Việt Nam - ngã tư các tộc người và các nền văn minh

VIET NAM - NGA Tl/ CAC TOC NGUlOn VA CAC NEN V A N MINH<br /> <br /> OLOV JANSfi<br /> NGUYfiN MANH DCNG*<br /> (Dich vd gidi thieu)<br /> <br /> <br /> Ldi ddn: GS. Olov R.T. Janse (1895-1985) nguyfin la Hdi vien danh dir cua Tni&ng \\hn DOng<br /> Bac c6 Phap, Giao su Dai hoc Louvre, Tni&ng Cao hoc thirc hanh (EPHE Sorbone, Phip)... L^ mOt<br /> nhii khao c6 hoc c6 ti^ng ngu&i Thuy Di^n, GS. O. Janse da c6 th6i gian gdn 5 nam (1934-1939) duc>c<br /> mdi sang lam viec tai D6ng Ducmg vdi tu cich Giam d6c cdc cuOc thdm sdt khao cd hoc b Ddng<br /> Duong. Cilng th^ hS vdi cac nha Viet Nam hoc n6i ti^ng ngu&i Phdp tiJ nhirng thap nifin ddu th^ ky<br /> XX, cdc tac pham cua dng dugc nhidu cdc hoc gia, nghifin clhi Viet Nam, Phdp vd qude t^ khdc chia<br /> se vd danh gia cao. Ciing voi ba tap d6 sd Khao c6 hoc Ddng Duong (xudt ban vdo cdc nam 1947,<br /> 1951-1952, 1958), chuyen khao v6 ngu6n gdc van minh Viet Nam..., chuyen luan "Vietnam - Au<br /> carrefour de peuples et de civilisations - Viet Nam - Nga tu cdc tdc ngudri vd cdc n6n van minh" dang<br /> tren Tap chi France-Asie sd 165, nam 1961 (ndm trong mdt seri cdc bdi nghien cihi trinh bdy tai Dai<br /> hoc Sdi Gdn, hay trong Tap san Dai hoc \\\i6 nhirng nam 1958-1960) Id mdt chuyen khao dugc nhidu<br /> the' he cdc nhd nghien cihi thudc nhidu Iinh vuc nghien curu nhu sir hgc, nhan hgc tdn gido, dan tdc<br /> hgc, khao cd hgc... quan tam vd trich ddn. Da gdn 50 nam qua, nhidu quan didm cua GS. O.Jans^ da<br /> dugcSphai danh gid va nhan thu'c lai, nhung cung khdng it cdc phdt hien sau d6 da c6 C0 hdi chiing<br /> minh, cung nhu nhidu vdn dd ggi md rdt ddng kd, ghi nhan nhirng tim tdi, phdt hien ddu tien.<br /> Tren phuong dien nghien ciru ly thuydt, ddi vdi khdng gian rdng vd xu hudng phdt tridn ciia cdc<br /> ndn van minh cilng su xudt hien lodi ngudi, nghien cUu da ngdnh ciia GS. O.Jansd c6 thd coi Id mdt<br /> trong nhung quan didm kinh didn, khdng dinh xu thd chuydn dich da chidu, mdt qud trinh giao thoa,<br /> khuc xa, tie'p bidn, tuong tdc van hda tu nhien cua van minh nhan loai vd ddng thidn di, khdng c6 tinh<br /> chat dp dat don tuydn. Thd gidi Ddng Nam A, vdn Id mdt thuc thd dde lap, edi ngudn cua van minh<br /> nhan loai, "Dia dang phucmg Ddng"... hay khdng vdn Id vdn dd bao trilm cua gidi nghien cxm. Bdng<br /> nhirng tidn bd ciia khoa hgc cdng nghe ngudn gdc van minh da cd sir ddnh gid lai, cd quan niem phu<br /> nhan, tham chi dao ngugc, nhung cung khdng it cdc nhd nghien cihi tidp tuc iing hd quan didm trdn<br /> ciia O.Jansd vd nhCfng ngudi theo khuynh hudng ndy.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> B i i n g h i e n cUu dUdi day la kdt qua<br /> <br /> tU mot n h i e m v u cdng tac thiic hipn<br /> h i n h , n g u d n gdc dd cdn chUa dUdc biet ddn<br /> <br /> n h i e u . N h i n c h u n g cac y kidn ddu cho r i n g<br /> tii n i m 1934 den 1939. M u c dich chu yeu v i n m i n h Vipt N a m l i mot d a n g t h d c k h u<br /> cua l u i n v i n n a y la qua cac hd' k h a i q u i t vUc cua v i n m i n h T r u n g Hoa. C h i n h qua<br /> k h a o cd d i dUdc h e thd'ng hda, n g h i e n cUu n h i i n g t h i n h tUu cda cac p h a t hipn k h a o cd<br /> cac t i i lieu n h i m l a m s a n g td ngudn gdc hoc lien q u a n ddn vi'n de d day da cho thi'y<br /> cua n e n v i n m i n h Viet N a m . Cach day 55 l i cac p h a t h i e n dd da chi r a sai l l m cua<br /> n i m , khi cdng vipc cua chiing tdi dUdc tien n h i n thiic p h i e n dipn t r e n . Hipn nay, ngUdi<br /> <br /> 'ThS. Vipn Sd hoc<br /> Vi&i Ram - Rga hi che tOc ngu£ri... 11<br /> <br /> ta cd the k h i n g dinh r i n g v i n minh Viet f ddn nen v i n minh dd phat trien dUdi anh<br /> Nam cd ngudn gdc rieng biet. That viy, hudng Nho giao trong trieu dinh, quan lai<br /> ngUdi ta khdng the phu n h i n anh hudng ben tren hay d cac trung tam thanh thi it<br /> manh me nhi't l i qua cac thdi ky lich sd bdi hdn l i nen v i n minh dd dUdc phd bien d<br /> nhQng con chau ngUdi Han d nhiing ndi m i vung thdn que, ling xa - nhan t d c i n ban cd<br /> trong Siic ky goi l i "nhiing viing di't phUdng ket cda Viet Nam tii ri't xa xUa.<br /> Nam". Se l i sai l i m khi nghien ciiu tac<br /> ddng dd nhUng khdng da ddng den nhiing<br /> anh hudng khac bdi vi chiing ciing manh Cach day khdng lau lim va dUdc phd<br /> me khdng he thua k6m ma lai khdng dUdc bidn ri't rdng rai, mdt quan diem cho r i n g<br /> bidt den. ThUc td la, t^ khoang dau thd ky v i n minh Viet Nam dUdc tich hdp lai khdi<br /> XX, sd nhiing b i n g chUng vun v i t da gdp nguyen tii lUu vUc sdng DUdng Td the ky<br /> phIn l i m sang td v i n minh Viet Nam ve rV TCN. Nhiing cU dan di cU dd, sau khi<br /> dipn mao die thii cua nd, mot m i t mang thiet l i p tai khu vUc tUdng iing vdi mien<br /> dang d i p cua Dd quoc thien trieu, ciing Bic Viet Nam, da mang theo mot nen vin<br /> nhu dien mao khac b i t ngudn tii An Do. minh da dUdc Han hda, theo thdi gian, nen<br /> Hay ciing cd khi nd den tii nhiing ndi xa xdi v i n minh dd hinh t h i n h nen dang thdc<br /> hdn ri't nhieu, td bien gidi cua the gidi Hy- khu vUc cda nd. Phai ri't lau sau ngUdi ta<br /> La ching han. cho r i n g ly thuyet niy it dUdc ddng thuin.<br /> Mot anh hudng khac m i chung tdi se ndi Nd khdng dUdc dua tren bi't cU cd sd khoa<br /> sau day ciing ddng vai trd trong sU hinh hoc nio, ching dUdc xae minh, ciing khdng<br /> t h i n h cda nen v i n minh Vipt Nam, dd diia tren tU lipu khao cd hgc, vi khdng cd cd<br /> chinh l i thuyet t h i n bi mang tinh chi't tdn sU phan tich gid'ng ndi. Nhiing phat hipn<br /> giao - nd die trUng cho nhiing cU dan d khao CO hoc tien hanh tU khoang 30 nim<br /> viing niy. qua da dUa ra quan diem ngUdc lai ring<br /> Nghien ciiu cac vi'n de lien quan den vin minh Vipt Nam dUdc phat trien mdt<br /> ngudn gd'c v i n minh Viet Nam se cd dip each d i n d i n d mien Bic v i mien Trung<br /> neu ra nhiing cau hdi m i chiing ta vin qua sU hdn dung tdc ngUdi v i sil tham gdp<br /> chua cd t h i dUa ra nhiing ldi giai thda vin hda, m i ve ngudn gd'c nhU chiing tdi da<br /> dang. Cac vi'n de n i y lien quan tdi nhiing chi ra d tren, cIn phai dUdc nghien cdu<br /> ddi tUdng nghien ciiu cUc ky phUc tap, nd khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d bien gidi phia<br /> bao q u i t mot llnh vUc vd cung rong Idn ve Ddng ciia luc dia A chau.<br /> ca khdng gian v i thdi gian, m i de giai<br /> quydt nd cIn phai khdng chi cd mdt sU cdng Neu ngudi ta nghien cdu thdi gian hinh<br /> tie chuyen sau va cd phUdng phap cua t h i n h cda sU thdng nhi't vin hda Vipt<br /> nhieu chuyen gia da nginh, m i ciing cIn cd Nam, ngUdi ta phan bipt ba giai doan m i<br /> sii hdp t i e cda cac n h i Ddng phUdng hoc moi mot giai do^n dUdc die trUng bdi mdt<br /> cda ca hai thd gidi [phUdng Ddng v i ky nghe nha't dinh.<br /> phUdng Tay-A^Z)]. Giai doan ddu tien m i ngay nay ngUdi<br /> Mot lUu y mio d i u sau ciing cIn thidt ta v i n ggi la v i n minh Ddng Sdn. Nd dien<br /> dupe neu ra. Trong khi m i chung ta de cip ra trong mdt thdi ky td giiia thien nien ky<br /> ddn v i n minh Vipt Nam, chung ta nen lUu TCN den d i u cdng nguyen. Ve m i t dia ly.<br /> 12 H g h i ^ CUU Lich sd. stf 6.2009<br /> <br /> nen ky nghe die trUng cho thdi ky n i y la ve nhu giiia nhiing ngUdi n i y cd quan h§<br /> mdt vung rdng Idn bao gdm phia Tay Nam budn ban tnic tidp hay gian tiep vdi viing<br /> Trung Qud'c, d dd dan cU sinh sd'ng khdng C i n Ddng hay Ddng Hy-La. Them niia l i<br /> phai la ngUdi Han, h l u hdt ban dao Ddng v i n minh 6 c Eo n i m d mot vung di't xUa<br /> DUdng, va it nha't mot phan nhd eua viing kia cua Phu Nam, cd le da trao ddi qua lai<br /> ngoai An. mot p h I n vdi Ban dao Ving (4) cda ngudi<br /> Hy Lap.<br /> Lien quan den Viet Nam, v i n minh Ddng<br /> *<br /> Sdn cd ve nhu dai bo p h i n la v i n minh cua<br /> pgUdi proto-malaise [Ma Lai cd sd hay Ca ba thdi ky v i n minh tren deu se dUdc<br /> nguyen Ma Lai - ND]. Ciing cd the l i chiing chung tdi nghien cdu mdt each l l n lUOt.<br /> ta cIn phai t i p trung nghien cdu vd mot ydu V i n minh Ddng Sdn la giai doan d i u tien<br /> td Lolo m i td tien cda tdc ngudi niy da dinh dUde biet tdi sdm nhi't tii nhiing hipn v i t<br /> hinh ban sic qua cac nghien ciiu cda nhieu dUdc tim tha'y trong cac hd' khai q u i t tien<br /> n h i dan tdc hoe ve ngUdi Tdkha (1) - cU dan h i n h g i n l i n g Ddng Sdn hipn nay, d hiiu<br /> thudc ngii he An - Au. ngan sdng Ma, tinh Thanh Hda. NgUdi ta<br /> Giai doan thd hai dUdc die trUng bdi ky bidt ddn hai dia diem khac nhau cd nhiing<br /> nghe goi l i Lach TrUdng va tren dai thekio die trUng tUdng tii: dia diem d i u tien<br /> dii trong 3 thd ky trUdc v i sau Cdng chinh l i n i m d tinh Thanh Hda, cdn dia<br /> nguyen. Khdng gian cua nd la mdt vung ri't diem thU hai d g i n Lao Cai, viing giap<br /> khd dinh bien nhUng ciing cd t h i tinh dUdc ranh vdi Trung Quoc. NgUdi ta ciing phat Ip<br /> l i mot khu vUc bao gdm mot phIn cda Tay ngiu nhien cac hipn v i t loai hinh Ddng Sdn<br /> Nam Trung Qud'c v i Bic Viet Nam va mdt d viing Van Nam va d nhieu ndi khac cda<br /> vii tinh d mien Trung. Chd nhan v i n minh Ddng Nam A. Cac phat hipn n i y phai dUdc<br /> thdi k^ n i y l i nhiing nhdm tdc ngudi chidm nhin n h i n nhU nhiing b i n g ehdng cd the<br /> da sd'cd ngudn gd'c l i Thai (t'ai). cho thi'y sU tdn tai cda nhiing dia diem<br /> khie niia v i n cdn dang chd doi n h i t xeng<br /> Chd nhan cda hai giai doan phat trien cda n h i khao cd. Hipn nay cac manh hipn<br /> v i n minh tren cd anh hudng quydt dinh v i t phat hipn dUdc bao gdm vii khi v i cdng<br /> den khdng chi v i n minh Viet Nam m i eon cu vdi nhiing hinh dang ri't phong phu,<br /> tdi ca cU dan mien thUdng, nhiing ngUdi binh v i xd ddng, v i n h i t l i nhiing chide<br /> hien nay dang sdng d phia Tay Bic Trung trdng Cling chi't lieu, thi thoang cd chide<br /> Qud'c v i d phan Idn Ddng Nam chau A. kich cd Idn v i trang tri clu ky.<br /> Giai dog,n thii ba l i v i n minh 6c Eo. Khdng may la nhiing hipn v i t n i y lai<br /> Die trUng vd m i t ky nghe thudc vio thdi dUdc tim thi'y nhidu nhi't sau eae cudc dio<br /> ky td d i u the ky II den khoang n i m 500 bdi Idn lut v i trong trUdng hdp tUdng tU<br /> (2). Nd n i m tren mdt khu viing cdn chUa ngUdi ta ching biet gi hien trang khi nd da<br /> dUdc bidt den d Nam Viet Nam, nhUng nd bi xdi tung len. Khi nhiing dd v i t n i y danh<br /> ciing da cd mot vai anh hudng nio dd ddi m i t nhiing thd d l chung ta cd t h i gpi dich<br /> vdi cU dan liic dd sdng d vung duyen hai danh cda nd, v i luc i'y ciing da mi't di phIn<br /> phIn phia Bic, cd le len den t i n ddng bing Idn gia tri tU lipu cda chiing. De cdu chiia<br /> Thanh Hda. Chu nhan cua v i n minh 6c Eo hipn trang nhiing dd v i t niy, dng Geoi-ge<br /> chu ydu l i ngUdi An hay Indo-scythes (3) cd Coedes, Giam doc Trudng Viin Ddng bic cd<br /> Via Ram - Rgn hf cAc fOc ngudri... 13<br /> <br /> Phap, da dy thac cho chung tdi thiic hipn xd vdi nhQng nghi le thd m i t trdi (soleil) v i<br /> nhQng dot khai q u i t mot each cd he thdng. bau trdi (ciel).<br /> Ngay khi doin chiing tdi den, ngay l i p tdc Nhiing thay ddi dot ngdt n i y da diin ra<br /> chung tdi d i n h i n ra r i n g nhiing ke di tim nhu the nio? Su giai thich sau day cd t h i<br /> kho bau da l i m xao trdn mdt phIn Idn l i m chiing ta chap n h i n dUdc la: theo tU<br /> nhiing di tich cii. Trong dd nhiing ngUdi lieu Trung Qude ghi ehep r i n g td thd ky<br /> n i y de lai nguyen mdt phIn di't du de ly VIII TCN vQng phia Tay cua Thien trieu<br /> giai cho n h i n dinh cua chung tdi. V i tren da bi sU xam chidm cua nhQng ngUdi m i t<br /> ed sd nhiing cdng vipc da dUdc trien khai, cd sang, tdc nau gpi l i Nguypt Chi (5). Cic<br /> the dUa ra dUde nhiing n h i n x6t sau day: n h i ngQ v i n hoc cung d i xic dinh nhQng<br /> Tai khu vUc tien hanh khai q u i t khao ngUdi Nguypt Chi n i y thudc tdc ngUdi<br /> cd, vio nda d i u thien nien ky TCN, day Tdkha, cU dan ndi tieng An - Au v i cIn<br /> tdng l i dia b i n cU trii cua ngUdi proto- phai tim kidm cU dan nguyen thuy d vung<br /> malaise, td tien cua ngUdi mien niii ma vdi Pont-Euxin, cd nghla l i gin Biin Den (6).<br /> nhiing ngUdi n i y ngudi ta da cd thdi quen N i m 771, nhQng ngUdi nay da chinh phuc<br /> dang tide goi hp l i "Moi"' (Mpi); hp cd hp thu phd cua N h i nUdc Tiy Chu. Chi It lau<br /> h i n g vdi td tien ngUdi Dayak d Borneo. Cu sau hp tidn ve phia Nam v i theo GS R.von<br /> dan niy, vio mdt thdi ky nhi't dinh, da Heine-Geldern (7) cua Dai hgc Vien (Ao),<br /> khdng trai qua thdi ky dd da. NgUdi dan dpi quan tien phong cua hp t h i m chi da<br /> diing len nhiing chide n h i sin, dgc theo cic xam n h i p vao Viet Nam hipn nay, den t i n<br /> bd sdng. Kinh td diia tren s i n bit, danh b i t Ddng Sdn. Ri't cd kha n i n g li, nhQng cU<br /> ci v i mot ndn ndng nghipp cdn ri't thd sd, d i n gdc khac d Pont-Euxin v i Cin Ddng da<br /> con ngUdi liic dd la nhiing ngUdi theo v i t lien ket vdi ngUdi Tdkha. Ra't nhieu ngUdi<br /> Ddng Sdn xUa da the hipn dang thUc vi md<br /> linh v i ngUdi s i n d i u ngUdi. Dd gd'm ciia<br /> tip trang tri khdng cd xui't xQ tQ Trung<br /> ho, ri't l i ddn sd, dUdc l i m t h i n h nhiing<br /> Qud'c, cung nhu vdi mdt vai md thUc Trung<br /> chide vai, chum dUdc gpi l i "sot", thd sd,<br /> Qud'c hoin toan khdng cd trong dd mi trii<br /> nung ri't vung v i ching cd bi't cU hoa v i n<br /> lai chiing lai xui't hipn thudng xuyen trong<br /> nio.<br /> nghe t h u i t cd eda Cin Ddng v i Trung Au.<br /> Khoang ddn n i m 500 TCN, tinh hinh d i<br /> NgUdi ta cd t h i cho ring nhQng cugc<br /> bi't ngd thay ddi do sU du n h i p cua nhiing<br /> xam lUdc cua ngUdi Tdkha v i chU h l u cda<br /> yeu td v i n minh mdi. CU dan Ddng Sdn hoc<br /> hg, cd nghla la cac cugc di cU cua ngUdi<br /> dUdc each diing kim loai v i biet chd tao dd<br /> pontique (8), l i nguyen nhan cua mot dao<br /> trang sdc va diem sinh tren loai da ban quy<br /> Idn sau sic khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d<br /> gpi l i ngpc thach. Dd gd'm trd nen cd gia tri<br /> "nhQng viing di't phUdng Nam". Ra't cd kha<br /> cao v i b i t d i u cd trang tri hoa vin hinh<br /> n i n g nhQng ngUdi di cU nay da mang theo,<br /> hoe. Ciing thdi ky niy, nhiing chide trd'ng<br /> tnic tiep hay gian tiep, vio cic nUdc Ddng<br /> Idn b i n g ddng da x u l t hipn, chung dUdc<br /> Nam chau A nhQng ydu td vin hda, v i<br /> l i m ndi b i n g nhiing md tip bieu trUng hinh<br /> chung gdp phan Idn vio vipc tao dUng vin<br /> hoc v i hinh ngUdi, canh tUdng cda cae budi<br /> minh Ddng Sdn.<br /> le tdn giao. Trang tri cua nhiing chide trdng<br /> ddng n i y minh chUng ve nhQng y nipm tdn Vio khoang giQa the ky I, vin minh<br /> giao da kha thinh h i n h , bieu dat each Ung Ddng Sdn da phai chiu mdt sU dd md manh<br /> 14 Rghien ciiu Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> do cudc xam lUdc cua Trung Qud'c. Theo Sd nhQng t i n du nay, nd da han che chung ta<br /> ky, nhieu ngUdi Trung Qud'c (dung ra l i chi ra mdt vii vi du dUdc lUa chpn trong sd<br /> khdng nhieu) ngay td the ky IV TCN da nhieu thd khac nhU n h i s i n phong each<br /> bat d i u tham nhap vao phia Bic Viet Nam. Ddng Sdn. Va lai nen lUu y r i n g each thdc<br /> Diu tien la cac lai budn v i thp thu cdng, ci't diing nay phii hdp nhi't vdi dieu kipn<br /> h i n la hp da dUdc ddn tidp niem nd. Sau dd, dia phUdng, die biet l i thdi tidt se vdi<br /> khoang dau cdng nguyen, chinh quyen nhQng ngdi n h i dUdc dUng mdt each tnic<br /> Trung Quoc da trieu hdi ra't ddng n h i d m tiep xud'ng s i n di't.<br /> quyen - nhQng ngUdi am mUu dd hd xd sd<br /> NgUdi ta cd the cho r i n g cung nhU ngUdi<br /> nay. Dan chiing d dd ndi day. Dudi sU chi<br /> mien niii, nhQng cU dan khac gpi l i ngUdi<br /> huy cua Hai Ba TrUng, ngudi ta biet r i n g<br /> "Anhddnegieng", vi du nhU ngUdi Dayak d<br /> dan chiing da viing d i y dudi khdi bien gidi<br /> Borneo, cung da bao lUu phong tuc, t i p<br /> nhQng than dan cua nha Han. Dl dap tra<br /> quan va tin ngUdng cua hp, nhQng yeu td<br /> that bai nay, khoang n i m 43, Hoing de<br /> dinh vi d thdi ky Ddng Sdn. Mdt vii nghi le<br /> n h i Han da cd dpi quan Idn dUdi sU chi huy<br /> tdn giao ngiy nay cdn dUdc nhQng cU dan<br /> cua tudng Ma Vien vdi sd menh chinh phuc<br /> n i y cd h i n h , da lam ndi rd canh tUdng<br /> xQ nay. Mot trong nhQng dpi quan niy,<br /> dUdc khic hpa tren trd'ng Ddng Sdn. Cung<br /> theo Sir ky, da dd bd xud'ng phia Thanh<br /> tUdng tu nhu viy, vipc che t i c nhQng chide<br /> Hoa, dgc theo thung lung Sdng Ma l i ndi<br /> trd'ng da dUdc duy tri cho tdi hipn nay,<br /> sinh sd'ng cua l i n g cd Ddng Sdn. Viy nen<br /> ngUdi ta cd the ngac nhien tim thi'y, trong<br /> chic chin ngdi lang da bi pha huy va cudp<br /> cac vung biet l i p hipn nay, nhQng y nipm<br /> pha. Cudc tan sat that la kinh hoang. Hing<br /> tdn giao v i nhQng tU tUdng gin lien vdi<br /> ngan ngudi da bi giet hay bi b i t lam nd Ip.<br /> trd'ng. NgUdi ta cung cd t h i tU hdi lipu cd<br /> Mdt vii thd llnh vdi dam ddng dang cda hp<br /> phai ky Uc nao dd cua nhQng le hdi tdn giio<br /> tuy vay da thoat khdi cudc tan sat hang<br /> Ddng Sdn khdng cdn tdn tai d mien Bic<br /> loat v i lan trd'n thanh cdng.<br /> Viet Nam trong nhQng le hdi mua, hay<br /> Thiic sU la, cudc ndi day l i mot cii va cung ching thi'y cd m i t trong le hdi quan<br /> manh den v i n minh Ddng Sdn d mien Bic trgng bic nhi't cua nd l i Tdt, m i Tdt vin<br /> Viet Nam. Chiing ta phai lUu y den sil kipn thudng dUdc md d i u b i n g am thanh cda<br /> nay, vi r i n g ngUdi ta da phat hien ra tii 50 chieng trdng (tam-tam).<br /> n i m nay d vung da bi quan Ma Vien xam<br /> lUdc, nhQng chide trd'ng va dd vat bing<br /> ddng, dUdng nhU chiing dUdc dung de ci't<br /> Thdi ky thQ hai l i thdi ky cda v i n minh<br /> gia'u va nhQng ngUdi dan cd le da chon ky<br /> Lach TrUdng. Xin n h i c lai l i , giai doan thd<br /> nhim ngin cho nhQng ten Iinh ngUdi Han<br /> hai n i y l i mot thdi ky kdo dii tQ diu the<br /> cUdp chiing di.<br /> ky III TCN den cudi the ky III SCN. Nen<br /> Cudc chinh phuc cua ngUdi Trung Quoc v i n minh n i y chiu anh hudng n i n g nd cua<br /> da pha huy hay lam suy tan di ra't nhieu d v i n hda v i t chi't va tinh t h i n cda Cin<br /> mien Bic Viet Nam, nhUng v i n minh Ddng Ddng va Ddng Hy-La. Cac ngudn tU lipu<br /> Sdn v i n sd'ng sdt tai nhQng vung khac cua chinh de nghien cdu v i n minh niy li<br /> Ddng Nam chau A nhi't l i d nhQng ngUdi nhQng md tang va nhQng ban kilm ke. 6<br /> mien ndi. Chung tdi se chi ndi ra't ngin ve day, chiing tdi se tU khudn khd xem x6t<br /> Via Ram - Rgn hi c6c fQc ngu£ri. 15<br /> <br /> <br /> kidn tnic cua cac ngdi md v i quan nipm gdm. D I dam bao cho ngUdi qua cd mdt cudc<br /> xay diing chiing. sdng vinh h i n g khdng phai lo ling, nen<br /> theo tin ngUdng nay cin phai lUa chgn<br /> Chung tdi da ndi la chung tdi dUdc giao<br /> nhQng md phan v i vipc sd dung nhQng ban<br /> nhipm vu, khdi d i u cdng vipc, chung tdi d i<br /> kilm ke thudc ve mdt cai nguyen ly niy<br /> de nghi Giam dde TrUdng Vien Ddng bac cd<br /> hay cai kia cda hai nguyen ly ddi lip. Di't<br /> Phap cho tidn hanh khai q u i t mdt cich he<br /> thudc yeu io nd can phai can bing tac ddng<br /> thdng d tinh Bic Ninh, each H i Ndi khoang<br /> qua lai bing mdt yeu td da dUdc bao hda<br /> chuc km ve phia Ddng. Muc tieu chinh cda<br /> cua ydu td' nam. Td vipc lUa chpn go, chi't<br /> chuyen di n i y tidn h i n h nghien cUu mdt<br /> lieu ly tudng trong dd chQa diing thUc the<br /> loat cie ngdi md gach, thudng v i n dUdc<br /> i n h sang v i Ida.<br /> hieu l i cie cdng trinh cda ngUdi Han. Ngdi<br /> md d i u tien bde tach, g i n Chd Lim, l i mdt Su thay the go bing gach di't nung tich<br /> ket clu rdng Idn khdng dUdi 5 gian dang tu trong mdt ngdi md tang nhQng nguyen<br /> him md. Sau dd, cac cdng trinh gidng nhau td Am v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i hy vpng cd<br /> dUdc thao dd cung tren mdt khu vUc, nhU dUdc sU v i n h i n h tdt lanh nhU mong mudn.<br /> nhQng ngdi md chi cd 1 dUdng h i m duy Su thay thd nay, cung vdi nhQng each thQc<br /> nhi't, nhin chung qua cac canh cung dUdc mai tang, dudng nhU chi ra r i n g ngUdi ta<br /> chia ra t h i n h 3 d (ngin). V i t lieu sd dung khdng cdn tin mdt each nghiem tiic vio tie<br /> v i ci'u true cda nhQng cdng trinh dung cho dung tdt cua sU ket hdp cac nguyen ly Am<br /> tang le n i y be ngoii mang nhQng ndt k h i v i Duong, v i r i n g ngUdi ta chUng td mdt<br /> khd hiiu v i minh chQng cho sU each tan sU phiem dinh nio dd ve nhQng tin ngUdng<br /> quan trpng, thi thoang cung ri't ky di d cd sd, cho tdi liic dUdc bam re mdt each sau<br /> each thdc kham nipm. sic vao trong tam thUc (esprit). Vi viy<br /> nhQng y nipm tdn giao mdi sdm thay the<br /> Md p h I n truyen thd'ng d Trung Qude,<br /> nhQng y nipm cd xUa hay hda tan vao nd.<br /> cung ri't gidng d Viet Nam, vi nhU d Ddng<br /> Va chinh d phUdng Tay, theo quan diem<br /> Sdn hoan toin dUdc ci't bing gd cd dang cua chung tdi, cin nghien cQu cac ngudn tU<br /> mdt hdm Idn day hinh chQ n h i t v i mai dpt. lipu v i n khic ve nhQng y niem mdi niy.<br /> Dd l i kdt clu ddn gian v i tiet kiem, phu Nen nghi r i n g nhQng sU di tni cua ngUdi<br /> hdp vdi tin ngUdng theo nguyen ly Am v i pontiques khdng chi tQ ben ngoii vio.<br /> Duong. Theo nguyen ly niy, cd ngudn gdc NhQng l u i n thuyet mdi, sau khi da trai<br /> td Dao giao, tU nhien tdn tai 2 nguyen ly nghipm d nhQng cU dan khac nhau cua Tay<br /> hoic nhQng chi't long phan cUc, nhQng Nam Trung Qud'c, d i d i n thim thi'u vio<br /> Thai DUdng, Thieu Am (9). SU hai hda cua Vipt Nam, cd le qua k h i u trung gian li<br /> tu nhien, sU sung tuc cua ngUdi sdng v i ngUdi Thai. Cung nhU ngUdi ta da tQng de<br /> hanh phuc cda ngUdi qua ed tudng tUdng ra cip den dieu dd td trUdc day, chung tdi cd<br /> sU thiet l i p cua mdt sU v i n hanh m i b i t bing chUng khi cho r i n g ri't nhieu ngdi md<br /> budc phai cd m i t cua hai ydu td tren, theo bing gach nay khdng phai cua ngUdi Han<br /> each thdc v i n h i n h tUdng tU nhU nap vio m i l i nhQng ngUdi thudc cU dan dia<br /> binh i c quy nhd vio hai nguyen td d i dupc phUdng, ra't cd t h i dd l i ngUdi Tien Vipt.<br /> phan cue. Nguyen td DUOng tUdng hdp vdi<br /> chi't lipu kim loai, go, anh sang va Ida; cdn NhQng ngdi md d i u tien trong ddt khao<br /> Am cdng hudng vdi di't, nUdc, bdng tdi, sat tai Bic Ninh dUdc xay dip tren nhQng<br /> 16 Rghiai oJFU Ljch silir. stf S.2009<br /> <br /> ddi tu nhien v i cd di'u I n cua hang nhan vao thdi cda Alexandre, ngUdi Hy Lap cdn<br /> tao. Dieu n i y khdng li'y gi lam ngac nhien. tin vio nhiing vi t h i n cua hp. Hp cho r4ng<br /> Va lai thuc te la da tdng tdn tai, vi du nhU nhdng vi t h i n n i y dam bao cho cudc sdng<br /> d Td Xuyen, mien Nam Trung Qude, nhdng cda hp tren dinh Olympia, d dd ching c6<br /> md tang dUpc tim thi'y tren sUdn cda bi't cd di'u vet n i o . Cho nen cin phai xae<br /> nhQng ngpn ndi. NhQng md - hang cd nien dinh cho cU ngu cua nhdng vi t h i n md hd<br /> dai khoang thdi ky nha Han. M i t khac, nay va nhieu vi trong sd dd da kdt h(?p vdi<br /> ngUdi ta phai lUu y r i n g phdc hdp hang cac hipn tUdng thien gidi (thien tUi^ng -<br /> ddng sieu nhien (grotte surnaturelle) ddng ph^nomenes celestes), ngay sau dd, chfnh<br /> mdt vai trd quan trpng trong tin ngUdng Id gich da dUa den gia thuydt r i n g nhdng<br /> Dao giao. Vdi nhQng hang niy, d tam mdt vi n i y e i n phai sdng trong mdt dinh ndi<br /> ngpn ndi Idn r i t cd t h i da tim thi'y nhiing cao hdn dinh Olympia, cd le l i d phUdng<br /> hang m i m i i vdm (voutes) cda nd tUdng Ddng, td dd ngUdi ta cd t h i nhin t h i y vi<br /> trUng cho b l u trdi v i day tUdng dng vdi tinh td dpp tuypt t r i n mpc len vio moi ban<br /> di't. Ldi vio hang n i y l i cho danh d i u mdc mai. Hay d phia Ddng, mot ngpn ndi cao<br /> gidi giQa hai the gidi: the gidi v i t chit va hdn het thay mpi ngpn khac v i nhdng dinh<br /> the gidi sieu hinh. ndi d dd chUa tdng dUdc ai biet tdi: dinh<br /> Hymalaya. L i m sao nhQng ngUdi Hy Lap<br /> Tin ngudng n i y da tdng phd bien vio<br /> lai cd dupe nhQng h i i u biet ve sU tdn tai<br /> thdi ky n h i Han, vl nhU ri't nhieu lU hUdng<br /> cda diy niii niy? Cd the l i vio thdi k^ dd<br /> bing ddng hay b i n g di't nung d i l i minh<br /> khi m i Alexandre da den Tapdla, d vung<br /> ehdng, va tren nhQng dd v i t dd, ngpn ndi<br /> Pun-giap, vi Hoing de n i y da ddng quan<br /> dUdc md ta vdi cac hang ddng sieu nhien.<br /> tai day v i nhin thi'y nhiing dinh ndi tuydt<br /> NhQng manh hipn v i t n i y d i n h di'u thdi<br /> ky m i luc dd ngudi ta b i t d i u n h i p vio phu vdng Ka-sd-mia v i ciing thiic sii ng^c<br /> Trung Qude go thom tvf Viet Nam hay xd nhien khi mdn dd cda Aristote da khdng<br /> Ba Tu. Ngpn niii tUdng trUng eho canh the g i n ten minh vio phat hi^n phi thudng<br /> Thien cung trong Dao giao, l i ndi cU ngu niy: dUdc coi l i ndi cU ngy cda cac vj thin.<br /> cda nhQng vi t h i n bi't td. Cd nhieu bing Ngudi ta ed t h i tu hdi li$u cac Dao si, ddn<br /> ehdng cho thi'y cac nghp nhan mudn khic lUdt hp da khdng vay mUpn y tudng n i y vd<br /> ta tren lu hUdng mdt hinh m l u v i mdt sii ngpn ndi cao, ndi sinh sdng eua nhdng v\<br /> trang tri mang tinh bilu-tUdng, chung gdi T h i n bi't td.<br /> len coi cUc lac dUde am thi bdi hUdng thdm<br /> Cung c i n phai nghien cdu ngudn gdc<br /> cua nhiia hUdng.<br /> eda nhQng hang ddng sieu nhien d phia<br /> NhQng tin dd Dao giao dudng nhu hiiu Tay v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i giai thich B\}<br /> s i u sic hai quan nipm dde dao, trong dd trdng hdp duy nhi't m i thUc td r i n g y ni$m<br /> mdt trong hai quan niem cd ngudn gdc td ve thien ddng [ddng trdi - grotte-eiel] da<br /> phUdng Tay. De tim ldi giai, chung tdi phai truyen ba di k h i p phia Tay Trung Qude v i<br /> md ngoic d day v i chiing ta hay trd lai vdi Vipt Nam thdi ky xam lUdc cda ngUdi<br /> Hy Lap xUa kia thdi cda Alexandre Dai de. Pontiques. Thiic td l i , hang ddng ddng vai<br /> NgUdi ta biet r i n g huyen thoai co xUa da trd quan trpng trong tin ngUdng dan gian d<br /> ban cho cac vi t h i n (dieux) cho cU ng\i d Tay phUdng td thdi xa xUa, luc dd hang<br /> tren mdt dinh ndi - dinh Olympia. NhUng ddng cpng hudng vdi f tudng v l ngudn gdc<br /> V i ^ Ram - Rga hi cAc tQc ngu£ri... 17<br /> <br /> cua su sdng. Tuc thd hang ddng die bipt ddng vai trd tUdng tU khi n i m giQa Cin<br /> dupc truyen ba trong dan chiing d C i n Ddng v i Trung Qude. Vi'n de li, rd r i n g<br /> Ddng v i luu vUc phi'a Ddng Dia Trung Hai. nhQng y niem tdn giio thudng xuyen xui't<br /> Chung ta chi eIn luu y r i n g dao Mithra hipn d C i n Ddng v i bd phia Ddng cda Dia<br /> (Mithras), t h i n M i t Trdi cda ngUdi Ba Tu, Trung Hai, nen eIn phai nghien cdu cac<br /> l i sii tich hop eda hang ddng linh thieng ngudn tu lipu v i n khic. Chung tdi coi dd<br /> giQ vi tri trung tam. T h i n dupe sinh ra tQ nhu chdng cd trong cac ban kiem ke ve<br /> mot "tang da" (roehe) v i vipc thd cung vi tang nghi cua md phIn phong each thien<br /> n i y dupe tien h i n h trong chinh dipn dudi ddng, m i day v i n l i cau hdi ngd.<br /> long di't. Dao n i y cho cac tin dd ldi hda hpn<br /> De n h i n thQc cac thiic td khao cd hpc,<br /> ve mdt cudc sdng vinh hing. Tuc thd<br /> ngUdi ta khdng t h i tu giam minh trong<br /> Mithra d i n h cho d i n dng, v i linh d i n h<br /> nhQng d dia ly kin mit. Cac vi'n de cin phai<br /> thue ngudi Ba Tu da lan truyen tyc Ip n i y<br /> dupe nhin n h i n trong mdt vien canh toin<br /> nen k h i p ndi" tren the gidi deu bidt den.<br /> clu v i trong moi quan hp dai dUdng v i luc<br /> Chic c h i n dd khdng phai l i tinh cd m i<br /> dia, didu dd budc chung ta phai nhin n h i n<br /> n g l u nhien each day v i i chuc nim, nhQng<br /> v i suy ngSm.<br /> phat hipn md Han d i u tien dang thdc thien<br /> ddng bao gdm p h I n Idn l i vu khi. Rd r i n g n<br /> dd l i ngdi md cda nhQng chidn binh. Nghien cQu kien true cda nhQng ngdi<br /> Lien quan ddn Trung Quoc v i Vipt mp kieu thien ddng tai dd chung tdi da tim<br /> Nam, dl nhien khdng lien quan ddn sU thi'y bing chdng ve y nipm tdn giio d i<br /> chuyen hoan d i y die ddi vdi thuyet t h i n bi dupe truyen b i vio Vipt Nam vio cac the<br /> Mithra. NhUng cd t h i chi cin sU hoan ddi ky d i u trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen. Chung<br /> cua mpt vii thu llnh phong kidn d l cho tdi cdn phai khao sat cac dd dung tang le<br /> nhQng t h i n dan cda hp phai t u i n theo t l m trong nhQng cdng trinh niy.<br /> gUdng cda be tren cho du chd y dd tdt hay Tuy nhien, trUdc hdt chdng tdi tin ring<br /> xi'u. Va lai, cac y nipm tdn giio mdi t h i m cin phai dd cip den mdt chi tidt lien quan<br /> t h I u d i n d i n vio trong Dao giao, cung ddn qua trinh xiy diing. Tai nhQng hd khai<br /> b i n g con dUdng dd nen vipc thd Mithra da quit, chung tdi d i tiing lUu y ring nhin<br /> len ldi vio trong dao Thien chua thd ky III chung deu cd, doi vdi mdt hay nhQng nip md<br /> v i rV. Chdng ta ddng quen r i n g nhQng thd niy, mdt lUdng gach chit ddng hay it ra cdn<br /> ky d i u tien sau cdng nguyen l i thdi ky bQc tudng bao, thi thoang cd kich thUdc nhd.<br /> hoing kim cda chd nghla hda ddng, luc dd Ddng gach d day khdng cd bi't cd chdc ning<br /> sU hon tap cda t h i n linh v i nQ t h i n cda sd dung quan trpng nio, trUdc tien chiing tdi<br /> nhQng tdn giao khac nhau h l u nhU xui't d i cho r i n g ddn gian dd cd the de cip den<br /> hipn nhu l i mdt loai ly tudng cao sieu. vii vien gach nio dd chua dupe diing ddn v i<br /> NhQng thQ m i ngUdi ta cd the ddi chidu chung v i n d i t nguyen tai cho. Trong khi dd,<br /> giQa Trung Quoc v i Vipt Nam tren binh each giai thich niy dudng nhU lai it cd cd sd<br /> di$n v i n hda, se khdng t h i suy ra r i n g vi nhQng vien gach ddi khi lai dUdc thay<br /> bing mdt khoi da vi, trong nhiing trUdng<br /> ngudi anh ludn l i ngUdi ban ting, cd luc<br /> hdp khic, bde tudng phu lai dUdc xay diing<br /> ngudi n i y chi ddng trung gian, ngay chinh<br /> mdt each cin t h i n nhi't.<br /> d Vi$t Nam, ddn lUdt nd, lai thi thoang<br /> 18 Rghien cdu Lich sd, s6 6.2009<br /> <br /> Chung tdi cung da dUa ra each ly giai diem nay, hay chu y den vi t h i n Hy-La ddi<br /> theo trinh tU tdn giao. Ra't thUdng thi'y khi dupe the hien b i n g mpt t l m bia diing d<br /> nhQng cdng trinh ra't t l m thudng v i d i bi vat tudng, trong mdt vii trUdng hdp nd<br /> hu hai nhUng v i n dUdc sung bai bic n h i t . thay cho nhQng ddng da. TUdng tU nhU viy,<br /> Viy nen chung tdi da nhd lai r i n g Than nhQng ddng di't, cdn dUdc gpi l i "nhQng<br /> Hecm6t [mdt trong mUdi hai vi t h i n tren ddng da", hay cdn nguyen cho tdi t i n hdm<br /> dinh Olympia - ND] cua ngUdi Hy Lap - nay, vat tUdng tim lai dUdc dUdi dang min<br /> tUdng tii nhu t h i n Mecquya (Mercure) cda xay bit ldi vio ben trong - nd bao quanh ri't<br /> ngudi La Ma, dUde bieu tUdng hda bing nhidu den dipn d Vipt Nam. Mien Nam Vipt<br /> ddng da hay bing mpt tarn bia. M i t khac, Nam, ngUdi ta thUdng thi'y nhQng Ddng da<br /> chung ta bidt r i n g mpt thien t h i n hay t h i n dUdc d i t trUdc Id'i vao den.<br /> ban menh vdi nhQng tinh each gidng nhau NhQng vien gach trong cac h i m md dUpc<br /> cua than Hy-La cdn dUdc siing kinh d Viet l i m b i n g di't dd nung. Nhiing khi khao sat<br /> Nam. 6 mien Bic, ngUdi ta thi'y r i n g trUdc mdt vii vien n i o dd ma chung tdi tim thiy<br /> cudc chidn tranh cudi cung, gan cac chd hay d Lim, chiing tdi da quan sat thi'y bd ria cd<br /> d mdt vai nga tU nao dd, nhQng hdn da nhQng di'u vdt cda mdt Idp trat t r i n g tring<br /> dung de kinh dang len mpt vi t h i n m i vi cd le l i mdt loai sdn. Thiic te d i xae minh<br /> nay, nhu than Hecmd, la than hd menh cda truyen thdng Han, theo dd, nhQng ngdi mp<br /> thUdng nhan v i IQ khach phUdng xa. NgUdi xUa kia phai dUdc qudt t o i n mau t r i n g ben<br /> di chd mang theo tQ que hp mdt hdn da, rdi trong. Cd le truyen thdng n i y die bipt dUpc<br /> hp d i t tren gd ddng da cd sin. Sau dd, hg ap dung cho nhQng ngdi md kilu thien<br /> thinh clu len "Ong Ddng" (Monsieur le ddng, bdi vi ngUdi ta da phat hipn d phia<br /> Tas), clu xin sU che chd cua Ong. Neu budn Nam Trung Qude cic cdng trinh loai niy,<br /> ban t h u i n ldi, thi dd la nhd xin an hup cda trong dd nhQng bQc tudng ben trong dUpc<br /> than, va de bao dap hg hda se dang len ri't phd kin b i n g di't sdt, cd le dUdc trdn vdi<br /> nhieu do ciing te nhU mat ong, banh trai caolanh (kaolin). NhUng ndu nhQng ngdi<br /> hay nhUa hUdng khi hg trd ve. Thii vi li, md dupe qu6t m i u tring, thi dd chi la mpt<br /> nhQng dd'ng di't nay hien nay d Viet Nam trudng hdp ngoai Ip, vi hipn tai ngUdi ta cd<br /> cdn dUdc gpi bing ten "Dd'ng da" (Tas de t h i trdng chd cd t h i tim thi'y dUdc nhQng<br /> pierre). Them nQa, ket qua tQ nhQng hd di'u vet cua nd, cdn c h i t sdn da bi hdy hoai<br /> khai q u i t m i Louis Malleret da cho dao d nhanh chdng rdi.<br /> Oc Eo, Ddng Co Lac [Plaine des Jones hay<br /> Ngudi ta cd the dUa ra hai cich ly giai,<br /> Dong Thap Mudi - ND], (chiing tdi se ndi<br /> khdng bd qua each nay hay each kia ve<br /> sau hdn), da phat hien ra nhQng Dd'ng da,<br /> each giai thich cua m i u t r i n g d phia ben<br /> diing de chd t i c dd vat vdi cung mdt n h i n<br /> trong cua nhQng cdng trinh loai dd. Chdng<br /> thQc gid'ng nhau.<br /> tdi da thi'y trUdc day phdc hdp cda phong<br /> Cudi cung, chung tdi xin lUu y r i n g than each md n i y lien quan m i t thidt vdi thuydt<br /> H6cmdt cung l i than canh cda. Cho nen t h i n bl cua vung C i n Ddng v i Ddng Hy-<br /> ngUdi ta cd the tu hdi l i lieu cd phai nhQng La. Tai dd, m i u t r i n g mang gii tri cin ban<br /> dd'ng gach hay dd'ng da d mpt d i u ngdi md l i bieu tUdng cua anh sang, sU sdng v i<br /> cd dUdc dung nhu tUdng trUng cho mdt nhi't l i sU t h u l n khidt. Va lai, quan nipm<br /> canh cda ddng kin khdng?. Diia tren l u i n ve thuyet t h i n bi theo td nguyen Hy L^p<br /> Via Ram - Rga hf cbc tge ngugi.. 19<br /> <br /> bao h i m khai nipm khdng nhu ngudi ta cho nd. Va lai, chung tdi cd chQng cQ khac<br /> v i n thUdng tin nd nhU dieu bl In, khdng he chi ra r i n g ngUdi ta da tim each tranh<br /> cd chiit di'u vdt nio. Mpi tdn giao dUdc die trUdng hdp lUdng nan Ge dilemme) cua<br /> trUng b i n g nhQng nghi le t i y trin. Khai nhQng y niem tdn giao trai ngUdc nhau<br /> nipm t h u l n khidt n i y m i nhQng canh hoa bing mdt sU thda hiep n h i m muc dich<br /> sen hay hoa hue tay tUdng trUng cho nd, trung hda, trong nhQng ngdi md bing gach,<br /> v i n cdn duy tdn cho ddn ngiy nay v i thi'y yeu td Am bing each d i n vio mdt vai yeu<br /> chiing trong vipc mic quIn ao mau t r i n g td Duong bd trd. Viy cd phai ngUdi ta d i<br /> vio luc luan chuyen tQ cudc ddi n i y sang nghi ra quan niem gin cho ngdi md nhQng<br /> cudc ddi khac. Khdng chi d Trung Qude m i dang thQc trung gian giQa dang thdc cu,<br /> ngay ca d Vipt Nam, m i u t r i n g dUdc dung chi chuyen sd dung go nhU loai vat lieu xay<br /> de ghi di'u sU di qua cua cudc sdng ndi t r i n dung, vdi dang thQc mdi die trUng bing<br /> the sang mdt sU tdn tai sau khi qua ddi. each dung gach hay khdng.<br /> Cach thQc gidng nhau n i y cd d Hy Lap cho Qua cac hd khai q u i t m i chung tdi d i<br /> den t i n thdi ky lich sd. Chung ta lUu y tien h i n h da cho thi'y nhQng nhan thQc tdn<br /> r i n g d phUdng Tay, m i u t r i n g cung l i m i u giio mdi phai dUdc t h i m thi'u dan din, It<br /> eda Le rda tdi, cda Le ban thanh the khdi ra cdn d i n den cic thda hipp khac trong sd<br /> nguyen, cda hdn n h i n v i sau hdt l i cua cii nhQng khai nipm trai ngUdc. Dieu niy<br /> ehdt. TrUde khi den trUde Chua trdi v i cd ching cd gi dang ngac nhien neu ngUdi ta<br /> t h i vio trong le ban thanh t h i vdi Chua thiic sU mudn nhd lai r i n g nhQng the ky<br /> trdi, mdt trong nhQng n6t die sic nhi't cua trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen, nhU chung tdi d i<br /> thuydt t h i n bi la ngUdi q u i cd cin thidt ndi, l i thdi ky dung hdp tdn giao, vi hipn<br /> phai dUdc thau rda sach ve t h i n the v i ve tUpng niy, cung nhU mgi thQ dat tdi niem<br /> m i t tinh t h i n . tin vio nd, cin phai dUdc phd bien mdt each<br /> Day la mdt ly giai d i u tien vd vipc dung ddng thdi d ca hai ciic [phUdng Ddng vi<br /> Idp qu6t m i u t r i n g ben trong md phln. phUdng Tay - ND] cua the gidi cd xUa.<br /> Chung tdi d i tQng ndi cd mdt sU ly giai Bing nghien cUu so sanh, chiing tdi lUu<br /> khac. Chung tdi da cho r i n g sU thay gd y ring Cdngtingtin dai de, quy theo dao<br /> bing gach cd t h i n h i n thdc dd nhU l i mdt Thien chiia, khdng phai la khdng tiep tuc<br /> khoang ldi cda tin ngUdng ddi vdi nguyen dang dd hien sinh len cac ta thin. Va,<br /> ly Am v i DUOng. ThUc td li, vipc sd dung nhQng bQc tranh dUdc phat hien d nhQng<br /> gach di't nung n h i m tich nguyen tdAm v i h i m mp cua ngUdi La M i cung d i chi ra sU<br /> giai phdng cai nguyen td DUOng kia cua pha trdn k h i ngac nhien cua nhQng md<br /> chdng. Tdi pham thUdng n i y gay khd chiu thQc dao Thien chiia v i t i dao.<br /> cho nhQng ngUdi tren thiic td h i y cdn trung<br /> t h i n h vdi niem tin td't Iinh cua nhQng sQc<br /> manh ddi nghich ke nhau. Cd t h i viy nen Phln Idn nhQng ngdi mp dang thQc<br /> ngudi ta da tim each trung hda cac tac ddng thien ddng m i chung tdi da chi ra cd dUdng<br /> tieu cue cua c h i t ket hdp vdi yeu tdAm. Vdi h i m duy nhi't, ben trong phd bien nhi't<br /> vipc dung nhQng chide trUdng miu tring, dUdc chia t h i n h 3 ngin (d), dUdc each ly<br /> phdt len di't sdt t r i n g hay mdt bde tranh bing cac vdm bing gach. 0 giQa cd gian td<br /> t r i n g ddn gian cd t h i mang lai tie dung dung dl quan t i i bing da va mdt vii do tuy<br /> 20 Rghien ciiru Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> tang. Gian n i y l i gian Idn nhi't, d hai ben ngUdi ta ddi khi v i n l i m b i n g go qu6t sdn.<br /> cua nd, moi ben l i mpt ngin. Ndu ngUdi ta Thiic te l i , nhQng chide binh nay thidu nip<br /> khdng sd bi't kinh, mdt n g i n cd t h i gpi l i day, va lai ed ve nhU nd cdng cd cho gia<br /> "gac-ming-gie" (garde-manger), trong dd, thuyet cda chdng tdi r i n g vi'n de l i d bat<br /> ngUdi ta d i t nhQng binh diing thdc i n v i hUdng. Duong nhien ngUdi ta mudn thay<br /> dd udng m i ngUdi chet cd t h i dung ddn, cdn the b i n g go, nguyen to DUOng, nhUng chit<br /> ngin cdn lai viec sd dung cda nd lai chUa rd lipu n i y d l bi pha huy, nen vipc dung gdm<br /> ring. H i m mp nay nhin chung cd kich thdc cd cdng hdn nhUng lai mang yeu td Am.<br /> gidng nhau, d dd cdn l i ndi tich trQ dd i n TrUdng hdp n i y khdng phai l i duy nhit, nd<br /> thdc udng, nhUng ddi khi hdi cao ei'p hdn, da chi rd r i n g ngUdi ta khdng cdn thiic sii<br /> dupe xay b i n g mdt sU c h i m chut rieng v i tin tudng ve cdng dung td't cda hai nguyen<br /> p h l n Idn de trdng. Hdn het la thi thoang td trai ngUde nhau nay nQa. Trong khi dd,<br /> chdng tdi tim thi'y mpt hay hai chide vd v i phat hipn nay cdn cho chung tdi nghi ring<br /> cdn nhieu vd nhd b i n g di't nung. Chung tdi nhQng gian gid'ng nhau ddng vai trd nhU<br /> gia dinh r i n g nhQng dd v i t de trong gian gian thd hay chinh dien v i ngUdi ta de d dd<br /> n i y dupe lam b i n g chi't lipu hQu cd nhU go nhQng dd v i t thd cung b i n g go. Tuc thd<br /> v i dl nhien nd khdng the chdng chpi dUdc cdng dl nhien hUdng vpng ddn t h i n linh<br /> vdi thdi gian v i duy tdn cho den t i n ngiy (esprit) v i linh hdn (ame) eda ngUdi qua cd.<br /> nay. Tuy nhien, vi'n de khdng dang dl Dieu chung tdi mudn ndi la: esprit vi<br /> chung tdi phai suy nghi, vi hipn nay, mdt dme, tuy theo nhQng quan niem Han - Vipt,<br /> sU tinh cd da cho chung tdi mdt sU giai trong eon ngUdi cd ca hai tU nhien phi vit<br /> thich Id gleh khi phat Id mdt md tang hay t h i (nature immat^rielle): mdt l i t h i n - khi<br /> cdn nguyen trang td khi nd dUdc diy n i p {esprit-souffle) (10) v i mdt linh hdn dUpc<br /> kin d i gin 20 t h e k y qua. gpi l i cda mau (une ame dite de sang) (11).<br /> Sau khi ehdt, theo quan nipm niy, t h i n -<br /> Dudi h i m md n i y (Lach TrUdng, Thanh<br /> khi trd t h i n h t h i n thanh, mdt ban the cao<br /> Hda), trong mdt khdng gian nhd dang hinh<br /> sieu, se phu hd cho cac con chau cda nd vi<br /> vudng, di vio ben trong cda gian thd ba,<br /> bao vp cdng vipc cda hp. Day l i ngudn gdc<br /> chung tdi d i phat hipn ra nhQng hipn v i t<br /> cda thd cdng td tien. Cdn doi vdi linh hdn<br /> sau: ddn Idng b i n g ddng v i vd bing di't<br /> cda m i u , sau mdt thdi gian se tai sinh dUdi<br /> nung m i u tring, cac gian cdn lai da tim<br /> dang cua mdt cudc sdng Id md v i tam thdi,<br /> thi'y hai vd b i n g di't nung m i u t r i n g<br /> rd't cudc t i t lim.<br /> tUdng tu. Hai binh thidu n i p hdi nghieng<br /> ve nhau. Chiing cd ve dUdc d i t tren mdt be Y nipm nay da chi cho ehdng tdi ngUpc<br /> hinh vudng, ddng tren 4 chin. Cung vdi ve cac thdi ky sd khdi, cd t h i xui't hipn d<br /> thdi gian, be, da bi bien dang, cd le d i bi quan nipm d i u tien kha la lung. Ndu ngUdi<br /> s i p v i ngUdi ta ly giai r i n g tU the da bi ta suy nghi ddn thi nd khdng khdi lim<br /> nghieng d vi tri dd d i tiing cd cac hipn v i t chung tdi sdng sdt vi ngUdi ta tim thi'y d<br /> khi chdng tdi p h i t hipn ra chiing. phUdng Tay nhQng y nipm kha tUdng ddng.<br /> Hai chide vd n i y cd dang hinh tru, cung ThUc td l i , tieng An - Au sd dung hai<br /> kieu m i nhQng chide binh ngUdi ta thudng khai niem khac h i n nhau d l khic hpa tii<br /> ngiy v i n de tren b i n thd va dUpc sd dung nhien phi v i t t h i . Tieng Phap cd td: esprit<br /> nhu bat hUdng, nhQng cii m i hipn nay v i dme; La Tinh li: spiritus v i anima,}iy<br /> V i a R a m - R g a hr c a c tqc ngirdi... 21<br /> <br /> L a p : pneuma va psyche. Dd k h d n g p h a i la thd cung ddng hp va thd c u n g td tien, ca hai<br /> nhQng k h a i n i e m dong n g h i a v i do dd deu cd m i t d t h a n h phd' cd xUa cua Hy Lap<br /> ngudi ta p h a i t h d a n h a n It r a ve m i t khdi cung n h u chinh t r o n g L i n g - Nudc cua Viet<br /> t h u y chiing da didn ta cac k h a i l u a n Nam.<br /> c h u y e n biet. Vay n e n c h a n g cd t h e ndi r i n g Neu t h i n linh (esprit) cd the dUOc nhin<br /> t h i n linh (esprit) Qng vdi t h a n - k h i (esprit- n h a n nhU phdi phinh to ra, thi hnh hon (ame)<br /> souffle) va l i n h hdn (ame) tUdng Qng vdi n h u la sU rdi loan cua bg dc: giac md, bdng<br /> h u y e t linh {dme de sang) nhU c h u n g tdi da dem, hinh a n h p h a n chieu qua ddng nUdc<br /> ndi d t r e n ? T r o n g mpi trUdng hdp, sU vat trong v i t hay qua tam gUOng. Ddi vdi ngUdi<br /> deu hQu t h i . Hy Lap, dd chi la nhQng tam mang da bi vQt<br /> D u a vao tQ n g u y e n , chiing tdi biet tai bo. Con ngUdi cd the sd'ng m i khdng cd phan<br /> sao tQ esprit de ndi den p h a n cdt yeu va tu nhien cua nd. Chang cd nguyen khi nao lai<br /> h i u n h u b i t diet ve b a n chi't (nature) sieu khdng chiu thd thach. Cung nhU dme, ddi vdi<br /> h i n h eda con ngUdi. Spriritus cd nghia la cugc sd'ng sau khi chet (vie posthume), phai<br /> hdi thd (souffle) h a y hd h a p (respiration), chang nd thiic sU khdng quan trgng nhU<br /> ngUdi xUa coi dd n h u n g u y e n k h i (principe esprit. TUdng tii nhU d Viet Nam, linh hdn<br /> vital). Khi sil hd h a p ngQng, con ngUdi se (ame) "chap chdn" (voltige) trong thdi gian<br /> ehdt. NhUng hdi thd cdn duy tri mdt sii tdn nao dd xung q u a n h ngUdi q u i cd' rdi rd't cugc<br /> tai doc l a p va t r d t h a n h t h a n l i n h tu tan bien. Psyche trong tieng Hy Lap tUdng<br /> ( e s p r i t ) h a y b a n - t h a n , t d - t h i n . NhU Qng vdi tQ tieng P h a p la dme, cung cd nghla<br /> c h u n g tdi da ndi, y t u d n g n i y diia t r e n cd sd n h u 'papillon'.<br /> (Cdn nUa)<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> Trong khuon kho cua mot bai dich, cac tranh, Sakas) An - Au di cU til Nam Siberi den Bactriane<br /> ban do minh hoa se khong gi6i thieu trong b^i nay; (Bactrian), Sogdiane (Sodian), KasOmia, Arasosi<br /> nhan day, ngiJOi dich xin chan thanh cam dn va An Do tCt giiia the ky II TCN de'n I TCN. ND.<br /> PGS.TS. Nguyin Thira Hy (Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha (4). La Chersonese d'Or dUOc ghi trong<br /> Noi) da giiip hieu chinh mot so'thuSt ngii. Geographie cua Protdmde (90-168 SCN), ngay nay<br /> (1). Trong cac hoc gia DUc, Ao thuoc nhom Vien mpt so nha nghien ciiu cho ring co le tUdng Ung<br /> nen ke t6i Heine Geldern ngUdi co nhieu c6ng vdi ban dao Ma Lai va Sumatra (Indonexia). TU<br /> trinh nghien cUu dan toe hoc va khao co ve Dong Chersone bat nguon tiJ tieng Hy Lap co dai<br /> Nam A. Ten VSn hoa Dong Sdn la do ong de nghi. (Khersonesos: ghdp tir Khcrsos: dat lien, nesos:<br /> Nhung ong lai chu trUdng nguon goc tro'ng dong la dao). TU Chersonese d'or co nhieu thay doi: vi nhu<br /> do Au Tay qua trung gian giong Nguyet Chi. Suvarnadvipa - dao vang trong tieng Sanskit (dUdc<br /> Tochardens hay Tocharian, Tokharian, Tokharoi - ghi trong Ramayana) viet khoang the ky III TCN<br /> tam goi la Tokha. ND chu. de'n III SCN, co le de mo ta Sumatra.<br /> (2). C6 le nen van minh nay co tii xa xUa nha't Suvarnabhumi - da't vang, dugc biet de'n trong<br /> trong thcfi co dai: chi bdng nhQng cuoc khai quSt khao Kinh Phat trong khoang the ky III TCN va VI<br /> CO hoc m6i c6 the giiip chiing ta van giai chu de nay. SCN, CO le de chi Dong Nam A hai dao; Km trong<br /> (3). Indo-scythes la mot nhanh Saces (Scythes, Kinlin (chi Dong Nam A) hay kim • ^ . vang. ND.<br /> <br /> (Xem tiO'p trang 74)<br /> 74 Rghi&n cmi Lich sd. stf 6.2009<br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Paul Doumer. NgUdi Phdp vd nhiing cdy cdu phai nit khoi Fachoda (ng&y nay U Kodok d Soudan).<br /> bang thep d Ddng DiiOng (NguySn Vfin TrUctng dich). (6). Alfred Dreyfus - ngUdi Do thai, dai iiy tinh<br /> T^p chl Vdn ngh4 qudn d^i, sd 4 - 2008; Paul bao Phap bj vu cdo l&m gifin di$p cho nU6c ngoii,<br /> Doumer. C^du Long Bien qua hdi ky Todn quyin bi ke't an chung thfin cim co (1894). Nfim 1898,<br /> Ddng Diicfng Paul Doumer (Nguyin V&n TrUcmg Lidn doin Nhfin quyin ducjc thinh lip dl diing ra<br /> dich). T?p cUXiia&Nay. so 313-2008. benh vi^c cho Dreyfus, yeu cfiu xil lai ban 6n. Nftm<br /> (2). L'Indo-Chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul 1899, toi an xii phiic th^m, giam xuong con 10<br /> Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352 -359. nim. Nim 1906, toi da tuyen bo tring an. Dreyfus<br /> (3). L'Indo-chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul dU(Jc tha bong, sau dU(Jc phi^c h6i danh di^, thing<br /> Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352-359. quan him thi^u td v i fin thUcing hufin chuong Bic<br /> (4). L'Indxxhine Francaise (Souvenirs). Paul d^u b9i tinh (hang nim). Vyi an k6o dii tir chung<br /> Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352-359. thfin d^n vo t6i da n6i len sU y^u k6m, thifi^u minh<br /> (5). Sii ki^n tranh chifp giiJa Anh v4 Phap, t ^ chau bach cua nin tu phdp, bpc I9 sii khiing hoang n^i<br /> Phi, ngJiy 4-11-1898 Anh trao toi hftu thu bupc Phfip bp ciia chfnh gidi Phdp.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VIET NAM - NGA Tlf CAC TOC NGUOl.<br /> (Tiep theo trang 21)<br /> <br /> (5). Yue-zhi hay Yue-tche, thu$c ngii h^ An - Au Euxin) xUa kia. ND.<br /> (?), ph6 biin trong cdc vin ban Trung Qu6c. ND. (9). Lien quan dl^n Am DUdng, Tii tUiJng, Bdt<br /> (6). Pont-Euxin hay Pontes Euxinos: Biin Den. qudi: H fl: dUdng nam (Thdi Duong); PS B : dm<br /> Tii diu t h i ky XIII din giOa XV phin Wn ngudi nam (Thilu Dudng); j^g ic: dUdng nO (Thilu Am);<br /> Pontiques da din djnh cii cl trung tSm d l chl Hy Pt ic: dm niJ (Thdi Am). ND.<br /> Lap Tr6bizone, h^u du$ ciia D l chl Byzantin. ND.<br /> (7). Das Tochererproblem und die Pontische (10). L'esprit ( # : thin); le souffle (H: khO;<br /> Wanderung, trong Sacculum, Vol 2.2, Vien, 1951. I'essence (ffl: tinh). ND.<br /> <br /> (8). NgUdi Pontique (Vudng quoc Pont) h i u (11). Dan gian thUdng n6i din hdn (khi) - phdch<br /> du§ ciia hell6nophones, song dpc Biin Den (Pont- (huyi't): hon sieu - phdch l^c. ND.<br />