ke tren chung<br /> giao dieu lam theo edng tac phan phong ciia<br /> tdi mud'n ket luan la:<br /> Trung Qudc, tidu bieu nhU ddng ehf Trfin<br /> Huy Lipu (xem Tap chf Xu"a vd Nay, so'297, Ong cha ta da de lai di san quy bau ve<br /> (XII-2007), trang 16-29). tinh thfin trpng dan, nghe sU giam sat,<br /> phan bien ciia nhan dan, nhfit la d eac trieu<br /> NhUng kien nghi dd da khdng dUde chfip dai thinh tri. Trong Cach mang thang Tam<br /> nhan. vd trong hai cupe khang chien, chung ta da<br /> 2. Tu duy chii quan, duy y chf, cho rfing: biet ke thQa vd phat huy nhQng mat tfch<br /> Cd the dUa quan hp san xufit tien tien len ciic ciia eac di san nay. Cdn nhQng thieu sdt<br /> trUde de kdo theo liic lUdng san xufit (tuy ke tren chung ta cfin tim 6 di san tieu ciic<br /> cdn kha lac hau) len sau... da dUa den hai cua che dp phong kien (doe tdi, doe doan) vd<br /> sai Ifim: kinh te tieu ndng (chii quan, ta khuynh,<br /> 24 R g h i ^ curu Lich sir. s6 4.2009<br /> <br /> duy y chi) dUa den thieu dan ehu, dieu md phong kien (cd the vdi mpt ten gpi khac).<br /> chung ta ludn ludn dUa ra Id phai canh giac Tfit nhien ngQdi chdp Thiic luc phai that<br /> de phdng... trung thiic. Nha nUdc cd quy che ldm vi$c<br /> Do'i vdi ed che td chQe trong he thdng cho ngUdi chdp ThQc luc phai tuan theo.<br /> chinh tri hipn nay thi di san lich sii ke tren NgUde lai, Nha nUde, cac nha lanh dao cung<br /> cd nhQng diem tfch cUc md chung ta da ke coi Thiic luc nhu mpt loai hinh giam sat,<br /> thQa va phat huy. phan bipn de nghien cQu, chfit Ipc Ifiy<br /> nhQng sii kien chfnh xac, nhQng y vd ldi<br /> Ve td chQc xUa gdm cae ed quan nha<br /> phan bien dung dfin de sii dung vdo vipe ddi<br /> nude nhu Hien ty, NgU sQ ddi, Vien Do sat,<br /> cfic Gian nghi dai phu, thi ngay nay nhiJng mdi td chQe va cd che lanh dao, quan ly vk<br /> ed quan ke tren dUde thay the bfing ban thiic hien.<br /> Thanh tra Chfnh phu, va cae Ban Thanh 3. Tdng phong cho mpt sd ngUdi trung<br /> tra nhan dan, Vien Kiem sat, bp may tU thiie dUdc dai chung nhan dan tfn nhipm<br /> phap vd td chQc luat sU... chQe hdm Gian nghi dai phu nhU xUa. Cdn<br /> chQc danh vd nhipm vu thi cd the ddi mdi<br /> Tuy vdy, ehdng ta nin ke thQa vd phdt<br /> eho phu hdp vdi hien nay.<br /> triin them d nhQng mat ditdi ddy:<br /> 4. Ddng thdi Id phai tdng cQdng quyen<br /> 1. Chung ta khdng theo che dp da dang<br /> han va nhipm vu giam sat vd phan bien eiia<br /> vd cd che ludng vien nhU d nhieu qud'c gia<br /> cac td chQc chinh tri va eua nhan dan. Mpt<br /> tu ban chii nghia hipn dai, nhUng trong he<br /> vai thf du cu the nhU:<br /> thdng chfnh tri hipn nay cung nen theo<br /> truyen tho'ng dng cha xay diing mpt ed quan "ThQ nhdt, Chi thi sd 30/CT/TU cua Bp<br /> chuyen giam sat vd phan bien cdng khai, Chfnh tri ve xay diing vd thiic hien quy che<br /> dan chu va cd hieu liic (nhU kieu NgU sii ddn chii 6 ed sd cfin bd sung quyen h^n<br /> ddi vd Vien Dd sat xUa) vdi ten gpi va cac giam sat, phan bien eiia nhan dfin. Chi thi<br /> chQc danh mdi. Cd quan dd cd trach nhiem ghi Id: "Md rpng cae hinh thQc td chQc tii<br /> Id: Neu nhQng chii trUdng, chfnh sach do quan de nhan dan, edng nhan, can bp, cdng<br /> Nha nude de ra va thiie hien pham sai Ifim chQe tii bdn bac thiic hien trong khudn khd<br /> nghiem trpng de'n mQe dp nhU mfiy sai Ifim phap luat nhQng edng vipe mang tfnh xa<br /> da diin ra ke tren ma khong sdm phat hipn hpi hoa cao, cd sii hd trd eua chinh quyen,<br /> vd phan bipn thi cd quan dd phai chiu trach cd quan, ddn vi (nhU viec xay diing hUdng<br /> nhiem. ude, quy Ude Idng van hoa, xay diing td hod<br /> 2. Trong ed che giam sdt va phan bien giai, td an ninh, phong trdo vp sinh mdi<br /> hien nay, ngoai cae td chQc thanh tra, kiem trUdng, den dn dap nghia, giup dd ngUdi<br /> sat, tu phap, nen xay diing mpt cd che cho ngheo..." (95). NhU vdy, nhan dan chi phat<br /> phdp cac nganh khoa dUdc lam nhiem vu huy dan ehu thiic hien nhipm vu dan chii cl<br /> giam sat, phan bien va ed trach nhiem ed sd trong tii quan md ehUa cd cd ch^ dan<br /> giam sat, phan bien ve nhQng lanh viic ed chu ve giam sfit, phan bipn ddi vdi cac cd<br /> lien quan den chuyen mdn ciia minh, coi dd quan Nha nUdc tQ thfip den cao. Cfin bd<br /> nhu mpt nhiem vu khoa hpc. Rieng nganh sung.<br /> Sii hpc thi dUde tiep can vdi eac hoat dpng ThQ hai, Cd quan dan nguypn cl Quoc h^i<br /> ciia Nha nUde, Chinh phii, Qud'c hpi dUde hipn nen cd them chQc ndng giam sat, phan<br /> ldm nhipm vu nhU bien chdp ThQc luc thdi bien.<br /> Td chirc va thuc hien nhiem vu. 25<br /> <br /> <br /> Q u y e t d i n h t h a n h l a p Ban D a n n g u y e n hpi (96).<br /> ciia Uy b a n ThUdng vu Qude hpi ngay 17-3- N h u vay la B a n D a n nguypn mdi thu<br /> 2003 quy d i n h ve n h i p m vu, q u y e n h a n cua dpng tiep t h u y kien ciia n h a n dan vi bQc<br /> Ban d a n n g u y e n nhU s a u : xuc ma hp p h a i dUa len chQ chua ehu dpng<br /> - ThQ nhdt: Tiep cong dan, chu yeu la d a t r a mpt dinh che ve quyen giam sat,<br /> tiep n h a n de xQ ly, theo doi giai quyet cae p h a n bipn cua n h a n d a n do'i vdi cac cd quan<br /> kien nghi, k h i e u nai, to'cao ciia cdng d a n . Nhd nUdc.<br /> - ThQ hai: G i u p Uy b a n ThUdng vu Qud'c De t a i n a y la mdi me, vdi k h a n d n g cd<br /> hpi phdi hdp vdi Uy b a n T r u n g Udng M a t h a n , c h u n g tdi xin dUa ra k e t qua sUu<br /> t r a n To Qud'c Viet N a m tdng hdp y kien, t a m , n g h i e n cQu bUdc d a u va chan t h a n h ,<br /> kien nghi eiia cQ t r i q u a mdi ky dai bieu thfing thfin t r i n h b a y nhQng suy nghi,<br /> Qud'c hpi tiep xuc cQ tri. k i e n nghi cua m i n h , mong n h a n dUdc<br /> - ThQ ba: Tong hdp t i n h h i n h , giai quyet nhQng y kien dong gdp cua dpc gia de bd<br /> ddn t h u de bao cao Uy b a n ThUdng vu Quoc s u n g , sQa chQa.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (55). Kham dinh Dai Nam Hoi die'n sU le, Noi (77). DNTL, tap XV, Chinh bien, 1834, Nxb<br /> cac trieu Nguyin bien soan. Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue Khoa hpc xft hpi. Ha Koi. 1965. tr. 211.<br /> in va phat hftnh, nam 1993, tap 14, tr. 70 - 71. (78). DNTL, tap XVIII, Chinh bien, 1836, .\xb<br /> (56), (57), (58), (59), (60), (61), (62), (63), (64). Khoa hpc xa hpi, tr. 51.<br /> Nhu tren, tr. 177, 191-192, 99-100, 120, 109, -115, (79). DNTL, tap XX, Chinh bien, 1838, Nxb<br /> 117, 121-122, 193-194. Khoa hpc xa hpi, tr. 76.<br /> (65). Dai Nam Thiic luc (DNTL), tap V (Chinh (80). DNTL. tap 26, Chinh bien (IH16-1847),<br /> bien), De nhi Ky 1, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1972, tr. 31.<br /> 1963, tr. 120-121. (81). DNTL, tftp 38, Chinh bien, 1886-1888.<br /> (66). DNTL. tap XV, Chinh bien 1834, Nxb Nxb Khoa hpc xft hpi. Ha Npi, 1978, tr. 29,<br /> Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1965, tr. 369. (82), (83), (84), DNTL. tftp 27, Chinh bien,<br /> (67). DNTL, tap XVIII, Chinh bien 1836, Nxb 1848-1853, Nxb, Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Noi, 1973, tr<br /> Khoa hoc xa hoi, tr. 68, 69, 70. 59-62, 113-114,379,<br /> (68). DNTL, tap 19, Chinh bien 1837, Nxb (85), DNTL, tap XXXII, 1870-1873, Nxb Khoa<br /> Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hft Npi, 1968, tr. 215 - 216. hpc xa hpi. Ha Noi, 1975, tr. 25-26,<br /> (69). DNTL, tap 19, Chinh bien 1837, Nxb (86), DNTL. tap IX, Chinh bien (1828 • 1829),<br /> Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1968. tr. 225. tr, 176 - 177,<br /> (70). DNTL, tap XXX, Chinh bien. 1863 - 1865, (87), DNTL, tap XXXII ( 1870-1873), Nxb Khoa<br /> tr. 127 - 129. hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1975, tr, 75.<br /> (71). DNTL. tap XII, Chinh bien, 1833, tr. 58-59. (88). Lich Si? thanh tra Viet Nam 1945 • 1955 sa<br /> (72), Dai Nam ThUc Luc, tap I (Tien bien), Nxb thdo. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi, 1998, tr, 15-16,<br /> Sd hpc, Hft Npi, 1962, tr. 6-8. (89), (90), (91), (92), (93), (94). Lich sd thanh<br /> (73), (74), (75). DNTL, tap IX, Chinh bien, 1828 tra Viet Nam 1945 - 1955 sa thdo, sdd, tr, 47-49,<br /> 67, 155, 178, 243, 293,<br /> - 1829, tr. 32-33, 104-105, 354.<br /> (95), (96), Tap chi Mat tran, so 50, thang 12-<br /> (76). DNTL, tap XV, Chinh bien, 1834, Nxb<br /> 2007, tr, 31, 11.<br /> Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hft Noi. 1965, tr. 128.<br />