Vai trò của tài nguyên giáo dục mở và truy cập mở trong việc nâng cao chất lượng giáo dục Đại học ở Việt Nam

VAI TRO CilA TAI NGUYEN GIAO DUC M d<br /> VA TRUY CAP M d TRONG VIEC NANG CAO CHAT lUOHG GIAO DUC<br /> <br /> OAI HOC a VIET NAM<br /> ThS. Nguyen Danh M i n h Tri<br /> Khoa Thu vi&i - Thong tin hoc, DHKHXH&NV Tp. HCM<br /> <br /> TU nguyin giao due mddS tid diinh mdt phSn quan tpng aia giio dpc Nin dpi. Tmy c$pva chia si<br /> til nguyin giio dpc md dang li xu hudng mdi aia dc tiudng dpi hpc tiin tiid gidi va VHt Nam. Bii vi»<br /> ndu Un dc kha niim ca bin. vai tid, d hii vi tiiid diiit aia tii nguyin giio dpc md vi tiuy dp md<br /> ddl vdi dc tiudng dpi hpc trong wee ning cao ch& lupng hpct$pcua sinh vOn Viet Nam; Xu hu^ sd<br /> dpng til nguyin giio dpc mdd nudc ngdi; Hiin tipng sd dpng tai nguyin giio due md d Vl^ Nam.<br /> Tdkhoi:<br /> <br /> Giao dye md, tai nguyfen giio dye md, tiuy cip md, tiiidng dgi hpc<br /> <br /> Absbact:<br /> Open educabonatresourcestevebecome an important part of modem education. Open access and<br /> sharing of tiie open educational resources are the new trends of universities In the world and in Wef Atom.<br /> The xtide highlights the basic amcepts, roles, opportijnlties and challenges of open educational resources<br /> and open access to imiversities in impnswng the learning quality of Vietnamese students; Trends of using<br /> open educational resources atxoad and situation of using these resources In Viet Nam.<br /> Key wonis: Open education, open educational resources, open access, universities.<br /> D i n nh$p<br /> Giio due md dang ngiy cing khing djnh g i i<br /> trj trong qui trinh phit trien eiia eic quoe gia trgn<br /> thg giiSK, trong dd ed Viet Nam. Cd rat nhieu phUpng<br /> ptiip xay dyng va cil ben nhim ning cao chSt<br /> ludng oia giio due md. Mpt trong nhuhg phudng<br /> phip quan trpng l i xay dyng mpt he thong tai<br /> nguygn giao dye md chat ludng, dupe bfi sung v i<br /> hoan t h l ^ khfing ngimg. Ben canh dd, viec i p dyng<br /> cac phudng phip tutJng tie, truy c^p md (Open<br /> Access) ciing l i mdt phan thigt yeu giiip cho q u i<br /> trinh dgy v i hpe dat dudc higu qua eao. Vifn sy h i<br /> trp td Internet v i cac phan mem m i nguon md,<br /> vige chia se t i i nguyen ttifing tin va trao doi di<br /> thut da tid nen tign k^ hon rat nhieu v i dang d i n<br /> trd thinh mfit xu ttig chii dgo trong mfit nen giao<br /> dye hien dgt.<br /> 1. lOiii nigm t i i nguyen g i ^ dye m d v i<br /> tniyc^pmd<br /> <br /> 48<br /> <br /> 1.1. Khii niim tii nguyin giio dye md<br /> Theo tijygn bfi aia UNESCO vao ttiing 6/2012,<br /> t i l nguyen giio due md (Open Educational Resources<br /> - OER) l i "eic h i l i ^ day, hpc va nghign edd tnsng<br /> bit ky phudng tign nio, dii l i sfi hay khfing, nSm<br /> trang mign cflng cfing hoic da dudc phit hinh<br /> ttieo mot giay phgp md dio phgp nhiihg ngudi<br /> khic truy cap, sd dyng, tuy bl&i thfch nghi v i phin<br /> phfii lai khfing mat phi, khfing ed cie gidl hgn<br /> hoic cfi cic gidl hgn dUdc hgn dig. Vige cip phgp<br /> md ddpe xiy dyng trong khufin khfi eic quygn sd<br /> hiid tri tu^ hi^n hinh nhU dupe cic quy udc qufic<br /> te thieh h ^ xic djnh v i tfin dpng vj thg tie gii<br /> eua t i c pham". Dong thdl, UNESCO kgu gpi cic<br /> chinh phii dgn toan ttig gkSl cfing khal giay phgp<br /> tit lieu giio dye, cDfing Idtal t i l trd eho cfing chiing<br /> sy dyng. Tuygn bfi nay dude coi l i mgt bude ngoit<br /> ljch sy eua phong dao phit tiign OER [S].<br /> OER ed thg dudc hieu l i bat ky t i l nguygn nio<br /> <br /> dupe t h i a kg de sy dyng ttong viee dgy va hpc<br /> (bao gfim cie chuOng tiinh giang day, cac tU lieu<br /> oia khoa hpc, eac sach giao khoa, cac dng dyng<br /> da phudng tign...) s&i cd, cho phep cie giing vien<br /> v i sinh vign sd dyng m i khfing ddi hdi phii da<br /> cic khoan phi t^in quyen hoic giay phep [2].<br /> Nguon t i i nguyen, hpc lieu l i m ^ phan khfing<br /> ttie t h i & trong gtao dye. OER da xuat hien nhU<br /> mpt khil nigm mdi khdi d i y tiem ning to Idn de<br /> thay doi giao dye, die biet i i giio dye hien dai<br /> [4]. Tinh chat truy cap de ding aia cac OER da<br /> trd ttiinh mpt trong sfi nhihig yeu tfi tm quan<br /> trpng. OER thUdng tSn tgt d dgng sfi hoi va co<br /> ttig dudc diia se de ding qua Internet. Olem<br /> khac biet quan trpng giua mfit OER v i bat ky t i i<br /> nguygn giao dye nio khac l i d giay phep oia nd.<br /> Vi the, mfit OER ddn giin l i mpt nguon t i l n g u ^<br /> giio dye ket hdp vdi mot giay phep, tgo thuan k;fl<br /> eho sd dyng Igl v i tiem ting cho sy tuy bien thich<br /> ngni, ktifing dn phii ed sy etio phgp trudc t y<br /> ngudi nim gid tian quyen.<br /> 1.2. Khii niim tnry c$p md<br /> Tii gde dfi hpe thuit, truy cap md nhim mye<br /> dk:h Eim etio eac ket qui nghign cud sin sing ngay<br /> l^p b i t d dang dign bi', khfing phai d i phi v i hSu<br /> hgt khfing ed cae hgn che ve b i n quy@n ho$e vi§e<br /> cgp phgp sy dyng. Do viy, cd thg nfii truy cip md<br /> l i lim cho cic nghign cdu va t i l nguygn md dude<br /> truy cip t y do tdi tat e i mpi ngudi [9].<br /> Truy cgp md giup nang cao ch5t ludng nghign<br /> cdu nhd eic M >eh nhy: cho p h ^ nghien cud dudc<br /> pti6 bign nhanh chdng v i rfing r i i , gitip quy trinh<br /> nghign a i d bleu q u i hdn, ning eao sd hieu bigt<br /> vg n g h l ^ a i d eua doanh nghiep, chinh phu va<br /> cie cd sd td thien. Khil nigm truy cap md khfing<br /> thg tich rdi sy truy cap cie nguon t i l nguyen md<br /> tn/c tuyen. Vi viy, sg khfing cd gidl han cac kgt<br /> qui nghien cdu dUdc xuat bin. De phit huy hdn<br /> niia t i c dung oia truy cap md, cac trudng dai hpc<br /> c3n ho trd tot cic cich thiit xuat bin truy cap md<br /> v i lim gia ting sU tr\jy cip cdng khai tdi cac ket<br /> qui nghign cdd.<br /> Cd 2 cd die etio truy cip md. Hai cd ehg dd<br /> thudng dut?c goi la cae con dudng "ving' v i 'xanh'<br /> CgokJ" and "green") tdi buy cip md [7]:<br /> <br /> AuthOf<br /> ^ processing<br /> <br /> Hinh I. Hai con dudng vang - xanh ng ttidl ky d i n so vang<br /> v&i hdn 65% dan so dudi dp tuoi 30. Qay l i mpt<br /> Idl ttig idn cho quoc gta vi dpi ngu lao dpng tie ta<br /> yeu to quan trpng gdp phan dua dat nude phit<br /> trign mgnh. Tuy nhien, Viet Nam van chua tgn dyng<br /> higu q u i nguon lao dgng tigm ning niy vi d i i t<br /> ludng aia lyt luung lao dpng edn thap. Mpt trong<br /> sfi nhiihg nguygn ntian chinh l i do hg thfing giio<br /> due van c ^ nhieu digm ygu va dang can trd q u i<br /> binh trang bi cic tri thdc phii tidp v i cic ky ning<br /> tim vigc can thiet cho smh vign [8].<br /> Vigt Nam ed ket noi Intemet vao nim 1997 va<br /> sau dd nhanh etidng trd thinh mpt trong nhuhg<br /> nude phat tiign nhanh nhat chiu A ve cfing nghg<br /> thfing bn v i truyen ttifing. Tin dung irfi the niy,<br /> mpt sfi trydng dgi hpe Idn d Viet Nam da dan d i n<br /> ap dyng eic hg ttifing hpc tap dign t d vio trong<br /> cic hogt dpng dgy v i hpe oia hp. Tuy nhign, sau<br /> 5 nim, hpc t i p dien t d d cae trudng dgi hpc Viet<br /> Nam van con d giat doan rat sd khai [3]. Cic<br /> trudng tuy da trien khat ttianh eong he ttiong quin<br /> ty hpc tap (LMS) ddn gian, nhuhg da khfing tfii cuon<br /> dudc dpi ngu giang vign sd dung he ttiong trong<br /> vige dgy hpe hing ngiy aia hp.<br /> Giing vign van chud ttiam gia nhieu trong cic<br /> <br /> NAM 1(63)<br /> <br /> 51<br /> <br /> hoat dpng dten dan vdi smh vign. Do vgy, ciiut<br /> ning tieh cyt nhat ciia he thong ta dien d i n van<br /> chua ttig phit huy het tac dyng eua no. Dign d i n<br /> hpe t i p hieu q u i phai l i ndi cie sinh vien cd the<br /> ngu cie cau hdi va cie y tddng, dude giii dap v i<br /> trao doi, chia se t i l lieu. Td 2008 hS nay, so ludng<br /> cic trudng dgi hoc cd cae hg thong hpc tgp dien<br /> bJ" dua vio he thong phan mem nguon md Moodle<br /> da gia ting. Tuy nhign, so ludng giing vign sd<br /> dung hg ttifing nay van chua cao, ehii yeu van la<br /> giang vien tre trong cie trudng dai hpe ed tiig<br /> manh ve cfing nghe.<br /> Cung vdi sU phit tirien aia hpe t i p dien t d d<br /> Viet Nam, cae OCW/OER ddng vai trd quan trpng<br /> trong vige giup cic giing vign v i sinh vien cd the<br /> truy cap t y do b)i cic t i i nguygn ed g i i bi trgn<br /> mfii trUdng tnjt bjyen.<br /> Td nim 2005, Viet Nam da i p dyng OCW aia<br /> MIT (Massachusetts InstitiJte of Technotogy) bing<br /> vige thigt Igp miy ehu cTia phudng, nhd mfit b i n<br /> sao ngufin t i i nguyen eua MIT OCW, cho phgp<br /> cic giing vign v i sinh vtgn buy cip eic t i l nguygn<br /> md. Sau 3 ttiing khdl xudng chUdng binh OCW/<br /> OER, eic thinh vign dfii dy i n da nhgn thgy eae<br /> ktid ktiin sau day cd ttig han dig Viet Nam sy dyng<br /> b v t tigp MIT OCW:<br /> - Tri thiit ngn ting ktiie nhau aia sinh vien<br /> Viet Nam.<br /> - Cic ky ning tigng Anh bj han d i g oia sinh<br /> vtgn Vigt Nam.<br /> - Phudng phip luin day v i hpc ktiie nhau cita<br /> giang vign v i sinh vien.<br /> - Sd truy cap tw han die doi vdl sinh vien Viet<br /> Nam tdt cie t i i lieu tham khio.<br /> Cung vio thdi diem dd, dpi dy an da phit hien<br /> ring Dgi hpc Rice da phit trign phan mem Connexrons, mpt cfing ey giio dye manh cho phgp cic<br /> tic g i i chia s6 eae t y Itgu giio dye aia hp thfing<br /> qua World Wide Web giup ngudi dung t y do sd<br /> dyng v i sydyng lai.<br /> Mfit dang web OER (www.voer.edu.vn) cho<br /> cpng (Kng giio due Vigt Nam, dua vao phan mem<br /> Connexions, da dUdc khdi xudng day du vao nim<br /> 2008 de chia sg tiep eac t d Itgu giio dye. Sau 4<br /> <br /> 52<br /> <br /> n i m vgn hinh, dgi chudng brinh OER Vigt Nam<br /> (VOER) da pho bign t i p huSn phin mem eho hdn<br /> 1.000 giao vien d khoing 25 trddng dgi hpe. Hign<br /> nay, trang web dd lud d d hdn 20.000 module,<br /> eho phep eic giing vign d l ding tim kigm v i buy<br /> xuat cictiJ"ligu t i l nguyen ttitch hdp de xiy dyhg<br /> cie bai giing ho$e cie cufin sieh giio khoa aia<br /> hp. Cic bJ" ligu dd sSn sing t y do theo giSy phgp<br /> Creative Commons Attribution (CX BY phlgn bin<br /> 3.0) v i da dUde chuyen ngii" thinh ofing sang<br /> ngon ngd tigng Viet vao n i m 2007 [6].<br /> Viet Nam ed the tan dyng day du cae cd hpi<br /> dg cai tien hg thfing giio due oia minh vdi chi phf<br /> thap nhgt [3], Cimg vdl sy phit trien aia cac dich<br /> vu giii tri cfing nghe rao v i cie djch vy g i i trj gia<br /> t i n g khic, cic trd chdi tide tuyori trgn cic mgng<br /> xa hgi da n i m b i t dddc mfii quan tam ciia cgng<br /> Chung v i thdi gian b v t tuyin oia hp. Kgt qui l i ,<br /> ed nhu d§u ngay mgt gia ting ve t i m nhin lau dil<br /> eho vige sd dyng cfing nghg de ho trd cho cic<br /> muc teu giio dye v i huan luygn. V i ^ Nam cSn<br /> nhin dien ra nhOhg vSn de chinh i n h tiUdng tdi<br /> hg thfing giio dye v i dua ra sy h5 trd nhigu hdn<br /> cho sy phit tiign hg thong giio dye ndi ehung.<br /> Dg sd dyng ed higu q u i nhit ngufin OER, cic<br /> trudng dgi hpe d Vift Nam can ed cic ky ning cfit<br /> Idi. Nh|n thyc tam quan trong ciia vt|c xiy dyhg<br /> v i sd dyng nguon OER t i chua du, budng dgi hpc<br /> din cd cic phudng phap v i chien Idpc thyt hign<br /> cu the. TrUdc tign, trudng dgt hpe phii nim vQhg<br /> mye tigu v i ttiitc dgy sy phit tiign aia OER. Tu*<br /> tudng niy r i t quan trpng va nd phii ludn dudc<br /> dimg nhu kim chi nam hinh dgng. Song song dd,<br /> cic tiddng dgi hpe phii n i m viihg b'nh phip ly dg<br /> phye vy eho vl§c cap phip cic t i i nguygn md.<br /> Tuy ring ft hgn dig, nhdhg cic t i i nguyen md<br /> ding c i n ed nhuhg giiy phgp quy djnh mfit sfi<br /> quygn han v i cap quy&n sd dyng [X].<br /> Mfit v i n de khic khfing ttig tiiigu l i budng<br /> dai hpc can tinh thflng trong thigt kg v i phat bi&i<br /> ehUdng trinh, khoi hpe v i cie OER. Hp dSn nhigu<br /> sy ho trd ky thugt de thyc hign viee niy. Mpt sfi<br /> diem quan trpng khic m i trudng dgi hpc dn diu<br /> y la: quan ly v i diia s i OER cd higu qui, giam sit<br /> v i xay dyhg cie quy trinh dinh g i i , quin ly tot<br /> dpi ngu tham gia d i o t ^ , ning eao chit ludng<br /> <br />