Tổ chức xã hội của người Mông ở Đồng Văn (Hà Giang) trước cách mạng tháng Tám 1945

^<br /> TO CHCC XA HOI C U A NCirOI MONO<br /> d DONG VAN (HA GIANG) TRl/dC<br /> CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945<br /> <br /> DAMTHIUYfeN*<br /> PHUNG THI SINH*<br /> <br /> 211/CP ngdy 15-12-1962 tdch Ddng Vdn ldm<br /> H uyen Ddng Van thdi Nguyin Id<br /> tdng Ddng Quang, chdu Binh<br /> Nguyen, phu TUdng Yen, tinh Tuyen<br /> 3 huyen: Ddng Vdn, Yen Minh, Mdo Vac.<br /> Huyen Ddng Vdn ngdy nay bao gdm 2<br /> Quang sau dd thudc ve Chdu Bao Lac do thi trd'n va 18 xa: Thi trd'n Phd Bang, Thi<br /> mot thd quan ho Ndng d Bao Lac cai quan. tra'n Ddng Van va cac xa: Ta Lilng, Thang<br /> Khi thiic dan Phap xam lUdc, khu vUc vung Md, Sang Tung, Sinh Lung, Lung Tao, Phd'<br /> cao cua tinh Tuyen Quang dUdc tdch ra de La, Sung Mang, Phu Lung, Lung Cu, Sa<br /> thdnh Idp tinh Ha Giang vdo ndm 1891, Phin, Sung Thai, Ma Ld, Sung La, Lung<br /> chau Ddng Van dUdc tach ra khdi Bao Lac Thdu, Thai Phin Tung, Phd Cao, Vdn Chai,<br /> (1). Tu Phin.<br /> Theo Ngd Vi Liin trong Ten lang xd vd Theo cdc ngudn tai Ueu thi ngUdi Mdng d<br /> dia dii cdc tinh Bdc Ky, thi Ddng Van la Viet Nam cd ngudn gdc tfl Trung Qudc. Liic<br /> mot trong hai dai ly cua tinh Ha Giang ddu ho sdng d khu vUc gifla hd Dong Dinh va<br /> gdm hai tdng: Tdng Quang Mdu vd tdng Bdnh Lai vd ve sau cung vdi qua trinh lich<br /> Ddng Minh vd 19 xa: Ddng Van, Bach Dich, sfl ho da thien di md rdng dia bdn cU t n i tdi<br /> Sa Phin, Lung Phin, Dudng ThUdng, Lung Tfl Xuyen, Quy Chau, Van Nam, Quang<br /> Chinh, Mdu Due, Meo Vac, Niem Sdn, Na Ddng, Quang Tay (Trung Qudc) va thien di<br /> Khe, Ngam La, Phu Lung, Sung Mdng, Sdn vao Viet Nam (3).<br /> Vi, Phd Cdo, Sung La, Sung Thao, Vdn<br /> Ngdn ngfl cua dan tdc Mdng thudc nhdm<br /> Chai, Yen Minh (2).<br /> ngdn ngfl Mdng - Dao. Trfldc day ngfldi<br /> Cudi nSm 1975, hai tinh Ha Giang - Han goi ngfldi Mong la Mieu Tfl hay Mieu<br /> Tuyen Quang dUdc sap nhdp thdnh tinh Ha Toe. Cac cong ddng d phia Bdc Viet Nam<br /> Tuyen vd tdi thang 10 nam 1991 lai dUdc tach goi la ngfldi Meo. Ten goi Mdng la tdc danh<br /> thdnh Tuyen Quang va Ha Giang. Ddng Van tfl goi cua ngfldi Mdng d Viet Nam. Le Quy<br /> la mot trong 7 huyen viing cao cua tinh Ha Ddn cd nhdc de'n dan tdc Mdng vdi ten goi<br /> Giang. Theo Nghi quyet cua Chinh phu sd' la "Sdn Mieu", ho d ndi "dai sdn lam cdy ca'y<br /> <br /> <br /> * PGS.TS. Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen<br /> '* Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen<br /> 26 RghiSn curu Lich sJr. s6 6.2010<br /> <br /> thi dot nUdng, dao hd', bd thdc, cho d nay Giang ndi chung, che do Qudng d vung<br /> day mai dd khdng nha't dinh"(4). Sach ngudi Tdy - Nung la kha phd bien. Che' do<br /> Dong Khdnh dii dia chi cung cho biet: Mdn Muc, Quan Chieu phd bidn d vung<br /> "NgUdi Meo d dinh niii, do qudn ddn gian, ngUdi Dao. NhUng d dan tdc Mdng lai khdc,<br /> khdng trang sflc hoa vdn... ngfldi Meo, Man ngUdi Mdng d Ha Giang khdng cd td chflc hdnh<br /> thi tim chd hdi bdng p h i n g tren dinh nui, chinh rieng ma phu thuoc vdo che do Qudng<br /> sfldn niii phat cay trdng khoai, lua mach, cua ngfldi Tdy. Thdi Le, trieu (finh da phong<br /> rai rac cung trdng dfldc liia nUdng (lua hdu cho 7 ddng ho ldm Qudng (tha't tdc<br /> deo)" (5). phien thdn) trong dd d Ddng Vdn (vdn la<br /> tdng D6ng Quan cila chdu Bao Lac) do ho<br /> Hien nay, ngUdi Mdng la dan tdc ddng<br /> Nguyen Doan cai quan (8).<br /> nha't d Hd Giang vd cung Id ddn tdc ddng<br /> nha't d Ddng Vdn, chiem tren 87% dan sd' Cac Qudng ngfldi Tay thfldng trao quyin<br /> todn huyen. NgUdi Mdng d ddy chu ye'u quan ly cho cac Ma phai, Seo phdi. Vi ngfldi<br /> thudc hai nhdm: Mdng Dd (Mdng Trdng) va Mdng cfl tru theo ban Idng nhflng kh6ng<br /> Mdng Sua (Mdng Hoa) (6). Dudi che do lien vdi nhau thanh mot dai ma thfldng bi<br /> qudn chu Viet Nam do ngudi Mdng sinh ngan cdch, xen ke bdi nhieu khu viic cfl tni<br /> sdng tren nhflng vi tri chien Ifldc quan cua cac dan tdc khdc, ddc biet la do tdp<br /> trong cua dfldng bien gidi qud'c gia vi vdy qudn san xud't du canh, du cfl nen td chflc<br /> cac chinh quyen qudn chu trung fldng rd't bd mdy hdnh chinh d ddy thfldng thieii tinh<br /> chu y tdi viing bien ai ndy. Tfl thdi Ly - dn dinh, lau ddi. Ho khdng cd tin ngfldng,<br /> Trdn-hdu Le tdi thdi Quang Trung va trieu tdn giao rieng ma thfldng phai "vay mfldn"<br /> Nguyen deu cfl cdc dodn len thanh tra thi cua cac dan tdc ldn hdn (9).<br /> sdt vung bien. Thdi Tran, Tran Nhdt Dudt<br /> De'n ddu the' ky XX, d vung ngfldi Mdng<br /> da tdi Hd Giang de dep loan. Quang Trung<br /> dd tflng tdi Dong Long (Lung Cu) (7). che' do Thd ty mdi thflc sfl ldn manh, theo<br /> dd sfl phan hda xd hdi diin ra manh me.<br /> 1. To chiic b o m a y q u a n ly t r u y e n Thd ty Id ngfldi sd hflu td'i cao, ndm todn<br /> t h o n g c u a ngifdri M o n g t r i i d c C a c h bo ruong dd't vd tnic tiep sfl dung sd' ruong<br /> m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945 dd't td't. De canh tac sd' ruong dd't nay vd<br /> - Quang, thdty lam nhflng cdng viec phuc dich khdc trong<br /> nhd, Thd ty bdt n h a n dan trong vung den<br /> 0 cdc vung bien gidi phia Bdc, ndi cd vi ldm khdng cdng hodc giao cho cac chflc<br /> tri chien lUdc xung yeu, anh hudng cua cdc<br /> dich trong ban cd trach nhiem huy ddng<br /> tu trudng, thd tu cdn rd't ldn trong nhan<br /> sflc lao ddng cila nhan dan vd bat ho ldm<br /> dan, che do thd ty kha phd bien. Che do<br /> tfl luc cdy cd'y den khi thu hoach. Giup<br /> Thd ty la ket qua cua viec thiic hien chinh<br /> viec cho Thd ty cd cac Ma phdi, Seo phdi.<br /> sach cua trieu dinh qudn chu Viet Nam ddi<br /> Vai trd cua Ma phdi, Seo phdi ra't ldn vd<br /> vdi cdc vung bien gidi trong viec bao ve nen<br /> quan trong.<br /> ddc Idp tu chil cila ddn tdc. Trieu dinh<br /> phong chflc tfldc cho cac thd tu dia phfldng - Md phdi la ngfldi quan ly ca'p gidp, cd'p<br /> va ho cd trdch nhiem quan ly lanh thd va tren cila Idng ban. Moi gidp cd nhieu ban,<br /> cfl dan cac vung bien viin. Trfldc Cdch cd tfl bd'n dd'n ndm Ma phdi trong mot giap.<br /> mang thdng Tam, cdc dan tdc thieu sd' d Hd Ma phdi theo tieng Mdng goi Id "Mo phia".<br /> T^ chijrc xa h^i ciia ngugri mOng... 27<br /> <br /> <br /> Ma phai cd the do cd'p tren (Qudng) cd thdnh mdt chflc dich, mdt cdng cu cai tri<br /> xud'ng hoac do dan ban bdu ra. Ho la nhflng cua thflc dan Phap.<br /> ngudi cd tiem liic kinh te, cd uy tin vdi ddn. Cung vdi Thd ty, cdc Ma phai Id nhflng<br /> Trong sudt qud trinh quan ly, ne'u ldm td't chu ruong da't, nui non, sdng ngdi mac du<br /> cd the dUdc ldm Ma phdi sud't ddi, ne'u de<br /> tren nguyen tdc ta't ca deu do cac Thd ty<br /> md't uy tin vdi dan ban thi bi thay the,<br /> ndm gifl.<br /> nhUng trong thflc te chflc vu Ma phai da<br /> trao cho ai thi rd't it khi cd sfl thay the nhd't Ruong da't dfldc phan chia nhU sau:<br /> Id che do thi^c ddn Phap. Cd t h i ddn mot vi Phdn ruong nUdng td't nhd't d cac ban ddu<br /> du nhu trudng hdp dng Sung Xi Cha d Sd do Thd ty. Ma phdi tnic tie'p sd hflu. Ruong<br /> Phin (Ddng Van), mot ngUdi giau cd, sd hflu cd'p cho cac chflc dich, cho binh linh. Ruong<br /> nhieu ruong bdc thang, nudi nhieu ngfldi d, do nhan ddn cdy cd'y.<br /> ngfldi ldm thue vd rd't cd uy tin vdi dan nen Khac vdi ngfldi Tdy, cac Qudng ddng vai<br /> da dd gifl chflc vu Ma phdi sud't 20 nam trd duy nhd't trong viec thd cung, tflc Id<br /> (10). thdu tdm thdn quyen. Thdn quyen kdt hdp<br /> Md phdi dfldc phdp sfl dung tap dich, goi vdi chinh quyen trd thdnh the' liic ap che<br /> la "ty sung". Ma phdi cd linh bao ve goi Id ddc liic. Cdn Ma phai d ngfldi Mdng khdng<br /> "thuc dung". Mdi Ma phdi cd khoang tfl 5 gifl ddc quyen trong thd cung -vi nhflng<br /> de'n 10 ngudi thay phien nhau canh gdc, ngfldi dan cung cd the lam thdy cung. Thdy<br /> bao vd. Cling Id mot nhan vat cd vi tri quan trong<br /> trong xa hdi vd trong quan niem tin ngfldng<br /> Ma phai cd vai trd quan trong trong td cua ngfldi Mdng. Thdy cung dfldc coi la<br /> chflc quan ly, dieu hdnh moi boat ddng cua nhdn vdt trung gian gifla ngfldi vdi thdn<br /> cU dan trong ban nhU quan ly ddn so', dd't linh. Mot thdy cung gidi rd't dfldc nhan dan<br /> dai, thu thue, dam bao trdt tii tri an trong coi trong. Cho nen, ddi khi cdn giai quye't<br /> ban. Ma phdi cd dd'u trien rieng, td't ca moi cdng viec cho cd hieu qua, Md phdi cung it<br /> cdng viec nhU ma chay, cUdi xin, cung te... nhieu sfl dung ldi phdn xil hay each giai<br /> deu phai mdi Ma phai de'n chflng kien va quye't cua thdy cung, nhd't Id khi dp dung<br /> lam chu. nhflng quy dinh phat va dd'i vdi ngudi mdc<br /> tdi.<br /> Dfldi thdi Phap thudc. Ma phai dfldc td<br /> chflc liic Ifldng qudn doi d ca'p trung ddi tfl Thd ty. Ma phai, chflc dich vd nhiing<br /> 20 den 40 ngfldi. Tdt ca nam thanh nien tfl ngfldi gidu cd anh hfldng ldn dd'i vdi nhdn<br /> 18 tudi trd len deu phai tham gia liic lUdng ddn. Day Id tdng Idp tnic tiep phan phdi<br /> qudn ddi ben canh cdng viec chinh Id lao ruong dd't, rflng niii, ngudn nfldc cd quyen<br /> ddng san xua't. Ngodi ra trong quan doi cdn chiem nhflng ruong bdc thang td't nhd't.<br /> cd "xy tra", Id ngUdi ldm cdng tdc tU tudng Nhd cfla cua ho dfldc ldm khang trang, nhd<br /> cho dan, qudn vd phan dnh tinh hinh, y to, rong, cot gd ke tren da tang deo hinh<br /> kie'n cua ddn, quan len Bang td. NgUdi den Idng hodc qua cdu mai, Idp ngdi hoac<br /> Phap thUc thi che do "quan sii quan che" d lat van. Tieu bieu cho dang kie'n tnic nay la<br /> Ddng Van thi moi cdng viec Ma phai deu nhflng ngdi nhd dfldc xdy dflng tfl hdi the' ki<br /> phai bao len Bang td. Vai trd cua Md phai thfl XV nay dfldc goi Id khu phd cd thudc<br /> tfl ngfldi tnic tie'p quan ly lang ban trd Thi trd'n Ddng Vdn. Khi quan sdt cd the<br /> 28 Rghifin curu Ljeh sJr. sg 6.2010<br /> <br /> hinh dung ddc sfl cdng phu cdu ky khi xay cay cd'y, gat hai khdng cdng, bdt dan hang<br /> dflng, nd khac ban vdi nha cua dan nghdo nam phai nop du so' thud'c phien, thdc, ngd<br /> lam bang cot ngoan, vach nfla hay vdn bd, theo yeu cdu. Ngfldi dan mdc tdi phai mang<br /> mdi Idp tranh. Dien hinh nhd't Id khu nhd bac trang, ga, ldn, thudc phien den cdu cflu<br /> ho Vfldng dfldc xay dflng vao ddu the ky Ma phdi. Neu mudn khai pha nfldng rSy,<br /> XX, la mot cdng trinh the hien sfl giau cd hoac cd viec kien cao hay ddn gian Id sdn d-<br /> va quyen liic cua gia tdc ho Vfldng. Day vfla fldc mudng thu trong dia phdn cila Ma phdi<br /> Id ndi d cila ca gia dinh vfla Id tru sd ldm quan ly thi dan phai den bao cao vd bieu<br /> viec va cung vfla la mot phao dai cila Bang xdn cho Ma phdi.<br /> ta Vfldng Chinh Dflc (11).<br /> Trong ddi sd'ng hdng ngay, moi sinh boat<br /> Vai trd cila Ma phai kha quan trong, cila Thd ty. Ma phai, nhflng ngfldi giau deu<br /> khdng chi la ngfldi quan ly tnic tie'p ve tac ddng de'n cfl dan trong ban lang va cd<br /> kinh te md cdn ndm gifl quyen quan ly ve khi trong pham vi ca mot vung. Ddm ma<br /> con ngfldi va td chflc phan cdng lao ddng xa cila ngfldi cd the' liic va giau cd dUdc thdi<br /> hoi. Tren cd sd nam dfldc so' ddn trong ban. ken danh trdng, md nhieu bd, ldn, de, sau<br /> Ma phdi cd trach nhidm dilu hdnh liic mot tudn mdi chdn cd't, td't ca cdc gia dinh<br /> Ifldng thanh nien trong ban tham gia liic trong ban deu phai cfl ngfldi den giup dd<br /> Ifldng an ninh, lao ddng san xudt cho ban (13). Dam ma cua ngudi nghdo chi td chflc<br /> lang ngoai cdng viec chinh la lam ruong ddn gian, md mot con bd, neii cd nhieu ban<br /> nfldng cho gia dinh minh. Khdng chi cd be, ho hang thi td chflc dam ma trong 3<br /> nhiem vu quan ly hanh chinh, kinh te, ngay, ne'u it thi chi trong 2 ngdy.<br /> qudn ddi ma Ma phai cdn dai dien cho lang<br /> - Seo phdi (So phia) la ngfldi giup viec<br /> ban thflc thi luat phdp dfla tren he thd'ng<br /> cho Ma phai. Mot Ma phai cd hai de'n ba<br /> nhiing nguyen tac nghiem ngat. Nhflng<br /> Seo phai giup viec.<br /> ngfldi mac tdi trong ban tuy mflc do nang<br /> nhe ma dp dung cac hinh phat khac nhau. Cac Seo phai cd nhiem vu lien lac, thdng<br /> Vi du, tdi an trdm cd the phat va bang tien bdo, phd bien cdc chu trfldng cua giap<br /> (bac tring), bdng trau, bd, bdng sflc lao xudng cho dan ban, trieu tdp dan ban khi<br /> ddng (di phu) hodc hi tra ta'n, phat tu tfl 1-2 cd cdng viec ldn. Cung gid'ng nhfl Ma phdi,<br /> nam. Tdi chd'ng lai Ma phai va quan tren cdc Seo phdi mot mdt tnic tiep tham gia<br /> ma hi Ma phai ke't tdi va da trinh len Bang san xud't nhflng mat khdc cung trd thdnh<br /> td hay quan Phap thi la trong tdi, khdng ngudi quan ly vd dUdc hudng nhieu quyen<br /> the giam va phai di d ca ddi khong dfldc tU ldi ve cua cai.<br /> do (12). 2. Sii thay doi to chiirc hknh chinh<br /> Ma phai va cac chflc dich la nhflng ngfldi diidi thdi Phap thuoc<br /> dfldc hfldng nhieu dac quyen dac ldi nha't. Tfl khi chie'm ddng Ha Giang (1887)<br /> Trong nha Ma phai cd ngfldi lam thue, (14), thflc ddn Phap ndm Idy cac thd ty, dia<br /> ngfldi d lam cac cdng viec nhfl chan ngiia, chu de Idp bd may thd'ng tri tfl tinh den cac<br /> dun nfldc (nhiing ngfldi ndy thfldng dfldc chdu, tdng vd xd. Chung thi hanh che do<br /> miin di phu). Ma phdi di dau deu cd it nhd't "quan sfl quan che", lap ra cac dao quan<br /> 2-3 linh dong bao ve. Ngodi ra, cac Ma binh de kiem soat moi cdng viec hanh<br /> phdi, chflc dich cdn bat dan den phuc dich. chinh d dia phfldng. Thflc hidn chinh sach<br /> Td churc xa hpi ciia ngugri HTOng... 29<br /> <br /> "chia de tri", thflc dan Phap chia vung cao gia cua dia phfldng. Thflc hien che do thue<br /> nguyen Ddng Van ra thanh 4 khu viic, khda ndng n l nhfl t h u l dinh, thud diin,<br /> dflng ddu moi khu vUc Id mot ddng ho thd thue gia dc, thud'c phien, thue nudi qudn.<br /> ty cai quan:<br /> Thflc hidn chinh sach ngu dan, thflc dan<br /> - Vung phia Bdc (Huyen Mdo Vac ngdy Phap khdng md trfldng hoc d day, ca huyen<br /> nay) do trum Thd ty DUdng Trung Nhan chi cd mot vai Idp dan lap vd chi cd con em<br /> cai quan. nha giau mdi dUde vao hoc. Hdu het nhan<br /> - Vung gifla cao nguyen Ddng VSn (chil dan trong huyen d i u khdng biet chfl. Toan<br /> ye'u la xa Ddng Van) do Thd ty Nguyin huyen Ddng Vdn chi cd mot y ta (d tai xa<br /> Chanh Quay cai quan. Ddng Van) chii yeii de phuc vu cho nha<br /> - Vung Phd Bang - Sa phin do Thd ty binh va cac chflc dich, thd ty, dia chil. Nhan<br /> Vfldng Chinh Dflc cai quan. dan dau dm khdng dfldc kham chfla benh,<br /> khdng cd thudc (15).<br /> - Phia nam cao nguyen Ddng Vdn<br /> (Huyen Yen Minh ngdy nay) do Thd ty Thflc dan Phap da khdng thii tieu td chflc<br /> Nguyen Dodn Quy va Nguyin Chanh Tfl xa hoi truyin thd'ng cua cac dan tdc thieu sd'<br /> cai quan. ndi chung, cua dan tdc Mdng ndi rieng ma<br /> trai lai da cai tie'n bd may hdnh chinh ddn<br /> Thflc dan Phap mot mat sii dung cac thd<br /> gian sdn cd d ca'p ban lang thdnh chinh<br /> ty lam tay sai ddc Iflc, mdt khdc chung<br /> quyIn cd sd ldm cdng cu thflc hien cac chinh<br /> dung moi thu doan de chia re gay hiem<br /> sach cai tri va dem lai quyIn ldi cho chiing.<br /> khich nghi ngd, hdn thu ldn nhau gifla cac<br /> Cu the:<br /> ddng ho, cac dan tdc gay ma't doan ke't de<br /> dl be cai tri. Mdi dan tdc, Phap lai dp dung - Bang td: Dflng ddu toan chau Ddng<br /> cdch cai tri rieng. Vung ngfldi Mdng cd tdng Vdn la Bang ta Sd Phin (Vfldng Chinh Dflc)<br /> giap, ma phdi, seo phai; vung ngfldi Tdy, - quyen Idnh dao nhfl mot tri chau dfldi sfl<br /> Dao vd ngfldi Gia'y cd chanh tdng, ly giam sat ciia vien quan ngfldi Phdp.<br /> trfldng, trfldng thdn, ky muc (14).<br /> - Tdng giap: Dflng ddu gidp (chau Ddng<br /> VI quan sfl, dflng ddu ca chau Ddng Van Van cd 10 giap, giap tfldng dfldng vdi xa).<br /> la mot vien quan ba ngfldi Phap, vfla chi<br /> - Ma phai, Seo phai: Dflng ddu mot ban.<br /> huy binh linh cac ddn, vfla giai quye't cac<br /> cdng viec dan sfl. Chiing dilu hdnh viec xay Nhilu ddn vi hanh chinh cila ngfldi<br /> diing ddn Bach Dich, ddn Yen Minh vd ddn Mdng la ddn vi rieng tnic thudc dai ly Phap<br /> Dudng ThUdng. Bd tri lUc lUdng d ddn Yen (Trung tam hanh chinh). Nhflng ngfldi<br /> Minh cd mot vien quan vd mot trung ddi trong bd mdy ndy d i u thudc tdng Idp tren<br /> linh khd xanh; Ddn Dudng ThUdng do Bang hay nhflng ngfldi diing ddu mot ddng ho ldn<br /> ta Deo Van At chi huy. Mang lUdi giup viec cd uy tin trong ngfldi Mdng (16).<br /> cho thiic dan Phap cd chau dodn, tdng<br /> Bo may hdnh chinh cila ngfldi Mdng la<br /> dodn, xa dodn.<br /> dai dien quan ly, dilu hanh cdng viec d dia<br /> Thiic dan Phap cung vdi dia chu, thd ty phfldng md cdp cd sd la ddn vi ban lang gan<br /> ra sflc bdc lot, vd vdt cila cai, tdi nguyen, vdi vai trd cua ma phai, seo phai.<br /> chu ye'u la khai thac, cfldp doat cac san Qudn ddi trd thanh mot bd phdn quan<br /> ph^m ndng lam san, ngudn tdi nguyen quy trong de bao ve bo may chinh quyen vd ldm<br /> 30 RghiSn curu Lich sir, sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> nhiem vu trd'n dp nen dudc td chflc quy cu, dp bflc, bdc lot n h i l u hdn. Tuy nhien, do<br /> chdt che vd dfldc bien che' theo sd' Ifldng: quan he xa hdi t r u y i n thd'ng gan bd mdt<br /> thiet trong noi bo dan toe Mdng nhd't la<br /> Tieu ddi: 7 ngfldi. Tieu ddi trfldng goi Id<br /> trong ndi bd ddng ho. Ho cd the sdn sdng hi<br /> Xeo ty<br /> sinh tinh mang de bao ve nhflng ngfldi<br /> Trung ddi: 20 - 40 ngfldi. Trung ddi cung ddng ho nhUng cung d i hoai nghi<br /> trfldng goi Id Trd'ng ti trd. nhflng ngfldi ngoai ddng ho minh. Thflc dan<br /> Dai ddi: khoang 3 trung ddi. Dai ddi phong kien da ldi dung tdi da dac diem nay<br /> trfldng gpi la Tua ti tra. de thflc hien chinh sach chia re dan toe,<br /> chinh sach ngu dan de kim bdm nhdn dan,<br /> Tieu dodn: Gdm 10 dai hdi. cung cd' ach thd'ng tri cua chung. Ddng bdo<br /> Trong dd, Ma phai dfldc td chflc Iflc Mdng du cd cdm thu tdng Idp thd ty nhflng<br /> Ifldng quan ddi d cdp trung ddi. Tdt ca vdn coi ho la ngfldi dai dien cho dan tdc,<br /> thanh nien nam tfl 18 tudi trd len d i u phai cho ho tdc ma ho cd trach nhiem phuc tung<br /> (17). • • •<br /> tham gia Iflc Ifldng quan ddi ben canh cdng<br /> viec chinh la lao ddng san xudt. Ngoai ra 3. To chijfc x a h p i c u a ngiidi Mong d<br /> trong qudn ddi cdn cd mot chinh tri vien goi D o n g V a n trifdc C a c h m a n g t h a n g Tam<br /> Id "xy tra", la ngfldi lam cdng tac tU tudng 1945<br /> cho ddn qudn va phan anh tinh hinh, y<br /> kien cua dan qudn len bang td. LUc lUdng - To chdc gia dinh<br /> qudn ddi dUdc trang hi vu khi, luyen tdp Ngfldi Mdng d Ddng Vdn goi gia dinh Id<br /> thudng xuyen, lam nhiem vu bao ve Md Che ninh hoac "di" (ho). Ban ddu, cac gia<br /> phdi, Seo phdi, cac chflc dich, bang ta, ddng dinh thudng sdng qudn tu khi cha me cdn<br /> thdi ludn sSn sdng chien dd'u chd'ng ke thu sdng, cd khi ca bon the' he cung chung sdng<br /> ben ngoai td'n cdng. trong mot gia dinh vi ho cho rdng cd nhieu<br /> Thiic dan Phap chia cdc tinh miin niii the he cung sd'ng dUdi mdt mai nha, cung<br /> thdnh cac dao quan binh. Hd Giang thudc an mot bep mdi Id cd phuc nen con cai chi<br /> dao quan binh thfl ba, dflng ddu Id mot vien ra d rieng khi cha hodc me da md't. Ve sau<br /> cdng sfl ngfldi Phap, cd'p tinh la tdng ddc, cung vdi sii phdt trien cua kinh te', xa hoi<br /> tudn phu, bd' chdnh, an sat; cd'p cd sd la ly thi gia (finh nhd phu he da xud't hien va trd<br /> trfldng, ma phdi. nen phd bien cho den nay. Dd Id loai gia<br /> dinh hai the he gdm mot cdp vd chdng cung<br /> Dfldi che do thflc dan, sfl phan hda con cai chUa xay diing gia dinh. r;<br /> mang tinh ddi Idp gifla nhan dan lao ddng<br /> vd thd ty ngay cdng sau sdc hdn. Thd ty, Gia dinh cua ngUdi Mdng Id mot ddn vi<br /> md phdi ndm quyIn cai tri, cd bo may hanh kinh te ddc Idp. Viec td chflc san xud't phan<br /> chinh, cd t i l m Iflc kinh te' vd Iflc Ifldng vu cdng lao dong trong gia dinh tniic hien theo<br /> trang. Gifla cdc thd ty cung tdn tai mau nguyen tdc tudi - gidi khd ro ret. Con trai,<br /> thudn do phai thfldng xuyen tranh gianh ddn dng thfldng ldm nhflng viec nang nhfl<br /> dia vi, anh hfldng, cila cai, dd't dai vd nhan lam nha, chon ddt lam nUdng, cay bfla,<br /> ddn. De duy tri quyIn liic, cac thd ty da dfla mang vdc, len niii hai cui, san bdn, che' tdc<br /> vdo the Iflc cua thflc dan Phdp. Qua trinh cdng cu lao ddng, ldm dn kiem sd'ng. Dan<br /> dd Id qud trinh nhdn ddn lao ddng cang hi bd, con gai ngodi lam nfldng rdy cdn dam<br /> Td churc xa h^i c i a ngir£ri mfing. 31<br /> <br /> Stf dd 1: B9 may quan ly truyen thong cila ngUdi Mong<br /> <br /> Mdphdi<br /> <br /> ><br /> 1'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Quan dpi Seo phdi Thay ciing<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> "<br /> <br /> <<br /> <br /> <br /> Sd dd 2: B9 may h a n h chinh vung ngfldi Mong dfldi thdi P h a p t h u p c<br /> <br /> Rancr fi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 '<br /> Tong giap<br /> <br /> <br /> 1 '<br /> Quan dpi Md phdi Thay ciing<br /> Seo phdi<br /> <br /> 1 '<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> nhan hoan toan viec nha va xe lanh det hdp vdi Ifla tudi, sflc khde va kha ndng cua<br /> vai. NgUdi gia, tre em trong nha phu giup moi ngfldi. Chu gia (finh la ngfldi dam nhdn<br /> chdn tha trau bd, cdt cd ngiia. viec khdn td tien, ddn thdy ciing va nhilu<br /> cdng viec khac ma theo phong tuc thi ngfldi<br /> Cung nhu cac dan tdc khac d Ha Giang, phu nfl khdng dfldc ldm. Trong quan he vdi<br /> gia dinh ngUdi Mdng d Ddng Vdn Id gia ben ngodi, chil gia (finh thay mdt gia (finh<br /> dinh phu quyln. Chu gia dinh (chi plo) la trong cac cdng vi$c cila lang ban, tiep ddn<br /> ngUdi cha, ngfldi chdng hodc anh ca. khach nhd't Id ngfldi thudc dan tdc khac,<br /> Chil gia (finh Id ngfldi chi dao td chflc vd giai quye't nhflng vd'n d l nay sinh hen quan<br /> phan cdng lao ddng cho cac thanh vien phu den Ipi ich cua gia (finh, gifl gin quan he<br /> 32 Rghifin curu Mch sit, sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> dodn ket gifla gia (finh vdi dan ban ndi Trfldc day, tuc trpng nam khinh nfl cdn<br /> chung. anh hfldng sau sdc trong xa hpi ngfldi<br /> Mdng. Theo quan niem cila ngfldi Mdng thi<br /> Trong gia dinh ngfldi Mdng, chi con trai<br /> con trai mdi Id con minh, con gai Id do<br /> mdi cd quyln thfla ke tdi san. Khi chu gia<br /> minh mua v l nen ngfldi con dau phai chiu<br /> (finh cdn sd'ng, todn bd tai san thupc quyln<br /> rd't nhilu khd cflc, phai lam lung vd't va vd<br /> quan ly vd phdn phdi cua dng ta. Trfldng<br /> hdu nhfl khdng cd tieng ndi quan trpng<br /> hdp chil gia (finh chet thi ngfldi anh trai ca<br /> trong gia (finh (18).<br /> se thay mat cha me quan ly sd' tai san<br /> chung dd. Khi chia tdi san, anh em trai Theo phong tuc, con dau khdng dfldc<br /> dfldc chia phdn bang nhau nhflng ne'u ai ngdi gdn bd' chdng, khi la'y vat gi tren gdc<br /> tnic tie'p phung dfldng bd' me thi dfldc chia cung khdng dfldc treo ban len md chi dUdc<br /> nhilu hdn mdt chut. Trong trfldng hdp vd, dflng d bac thang Idy que ma khiu. Con<br /> chdng, con cai mudn ra d rieng khi cha me dau khi dfla bat nfldc hodc dng (fieu cho bd'<br /> cdn sd'ng thi chi dfldc chia mdt phan tdi me chdng thi phai trdng nfldc rdi mdi dfla.<br /> thieu tdi san theo y cua ngfldi cha. Ngfldi Vi quan niem Idy vd Id Id^y ngfldi nen tuc le<br /> con gdi khdng dfldc chia tai san nhflng khi cila ngUdi Mdng cho phdp, ndu chdng chdt<br /> den tudi trfldng thanh cd the tfl di ldm sdm thi chi dau phai Idy em chdng de nha<br /> thue, phat nfldng de tich luy mdt sd' vd'n chdng khdi md't ngUdi, ne'u khdng chd'p<br /> sau ndy mang de'n nha chdng. nhdn Idy em chdng ma mudn Id'y ngUdi<br /> khdc thi phai den cho nhd chdng ta't ca cua<br /> Trong gia dinh, vd chdng binh dang cai, vat ph^m dung cho hdn Ii trUdc kia gpi<br /> trong viec nudi day con cai song khi con la Ii "thdnh phd" thi mdi dUdc tfl do.<br /> ldn thi quyln quye't dinh dflng vd ga chdng<br /> Ngay nay nhflng tdp tuc qua hd khdc da<br /> hay lam dn, hpc h a n h phdn ldn la do ngfldi<br /> giam nhieu song nhflng da'u vet cdn lai<br /> chdng. Cd n h i l u con trai la dilu mong Udc<br /> mang tinh quy dinh trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi<br /> cua mpi gia dinh ngUdi Mdng, viec giao<br /> vdn cdn tdn tai. Thdng qua gia (finh moi<br /> due con cai dUdc chu trpng n h i l u mdt, ng-<br /> thdnh vien deu tfl hpc dfldc cac nep iing xil.<br /> udi con trai khdng nhflng cdn cd kha nang<br /> Tfl trong gia dinh, ngfldi con trai Mdng biet<br /> lao ddng, cd dao dflc td't md cdn phai biet<br /> thdi khdn, thdi sao, ngfldi con gai Mdng biet<br /> khd'n td tien. Con trai 13-14 tudi da cd the<br /> then thua, biet mua, biet hat giao duyen...<br /> ldm thdnh thao nfldng, 17-18 tudi dd lao Vi vdy, mdi gia dinh ngfldi Mdng chinh Id<br /> ddng gidi, lam dfldc n g h i thu cdng gia cai ndi la hat nhan cd ban de hinh thanh va<br /> truyin. trao t r u y i n nhflng gia tri vdn hda trong sfl<br /> Khi an cdm binh thfldng thi ca nha cung phat trien cua cdng ddng tdc ngfldi.<br /> chung mpt mam, nhflng khi con trai dan - To chdc ddng hg<br /> dng tiep khach thi dan ba dn rieng ne'u cd<br /> Ngfldi Mdng d Ddng Vdn gpi ddng hp la<br /> ddng ngfldi thi dn sau. Khi di lam, (fi chd,<br /> xenh hoac xong. Ngfldi Mdng quan niem<br /> (fi thdm hdi ban be ngfldi than thi hai vd nhflng ngfldi chung mpt hp la nhflng ngfldi<br /> chdng cung di vdi nhau, ngfldi con dau "cung ma", d i u dfldc sinh ra tfl mdt dng td<br /> mudn v l tham bd' me de phai xin phdp bd' nen d i u nhdn nhau la anh em, khi da nhdn<br /> me chdng va cd chdng cung di chfl khdng ra nhau Id ngfldi cung hp thi du d xa den<br /> dfldc di mdt minh. mdy nhflng de'n nhd nhau thi d i u dUdc coi<br /> Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi HTdng.. 33<br /> <br /> <br /> nhu ngudi nhd va nhflng ngfldi Mdng cd Thdo, Vu, Hdu, Ly, Vang, Trdng, Mua.<br /> cung mpt hp du d nhflng dia viic khac Trong dd cd nhflng ddng hp Id'y ten cua<br /> nhau, xa hay gdn d i u chiu sfl chi phdi cua ddng vdt nhfl Hdu (khi), Gidng (de), Siing<br /> to chflc ddnghp. (gd'u), Id'y ten cay nhfl Thdo (ddo), Ly<br /> Nhflng thanh vien cung ddng hp, cung td (mdn), hp Vang hay hp Vfldng d i u cd nghia<br /> tien cd the nhdn ra ngUdi cung hp qua cac la vfldn rao.<br /> dilu kieng ky v l dn ud'ng, qua nghi thflc Mdi ddng hp d i u cd ngfldi dflng ddu dfldc<br /> cung ma khd (cho dan) de d i n dn bd' me da gpi Id Pu thdii. Trudng hp Id ngfldi cd vi tri<br /> chet, qua cdch cung "da trung" (ma hudng), het sflc quan trpng. Trfldng hp cd the do cac<br /> qua each dat ngfldi chet, each dat hfldng thdnh vien trong hp bau ra hoac do trUdng<br /> md, each lam ma tUdi. Chang ban nhu d hp cu tim chpn vd bdi dUdng. NgUdi dd phai<br /> ban Ma Ld, hp Hdu kieng an thit khi, hp cd dao dflc, cdng tdm, hieu biet v l lich sil<br /> Gidng khdng dn tim ddng vdt, hp Thdo ddng hp, thdnh thuc phong tuc, tap quan,<br /> khong dUdc be chat cdy ddo, hp Ly khdng biet cdc bai cung cua ddng hp, cd tdi flng<br /> dUdc be chat cdy mdn. Hoac nhU hp Thdo d xfl. Trfldng hp cung la ngudi cd kha nang td<br /> Ddng Van cd hai nganh Id Thao chd vd chflc, cd kinh nghiem trong san xudt, biet<br /> Thdo ldn, sd di nhU vdy la hp quy dinh quan tam de'n ddi sd'ng vd bao ve ldi ich cho<br /> nhdn nhau la anh em hp hdng qua each ddng hp gay dfldc anh hfldng td't dd'i vdi cdc<br /> thflc cung gia sue. Nganh Thdo chd hay cdn thdnh vien trong hp, dfldc mpi ngfldi kinh<br /> gpi la Thao anh chi mo mpt con ch6 de cung trpng. Trudng hp la ngUdi chiu trdch nhiem<br /> cdn nganh Thdo ldn hay cdn gpi Id Thao em trUdc ddng hp truyen dat lai nhflng tuc le,<br /> thi md mpt con ldn vd mdt con chd de cung. kinh nghiem cua ddng hp minh cho con<br /> chau, van ddng cac thanh vien gifl ^ n dodn<br /> Nhflng dilu kieng ky, quy dinh nay d i u<br /> ket va giup dd ldn nhau. Vdi uy tin vd sfl<br /> gan vdi mdt cdu chuyen cua tflng ddng hp<br /> hieu biet cua minh, trfldng hp dUdc cac<br /> dfldc truyin tfl ddi ndy sang ddi khac, mdi thanh vien tin cdy, chia se y kie'n do dd tieng<br /> thanh vien deu phai cd trach nhiem ghi ndi cua tnidng hp cd vai trd ra't quan trpng<br /> nhd vd tudn thu vi ngfldi Mong quan niem tham chi la quye't dinh. NhUng khi giai<br /> neu khong tuan thu cdc dilu kieng ky cua quye't cdng viec trong hp thi khong dU(?c ddc<br /> ddng hp ma xuc pham de'n td tien se bi td dodn md phai ban bac vdi nhflng ngudi gid,<br /> tien trdch cfl vd trflng phat. ngUdi cd kinh nghiem trong ddng hp.<br /> Ddng hp ngfldi Mdng cdn la mpt ddn vi<br /> cd' ke't cdng ddng huyet thd'ng theo ddng hp Ben canh vai trd cua trUdng hp trong td<br /> cha. Cung nhu cac ddn tdc khdc, cdc thdnh chflc ddng hp cdn cd vai trd cila bd cd<br /> vien trong mpt ddng hp ngudi Mong gdn bo (phdux) va ngUdi cdm quyln ma quyln<br /> khach (cho ddng kho).<br /> vdi nhau bdi mpt pha he cung cd mdt dng<br /> td. Ong td Id ngudi da chet ma ngUdi gid d Ba cd la ngudi cd the quye't dinh thay<br /> the' he cao nhd't cdn nhd, thong thudng Id 4 the' mdt tdp quan du da Idu ddi nhUng xet<br /> the he: con (tua nhua), cha (nia), ong (p6 thd'y khong cdn phu hdp thi dUdc mdi bd cd<br /> cung), cu (pd xua). den ldm le thay ddi.<br /> Cdc ddng hp phd bien trong ddng bao NgUdi cdm quyln ma quyln khdch Id<br /> Mong d Ddng Van la: VUdng, Gidng, Sung, ngudi cd the dam nhiem nhiing viec lien<br /> 34 RghiSn ciiu Lich siSr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> quan de'n tdn giao tin ngfldng va cac cdng ddng dan tdc Mdng. Mdi ban cd ten gpi<br /> viec dd'i ngoai. rieng va tdn tai Idu ddi vd it cd thay ddi.<br /> Trong cdch ddt ten ban cua ngUdi Mdng d<br /> To chflc ddng hp bao gdm trudng hp, ba<br /> Ddng Vdn chu yeu Id dung tieng Han nhU<br /> cd, ngfldi cdm quyln ma quyln khach dUdc<br /> Ta Gia Khau (cai cdng ldn), ngUdi Mdng gpi<br /> coi la bd may tii quan rd't hflu hieu vd<br /> ngUdi Ld Ld va ngUdi Gid'y Id Ma nen d<br /> quan trpng trong xa hpi truyen thd'ng vd<br /> nhflng khu viic sd'ng xen ke vdi ngfldi Ld Ld<br /> ca hien dai cua ngudi Mdng. Day la nhflng<br /> vd ngfldi Gia'y ten ban thfldng cd tfl Ma<br /> ngfldi lam nhiem vu theo ddi, d l xfldng<br /> dflng trfldc nhfl Ma Lung, Ma Ldu, Ma Xi...<br /> giai quye't nhflng cdng vipc lien quan de'n<br /> Nhd trong ban khdng lam theo mpt hfldng<br /> ddi sd'ng vdt chd't, tinh thdn, tdm linh cua<br /> nhd't dinh, nhflng rd't kieng lam nhd quay<br /> cdc thdnh vien trong ddng hp cung nhfl<br /> Iflng ra sudi, ra khe vd viic sau, thdng<br /> cac cdng viec lien quan ddn cdng ddng xa<br /> thfldng nhd dfla Iflng vao nui. Cac gia (finh<br /> hpi ndi chung.<br /> d i u xep hdng rao bang da xung quanh nhd<br /> Cac gia (finh trong cung mdt ddng hp cd minh hodc mdt hai nhd cd quan he anh em<br /> the cfl t n i d n h i l u vung, nhilu ndi khdc ndi tdc vdi nhau lam thanh mdt khu viic<br /> nhflng hp ludn cd quan he mdt thiet chdt rieng biet de che chan va phdng thu dfl.<br /> che vdi nhau, thdm.chi cd the chet trong<br /> Mdi ban d i u cd dia gidi rieng, phan chia<br /> nha ngfldi cung hp vdi minh. Vi du hp Hdu<br /> ro ret. Ranh gidi gifla cac ban cd the la mdt<br /> d Ddng Vdn cd thdnh vien cfl tru d Bac<br /> bia rflng, mpt ngon niii, mdt cay cd thu hay<br /> Quang hay d tdn tinh Yen Bai, Cao Bdng.<br /> mdt con sudi... Ban ddu chi mang tinh fldc<br /> Ddng hp cua ngudi Mdng cd tinh cd' ke't le nhflng dfldng ranh gidi dd dfldc mpi<br /> ben vflng, cac thdnh vien trong ddng hp cd ngfldi tdn trpng va duy tri. De phan bipt<br /> sfl lien ket rang budc vdi nhau rd't chdt che. ban nay vdi ban khdc cac ban thfldng chpn<br /> Mpi sinh hoat trong ddi sd'ng nhfl cfldi xin, mdt cay to hoac mpt hdn da di dang d ddu<br /> tang ma d i u mang nhflng dKu vet cila ddng hodc cudi ban lam thdn cai quan chung cho<br /> hp (19). Ngfldi trong ddng hp cfl tru d dau ca ban. Mdi ban cd quyln sd hflu, quan ly,<br /> thi l l ludt cua ddng hp dfldc phd bid'n tdi dd. bao vp va sil dung dd't, riing, rudng nUdng,<br /> Nhflng ludt tuc dd cd tfl bao gid, cd hoan ngudn nUdc cung nhU mudng thu, tdi<br /> thien khdng thi de'n nay khdng xac dinh nguyen trong pham vi cua minh.<br /> dfldc thdi gian nhUng cac the he cfl tiep ndi<br /> nhau thflc hien, it cd ngfldi ldm trdi. Vi the Dflng ddu mdi ban cd trfldng ban.<br /> cd the ndi td chflc ddng hp dd chi phdi phdn Trfldng ban dfldc bdu cdn cfl theo cdc ddng<br /> ldn cac boat ddng trong ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi hp ldn trong ban. Neu ban cd n h i l u ddng hp<br /> Mong. Do vdy, can phai quan tam nhin thi trfldng hp cua ddng hp ddng nhd't se<br /> nhdn dung ve td chflc ddng hp cua ngfldi dflng ddu ban nhd vdo uy tin va sfl cd mdt<br /> Mong ddc biet la vai trd cua trfldng hp de cd lau ddi cua ddng hp. Hodc dai dien cua cdc<br /> the van dung va phdt huy vdo cdng cudc ddng hp se luan phien nhau tfl ddng hp<br /> xdy diing xa hdi mdi mdt each hieu qua. ddng ngfldi nhd't den ddng hp it ngUdi nhd't<br /> dflng ddu ban. Trfldng ban phai la ngfldi<br /> - To chdc lang bdn bidt flng xfl, ndi dfldc, ldm dfldc, cd anh em<br /> Ngudi Mdng d Ddng Vdn gpi ban la Giao hp hdng ddng, cd kinh nghipm trong san<br /> (Jaol). Day Id ddn vi cU tru cd ban cila cdng xud't. Trfldng ban cd vai trd quan trpng<br /> Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi HTfing. 35<br /> <br /> <br /> trong viec dieu hanh cdng viec chung cua Cd the khdi qudt nhflng ddc diem chung<br /> ban, duy tri trdt tU an ninh, phan phdi dd't ve ban cua ngfldi Mdng nhfl sau:<br /> dai canh tdc cho cac gia dinh, giai quyet cdc - Dan cfl trong mdt ban gdm mdt hay<br /> vu xich mich, tranh chd'p gifla cac thdnh nhilu ddng hp.<br /> vien trong ban.<br /> - Mdi ban cd pham vi cfl tru vd dd't dai<br /> Mdi ban cd thd than chung va nhflng lam dn rieng.<br /> quy fldc chung cd lien quan de'n san xud't<br /> - Mdi ban cd ngudi dflng ddu theo che' dp<br /> ndng nghiep, chan nuoi, bao ve rflng, giup<br /> ludn phien.<br /> dd ldn nhau trong cdng viec. Mdt sd' quy<br /> dinh nhU: - Mdi ban cd thd than chung vd nhflng<br /> quy fldc chung, mpi ngfldi trong ban diu<br /> V l dd't dai, trong pham vi ban thi cdc gia phai thflc hien.<br /> dinh dupc tU do khai pha ddt dai lam<br /> - Tfldng trd, giup dd ldn nhau trong san<br /> nUdng rdy nhUng phai tuan theo nhflng<br /> xua't vd ddi sd'ng trong ban dfldc mpi ngfldi<br /> quy dinh chung. Ndi ndo cd da'u hieu Id dd't<br /> coi trpng.<br /> da cd chu thi khdng dfldc xdm pham. Ngfldi<br /> d ban khdc de'n khai pha phai hdi trfldng - Dfl ludn xa hpi va phat va la bien phdp<br /> ban, mang nop cho ban rudu, gd vd bac de dam bao cdc quy fldc chung dUdc thiic<br /> trdng, neu dUdc ddng y thi cdn phai nop le hien.<br /> phi cho ban tuy theo chd't lUdng dd't canh Cd the thd'y td chflc tfl quan truyen thd'ng<br /> tdc. Neu de bd, ngiia tha rdng, vudt rdo pha cua ngudi Mdng trong cdng ddng Idng ban<br /> hoai ruong nUdng cua ngUdi khdc thi chil toat len vai trd va mdi quan he cua chu gia<br /> nUdng cd quyen chat chan hoac giet con bd, dinh - tnidng hg - triidng bdn.<br /> ngiia dd.<br /> Ben canh dd cdn cd gid Idng la nhflng<br /> De bao ve ngudn nUdc cua ban, ddu nam ngudi cd nhilu kinh nghiem trong san xud't,<br /> mdi trudng ban dflng ra dilu hdnh viec tu am hieu phong tuc tap qudn, hp khuyen bao<br /> sfla ngudn nfldc, mpi gia dinh diu phai cil chi ddn cho Idp tre ve phong tuc tap quan<br /> ngudi tdi gdp sflc. Neu ai cd tinh lam bsln vd nhflng dieu hay le phai trong cudc sd'ng<br /> ngudn nfldc thi phai nop 5 lang bac trdng, nen ra't dfldc ddn ban kinh trpng va vi ne.<br /> nang hdn thi phai nop 10 lang bac va nhd Cd the ndi day chinh la nhflng ngfldi duy<br /> trudng ban ra ngudn nUdc de cung xin than tri dilu tiet cdc moi quan he trong cdng<br /> nUdc tha tdi. ddng, ddng thdi la nhflng ngfldi cd vai trd<br /> Trong viec san bat, trUdc khi di san tdp trung gian trong viec bao tdn van hda<br /> the, ban phai lam Ii cung, trUdng ban Id truyin thd'ng cua ddn tpc.<br /> ngudi chu tri, sau khi thap hUdng, tdt ca Td chflc xd hdi truyen thoiig cua ngfldi<br /> cac thanh vien trong ban va nhiing ngudi di Mdng bao gdm ba cd'p: Gia dinh, ddng hp,<br /> san quy xud'ng kha'n de thdn san bdn phu ban (jaol). Trong dd quan he ddng hp gifl vi<br /> hd cho viec san bat dat ke't qua td't, khong tri, vai trd quan trpng nhd't. Sfl lUu truyin<br /> ai bi tai nan. Thit thu san dUdc sau khi vd phat trien cua vdn hda ngUdi Mdng<br /> cung cam dn thdn thi quy dinh ngUdi cd thdng qua mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hp<br /> cdng ban dUdc hudng mpt phan ldn hdn cdn va cong ddng lang ban la ly tudng cho viec<br /> thi chia deu cho mdi nha trong ban. gin gifl, lUu truyen va tai tao dUdc vdn<br /> 36 RghiSn curu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> hanh mpt each thuan thuc tho'ng nhat cho tdng 16p cai tri mdi, phuc vu cho chinh<br /> trong cdc vung cU tru, qua nhilu the he vd sdch "chia de tri" cua thflc dan Phap.<br /> trong tiing thanh vien trong gia dinh ngUdi<br /> Sfl chi phdi cua che dp thflc dan niia<br /> Mdng trong sud't chilu ddi lich sil.<br /> phong kien da lam cho ddi sd'ng kinh te, xa<br /> 4. Ke't l u a n hdi cua ddng bao ngUdi Mdng mac du het<br /> sflc ngheo ndn, lac hau, nhflng ngfldc lai, td<br /> NgUdi Mdng tfl Trung Qud'c thien di vao<br /> chflc xa hdi truyen thd'ng va n I n van hod<br /> Viet Nam khi le te, khi d at vd mang theo<br /> truyen thd'ng dac sdc cua dan tdc Mdng vin<br /> nhflng dac diem rieng cua ddn tpc minh,<br /> dupc duy tri vd tdn tai ldu ddi, gdp phdn<br /> dflng chan tai Hd Giang, ngfldi Mdng<br /> lam phong phu dien mao vdn hda cua dan<br /> nhanh chong boa nhdp va hinh thanh nen<br /> tdc Mdng.<br /> td chflc tu quan cua minh tren cd sd hpc hdi<br /> cua cac dan tdc ldn hdn. Trai qua cac trilu Ke tfl sau Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945<br /> dai quan chu Viet Nam, tdng Idp quan Ii de'n nay, vung cao ndi chung vd ddn tdc<br /> von cd cua ngUdi Mdng d cap cd sd la Md Mdng d Ddng Van - Ha Giang ndi rieng da<br /> phdi, Seo phdi dUdc duy tri va phdt buy cd bdn 60 nam xdy dflng vd phat trien. Mac<br /> trong sud't qua trinh tdn tai cua ngUdi du cdn nhilu khd khan, trinh dp dan tri cdn<br /> Mdng d Ddng Van. Khi thiic dan Phdp xdm thd'p nhflng dfldc sii quan tdm ket hdp ddng<br /> lupc, chinh quyln Phap da thd'y dUdc vai bd nhflng chinh sdch cua Dang va Nhd<br /> trd quan trpng cua tang Idp ndy trong viec nUdc cung vdi tinh thdn tU liic cua ddng bdo<br /> quan ly cdng ddng dan cU nen thiic dan Mdng, ddi sd'ng kinh te cua ddn tdc Mdng<br /> Phap vdn tiep tuc sfl dung tdng Idp ndy. da cd nhilu bien ddi, hda nhdp vdo vdi sU<br /> Tuy nhien, vai trd cua cac Ma phai, Seo ddi mdi kinh te', xd hdi cua dd't nUdc, theo<br /> phai luc nay trd thanh ngUdi dai dien cho dd nhflng tU tudng lac hdu ngay cdng giam,<br /> chinh quyen Phap trong viec to chflc lao nhflng t r u y i n thd'ng vdn hda tdt dep dfldc<br /> dpng, viec lam, thu cdng nap cua nhdn dan phdt huy trong cudc sd'ng hien nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Ban cha'p hanh Dang bp huypn Dong Van, tu Quy Chau (Trung Quoc) di cU sang Dong Van.<br /> Lich sC; Ddng bq huyen Ddng Vdn, tap 1: (1994 - Thdi ki nay ngiidi Mong 6 Quy Chau tham gia<br /> 1995), 2004, tr. 10. phong trao da'u tranh chong chinh sach "Cai t i<br /> quy luu" cua nha Thanh (chinh sach bai bo til<br /> (2). Ngo Vi Lien, Ten lang xd vd dia dii cdc tinh<br /> trUcIng ngiidi Mong, trieu dinh diia quan lai ngiidi<br /> Bac Ki. Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Npi, 1999, tr.<br /> Han triic tie'p den cai tri) song phong trao bj tha't<br /> 274-290.<br /> bai. Dpt thii hai vao khoang cuoi the ky XVIII -<br /> (3). Do nhiing nguyen nhan khac nhau, ngiidi dau the ky XK, do phong trao khcli nghia cua ngUdi<br /> Mong da di cU vac Viet Nam va cac nU6c Dong Nam Mong b Quy Chau tha't b?ii (1776-1820) neh ngUdi<br /> A. NgUcli Mong di cU vao Vipt Nam lam nhieu ddt Mong chay qua bien gi6i vao Vipt Nam theo hai<br /> trong do co ba ddt 16n nha't. Ddt thii nha't la vao con diidng: mpt la vao Dong Van - Ha Giang, hai<br /> cuoi the ky XVII - dau the ky XVIII, ngiidi Mong la vao theo diidng Ximakai - B^c Ha - Lao Cai.<br />  Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi ro6ng. 37<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhiing ngUdi Mong di cii vao Viet Nam ddt nay tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891-2001), Nxb.<br /> phin 16n 6 Quy Chau, Van Nam, Quang Tay Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2001, tr. 94.<br /> (Trung Quoc). Dpt thii ba vao khoang n i a cuoi the<br /> (9). Triidng Liiu - Hiing Dinh Quy, Vdn hoa<br /> ky XIX. Day la dpt di cU ldn nha't ciia ngiidi Mong<br /> ddn tpc Mdng Hd Giang, sdd, tr. 20.<br /> cl Trung Quoc di cif sang Vipt Nam n6 tifdng diidng<br /> v6i thcli gian ngUdi Mong hxibng iJng phong trao (10). Theo tii lipu cvia ong Vudng Q u ^ h Quoc,<br /> 'Thai Binh Thien Quoc" da'u tranh chong nha nguyen Chu tich Uy ban Nhan dfin huypn Dong<br /> Thanh, k^o dai tut 1840-1868. van, khoa 1963 - 1979.<br /> <br /> Nhiing nam ve sau, ngUdi Mong van rai rac di (11), Viidng Chinh Diic da li^a chpn thp gioi tut<br /> cii sang Vipt Nam. Vdi vi tri la manh da't dia ddu Van Nam, Quang Tay (Trung Quoc) sang xay diing<br /> ciia To quo'c, huypn Dong Van (Ha Giang) la khu dinh thii nay, thd ph\i la ngiidi dia phiidng, xay<br /> viic ngiidi Mong tii Trung Quoc sang niidc ta sdm diing trong 3 nam mdi xong vdi hang ngan dan<br /> hdn cac dia phiidng khac. Dan theo Lam Thi Thu phu va tieu ton 15 van dong bac tring. Toan bp<br /> Hiing, Cuoc van dong dinh canh dinh cii ddi vdi kien triic nha Viidng diidc tpo dilng bing nguyen<br /> dong bdo Mong huyen Dong Vdn Hd Giang trong lieu da xanh, go thong, go pd mu, ngdi da't nung<br /> thdi ky ddi mdi (1986 - 2005), Luan van Thac si sii gia diidc cham tro' cong phu hinh rong , phiipng,<br /> hpc, nam 2007, tr. 14. ddi tupng trUng cho sii quyen quy va hiing thinh.<br /> Ngoai cdng cd ta'm hoanh phi de "Bien chinh kha<br /> (4). Le Quy Don, Kien vdn tieu luc, Nxb. Khoa phong"(chinh quyen bien ciidng nay manh). Khu<br /> hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1977, tr. 335. nha c6 13 khu: Cd'ng ngoai, nha cong, tien dinh,<br /> (5). Ngo Diic Thp, Nguyen Van Nguyen, trung dinh, hau dinh, 16 cot (c6 3 tSng quan sat<br /> Philippapin, Phan Van Cac, Le Vipt Nga, DUdng diidc 4 phia, xay bang da ), nha vp sinh, chuong<br /> Thi The, Ddng Khdnh duC dia chi - tinh Tuyen ngiia, chuong bd, san lat da, nha bep, nha kho,<br /> Quang, Nxb. The gidi. Ha Npi, 2003, tr. 871. nha canh, be nildc ldn. Cd thi ndi dinh thii hp<br /> Viidng la ndi liiu giii bing chiing phan anh che dp<br /> (6). Cach gpi khac nhau nay diia tren sii phan<br /> thd ty phong kien mien niii dien hinh cua dan tpc<br /> bipt trang phuc ciia ngUdi phu nii Mong. Trang<br /> Mong d Dong Van xiia kia. Din theo Thuyet minh<br /> phyc cua phy nii Mong Trlng may bang lua mau<br /> di tich kie'n true nghe thuat nhd Viidng xd Sd Phin<br /> sang, ao co trdn, hai manh, c6 xe triidc ngiic, vai<br /> huyen Dong Vdn tinh Hd Giang, Sd van hda Thdng<br /> dap ta ao la vai hoa do ho^c vang, tay ao nho c6<br /> tin tinh Ha Giang, 2006, tr. 33.<br /> vai vien mau hoa ho$c thSu hoa cl cfinh tay va yem<br /> b sau lUng. Con ngUdi phy nil Mong Hoa, ao khong (12). Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu tranh, xdy diCng<br /> c6 x^ ngvic ma cai khuy tU nach len, vay dupc vdphdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd.<br /> nhupm cham. Trang phyc ciia nam gidi thi kha<br /> (13). Vf dv nhii khi Viidng Chinh Diic chet, nha<br /> thong nha't, hp mac quin ong rpng, cpp va'n, ao<br /> VUdng md' 19 con bd, khi Viidng Chi Sinh ma't tai<br /> ngan, that lung va c6 khan dpi &i\i .<br /> Ha Npi, khi dua ve da cd tdi gin 700 ngiidi den<br /> (7). Triidng LUu - Hilng Dinh Quy, Vdn hoa diu huypn Dong Van de ddn thi hai. Theo ldi ke<br /> ddn toe Mdng Hd Giang, Vipn van hda, Bp Van hda cua Vii Ml Ke, trii tai thi tra'n Dong Van, nguyen<br /> Thong tin, Sd Van hda Thong tin, Ha Giang, 1996, Dai bieu Quo'c hpi tinh Ha Giang, Bi thii huyen uy<br /> tr. 213. Dong van, khda 1966 - 1970.<br /> <br /> (8). Tinh uy - Hpi dong Nhfin dan - Uy ban (14). Tinh uy - Hpi dong Nhfin dan - iiy ban<br /> Nhtn dan tinh Ha Giang, Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu NhSn dan tinh Ha Giang (2001), Hd Giang 110<br /> 38 RghiSn cflu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> nam ddu tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891- (18). Noi va't va cua ngUdi con gai Mdng khi di<br /> 2001), Nxb. chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, tr. 87. lam dau dupc luu truyen bing nhiing cau dan ca:<br /> <br /> (15). Trong hoi ky "NhU anh sang m^t trdi" ong "Em di lam dau khdng cd mCia nghi chi cd mia<br /> Vii Mi Ke, dan tpc Mong, nguyen Dai bieu Quoc lam".<br /> hpi tinh Ha Giang, Bi thU huypn uy Dong Van,<br /> "Chi muon viing thoat khoi ngUdi chi dau e ^m<br /> khda 1966 - 1970 viet ve canh tra ta'n cua Tho' ty<br /> Chi muo'n viing thoat khdi, ngUdi chi dau nhU<br /> dd'i vdi ngiidi lam thue: "Mpt lln dupc gpi den<br /> din"<br /> chiing kien canh tho' ty giet m$t ngUdi ngheo bing<br /> each bupc chat nhiing dau ngdn tay ciia ngudi dd (Theo HCing Dinh Quy, Ddn ca Mdng, Sd van<br /> vao day riit treo len cao cho de'n khi ngUdi dd chet hda Thdng tin Ha Giang, 2003, tr. 20.<br /> thoi riia ra, xac rdi xuong, cdn nhiing d£u ngdn tay (19). VI du: Trong dam "ma tUdi" cd ddng hp<br /> tu mau tim den lai thi day vin gifl treo lung lieng, khdng dUa ngUdi chet vao quan tai ma trUdc hdm<br /> trdng den ai oan thUdng tam. Ve nha toi ghe sd, dem chdn ngudi ta mang ngUdi chet ra ngoai bai gpi<br /> nhieu khi bi cai chet am anh, de dpa ca trong gia'c la cho ngudi di "tau sang". Cd hp thi khieng ngUdi<br /> ngu. Khong phai rieng tdi khd ma ca Lung Hda chet de'n huyet mdi dat ngUdi chet vao quan tai nhU<br /> kho, dong bao cac dan tdc trong huypn Dong Van hp Ly, hp Hlu. Trong dip tet, tily tiing hp ma chpn<br /> deu khd'...", d i n theo: Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu ngay an tet trUdc hoac sau ngay 30, khi ciing cd hp<br /> tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd, tr. khdng mo ga de ciing ma b i t lly mpt con chim<br /> 118. riing de ciing 30 tet, khdng gidng nhU mpt so' dan<br /> tpc khac sau khi lam ll ciing "hda vang" cd the dd<br /> (16). Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu tranh, xdy dUng<br /> bd cay dao, ha nhiing do le tren ban thd td tien<br /> vdphdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd, tr. 100.<br /> xuoiig thi d tUng dong hp cua NgUdi Mdng lai cd<br /> (17). Bp chi huy quan sU tinh Ha Giang, Hd nhiing quy dinh rieng, vi du nhU hp Vudng phai<br /> Giang lich sit khdng chien chdng thiCc ddn Phdp sau ngay 15 thang gieng mdi dupc dUa cay dao ra<br /> (1945-1954), tr. 14, 15. khoi nha va ha cac do le vat khdi ban thd.<br />