Xuất khẩu hàng thủ công mỹ nghệ: Tỷ xuất lợi nhuận cao nhưng kim ngạch đạt thấp

]jj NGHIEN Cliu-TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Xudt khdu hang thu cong my nghe:<br /> It cao<br /> TRINH THI HONG KHANH TCMN ciia Viet Nam cd tdc dp len. Nhidu ngddi tieu dung cd thu<br /> t a n g trddng trung b i n h k h o a n g n h a p cao d a n g hddng tdi tim<br /> 2 0 % / n a m , td mdc 400 trieu USD m u a n h d n g s a n p h a m mang tinh<br /> a n g thu cdng my n a m 2 0 0 5 , t a n g Ien 7 5 0 trieu d a n tpc vd cd truyen, do la<br /> <br /> H nghe (TCMN) cua Viet<br /> Nam h i e n d a n g ddpc<br /> XK tdi k h o a n g 136 thi t r d d n g<br /> USD n a m 2 0 0 7 , 1 ty USD n a m<br /> 2 0 0 8 . Thi trddng XK ngay cang<br /> md rpng, kim ngach XK tuy chda<br /> nhifng sdn p h a m khdng sdn xuat<br /> h a n g loat t r a n Ian, m a chu yeu<br /> ddpc l a m thii cdng va theo<br /> k h a c n h a u t r e n t h e gidi, trong ldn n h d n g dang gdp p h d n lam p h d d n g p h a p truydn thdng, siJ<br /> dd 3 khu vdc thi t r d d n g chie'm t h a y ddi cd ca'u k i n h te' n d n g d u n g n h d n g c h a t lieu td nhien.<br /> thi p h d n Idn n h a t la My, EU va t h d n , t a o nhidu viec lam cho Di k e m theo do la sd thay ddi ve<br /> Nhat Ban. Mac du mdi chi ddng ngddi lao dpng. D a y Id n g a n h thie't ke s a n p h a m va thi hie'u<br /> gdp mpt p h d n n h o (khoang 2% h a n g m a n g Iai gia tri gia t a n g tieu dung. Se cd nhdng mat hang<br /> tdng kim ngach XK cua cd nddc), ldn, cd the coi la n g a n h kinh te TCMN Idm td n h d n g nguyen lieu<br /> n h d n g ne'u n h i n vao gia tri t h d c mui n h p n c a n t a p trung p h a t vd b d n g cdng nghe mdi, nhdng<br /> te thu ddpc thi sd ddng gdp cua trien XK trong n h d n g n a m tdi. n h d n g s d n p h a m truydn thdng<br /> n h d m h a n g TCMN la k h d n g n h o Trong vai n a m gdn day, h d n g dddc l a m t h e o phddng p h a p cd<br /> so vdi nhieu chung loai h a n g hoa TCMN da d d n g trong n h d m 10 t r u y e n m a n g d a m tinh dan tpc<br /> k h a c . Cac n g a n h n h d d e t may, m a t h a n g cd tdc dp gia t a n g kim se n g a y cang cd gia tri hdn. Dd<br /> giay d e p , dien td... tuy cd kim ngach XK n h a n h n h a t ca nddc. bdo, tdc dp tang XK h a n g TCMN<br /> ngach XK theo t h d n g ke cao, t r e n thi trddng the gidi giai doan<br /> Cac nddc cd lang nghd s d n<br /> n h d n g ngoai te t h d c thu Iai 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 2 0 se vao khoang 14 -<br /> xuat h a n g TCMN t r e n the' gidi<br /> k h d n g Idn, chi chie'm k h o a n g 1 6 % / n a m , n h d n g XK hang<br /> chu ye'u t a p trung d cac n d d c<br /> 20% gia tri XK vi n g u y e n phu TCMN ciia Viet Nam se tang<br /> c h a u A n h d Trung Qud'c, Viet<br /> lieu chu yeu la NK. Nhdm h a n g k h o a n g 2 0 % / n a m trong cung<br /> Nam, An Dp, Thai Lan,<br /> dien tuf, linh kien m a y tinh cd thdi ky.<br /> Myanma..., m p t vai nddc c h a u<br /> gid tri t h d c thu cdn t h a p h d n , Do m d c sd'ng ngdy cdng cao,<br /> Phi va My La tinh, cac chau luc<br /> chi khoang 5 - 10% gia tri XK. n e n n h u cdu tieu thu hang TCMN<br /> k h a c hdu n h d k h d n g cd n g a n h<br /> Hang TCMN chu yeu s a n xua't s d n x u a t h a n g TCMN. Dd bdo se tang d hdu bet cac khu vdc thj<br /> b a n g nguyen lieu trong n d d c , trong n h d n g n a m tdi, cac khu trddng the gidi. Dd bao, nhu cau<br /> nguyen phu lieu NK it, chi chie'm vdc s a n xuat n a y hdu n h d k h d n g se t a n g n h a n h d thi trddng EU<br /> k h o a n g 3 - 5% gia tri XK, vi the cd gi thay ddi vd sd cac nddc sdn (nhat la Ddc, Phap, Anh, Ha Lan,<br /> thdc thu XK h a n g TCMN r a t cao, xua't, cdn ve n a n g ldc s a n x u a t Tay B a n Nha...); tai chau My,<br /> t d 95 - 9 7 % . Hien nay, Chinh ddpc dd bao cd the tang k h o d n g n h u cdu t a n g m a n h 6 thi trddng<br /> phu dang cd chinh s a c h hd trp 15 - 2 0 % / n a m , ddng thdi mpt so My vdi yeu cdu da dang hoa mat<br /> cho p h d t trien n g a n h h a n g nguyen lieu mdi va phddng p h a p h a n g ; Nhat Bdn tie'p tuc NK sd<br /> TCMN, n h d cac chdPng t r i n h s d n xua't mdi se dddc dda vao Idpng ldn h a n g TCMN, trong do<br /> khuye'n cdng, chddng trinh d a o s a n xua't. Vd n h u cdu tieu thu, p h d n Idn la dd gd my nghe, dd<br /> t a o nghd, b o a t d p n g xuc tie'n sau khiing hodng tai chinh - kinh gd gia dung, h a n g m a y tre dan;<br /> thddng mai... n h d m dda kim te' t o a n cdu, k i n h te' cac n d d c m p t sd nddc Trung Ddng giau cd<br /> n g a c h XK ciia n g a n h len m d c d a n g t a n g trddng trd lai, khie'n cung d a n g quan t a m NK nhidu<br /> 1,5 ty USD vao n a m 2 0 1 0 . nhu cdu h a n g hoa ndi chung va chung loai h a n g TCMN; m p t sd<br /> Nhdng n a m gdn day, XK h a n g h a n g TCMN ndi rieng se t a n g nddc Ddng Au cd m d c sdng chda<br /> <br /> 1 0 I THOONG Mfll So 6/2010<br />  NGHIEN Cliu-TRAO DOI J j j _<br /> l,.:i,L'i ilrlUEaiJIiJ/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> cao, n e n thdi gian tdi se NK hdu Hungari la m d t qud'c gia DN S e c NK n h d n g m a t h a n g n a y<br /> he't n h d n g s a n p h a m TCMN cd k h d n g ddng d a n , chi k h o a n g 10 td Viet Nam t h o n g qua cac nddc<br /> gid tri trung binh; m p t sd n d d c trieu ngddi, n h d n g cd n h u cdu t h d 3 n h d Dan Mach, Thuy Dien,<br /> My La tinh cung se NK k h a Idn Idn ve dd npi t h a t , do gia dung Ha Lan... do hp chda hieu nhidu<br /> h a n g TCMN. va h a n g TCMN. Tai day cd nhieu vd cac ddi t d c Viet Nam. Tai<br /> Theo d a n h gia cua Hiep hpi Cty thddng m a i va cdc t a p d o a n P r a h a cd Trung t a m thddng m a i<br /> h a n g TCMN Viet Nam, h a n g b a n le ndi tieng t h e gidi d a n g OBI, d a y la m p t t a p d o a n b a n le<br /> n a m thi trddng My NK k h o a n g boat dpng kinh doanh n h d qui md Idn, cd nhidu chudi sieu<br /> 13 ty USD h a n g TCMN, trong khi Practiker, MBG - Metro buying thi b a n h a n g d a t d cac nddc n h d<br /> XK s a n p h a m n a y cua Viet Nam Group, Kika, Asko... vdi n h d n g Ddc, Italy, Ao... T a p d o a n n a y<br /> vao My chi chie'm gdn 1,5% thi chudi cda h a n g b d n le rpng NK sd Iddng Idn cac s a n p h a m<br /> p h d n trong vai n a m g d n day. k h d p , s a n p h a m ddpc tieu thu n h d h a n g m a y tre d a n loai n h d ,<br /> Muc tieu ciia n g d n h n a y la n a n g t h d n g qua cac h e t h d n g p h a n dd gdm sd va thuy tinh,... Day<br /> thi p h d n Ien 3 % vao n a m 2 0 1 0 . phdi n a y dddi n h d n g thddng hieu la m p t n h a NK tidm n a n g , cd the<br /> EU cd kim ngach NK k h o a n g 7 ndi tie'ng n h d Ikea, Tesco, NK tdi h a n g trieu dPn vi s d n<br /> ty U S D / n a m , trong khi XK s a n Conforama... H a n g n a m , tai p h a m mdi n a m . OBI h i e n la m p t<br /> p h a m n a y cua Viet Nam chi Hungary cdn cd hpi chp thddng thddng hieu r a t ndi tieng d c h a u<br /> chie'm 5,4% thi p h d n n a m 2 0 0 9 , m a i h a n g npi t h a t BNV ddpc td Au. Nga la m p t thi t r d d n g r a t<br /> cd the n a n g len 6,4% thi p h d n c h d c d B u d a p e t , chu ye'u d a n h tiem n a n g cho XK h a n g TCMN<br /> vao n a m 2 0 1 0 . N h a t B a n NK rieng cho dd npi tha't b a n g gd, cua Viet Nam, n h d n g kim n g a c h<br /> trung binh 2,9 ty U S D / n a m , XK qua t a n g , dd d u n g n h a tdm va XK s a n g thi t r d d n g n a y trong<br /> cua Viet Nam chie'm g a n 1,7% n h a b e p . . . Ba Lan la m p t thi n h d n g n a m qua cdn t h a p , m a<br /> thi p h d n n a m 2 0 0 9 . Trung Ddng t r d d n g r a t t i e m n a n g ddi vdi nguyen n h a n chu ye'u la cac DN<br /> la m p t thi trddng tidm n a n g , h a n g TCMN. Day la mpt qudc gia Viet Nam t h d d n g "ngan" vdi m d c<br /> nhdng XK h a n g TCMN cua Viet ddng d a n vdi hdn 40 trieu ngddi. thue m a thi trddng n a y dang dp<br /> Nam cdn it, t h a m chi con ddpc Cac Cty NK cua Ba Lan thddng d u n g dd'i vdi h a n g TCMN va dd<br /> xem la dang "bd ngd". Ddng Au tim m u a n h d n g s a n p h a m TCMN gd ndi chung. De k h d c p h u c trd<br /> la mpt khu vdc thi trddng ldn vdi cd gia t h a p n h d n g vdi sd Idpng ngai vd t h u e , cac DN Viet Nam<br /> khoang 10 qudc gia d a n g cd n h u ldn. S e c la m p t n e n kinh te cdn lien ke't vdi cac ddi t a c Nga<br /> cdu cao ddi vdi h a n g TCMN, m a n h va cd vai trd d khu vdc, la de ddpc h d d n g du d a i ve t h u e<br /> trong do dang ke nha't la Hun- thi t r d d n g tiem n a n g dd'i vdi b d n g viec sd dung m p t so cdng<br /> gary, Ba Lan, Sec, Rumani, Be- h a n g TCMN, dd gia dung, dd d o a n t h a n h p h a m cua Nga.<br /> larus, Ucraina ... t r a n g tri npi t h a t . Hdu he't cac<br /> Tiem n a n g thi trddng tieu thu<br /> k h a t h u a n Ipi, n h d n g ne'u n h i n<br /> vao t r i e n vpng cua c a c l a n g<br /> \f.t^^m^m nghd Viet Nam lai t h a y k h o n g it<br /> khd k h a n , t h a m chi cd t h e rdi<br /> vao k h u n g h o a n g ve n g u d n<br /> n g u y e n lieu trong k h o a n g 10<br /> n a m tdi, ne'u c h u n g ta k h d n g kip<br /> thdi cd n h d n g giai p h a p tich cdc<br /> m a n g tinh tdng t h e ngay td b a y<br /> gid. Dd'i vdi n h d m n g u y e n lieu<br /> tre: Chu ye'u t a p trung d cdc dia<br /> p h d d n g p h i a Bde, n g u y e n lieu<br /> thu dddc n h d n g n a m g a n d a y<br /> giam n h a n h trong khi n h u cdu<br /> sii d u n g lien tuc tang, khie'n cho<br /> gia n g u y e n lieu t a n g n h a n h .<br /> Nhidu DN Viet Nam d a n g<br /> p h a i NK n g u y e n lieu td ^^^<br /> <br /> THUONGMfll So 6/2010 I 11<br /> riT^li<br /> NGHIEN Cliu-TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> C ^ Trung Qud'c, Lao, C a m - dinh trdng cdi Iai dieu d d n g vi bi coi la lac h a u , n e n k h d n g gid<br /> puchia... Ddi vdi n h d m n g u y e n k h d n g b d n ddpc cdi. c h a n ddpc k h a c h h a n g .<br /> lieu may: Td n h d n g n a m 90 cua D a c trdng cua n g a n h h a n g T r e n thdc te, nhidu lang nghe<br /> the' ky trddc, do tinh t r a n g k h a i TCMN Viet Nam la d d a vao cdc va nhieu DN lam h a n g TCMN ciia<br /> t h a c nguyen lieu de XK k h d n g lang nghd dddc p h a n bd t r e n ca Viet Nam m a c du da hpp tac<br /> cd ke hoach, nhieu vung nguyen nddc. Theo t h d n g k e , d e n cud'i trong ddu td cd sd vat chat vdi<br /> lieu m a y truyen thd'ng d cac dia n a m 2009 cd nddc cd 2.017 lang cdc dd'i t a c nddc ngodi de san<br /> phddng bi c a n kiet, khie'n cho nghd, trong dd lang n g h e m a y xua't p h u c vu XK, n h d n g khi san<br /> gia nguyen lieu m a y t a n g lien tre dan cd sd Iddng ldn n h a t vdi p h a m lam ra dddc XK ra thi<br /> tuc (td 4 . 0 0 0 d / k g n a m 2 0 0 0 7 1 3 lang n g h e , chie'm 2 4 % so trddng t h d gidi thi k h d n g mang<br /> len 9.500 d / k g n a m 2009). Nhu lang nghd, d e t vai 432 lang ten thddng hieu hay xuat xd cua<br /> cdu dd'i vdi n h d m n g u y e n lieu n g h e , chie'm 14,5%, dd gd my DN Viet Nam, m a mang ten nddc<br /> m a y hien n a y r a t ldn, nhidu DN n g h e 342 ldng nghd, chie'm ngoai. Mpt trong nhiing nguyen<br /> s a n xuat p h a i m u a gom td nhieu 11,5%, theu ren 341 lang nghd, n h a n chinh ciia tinh trang nay la<br /> dia phddng trong nddc, d a n de'n chie'm 11,5%... Hien nay, da do lau nay DN Vidt Nam it quan<br /> tinh t r a n g cd luc bi do b e vi p h d n cac DN lam h a n g TCMN cd t a m ddu td vao viec thie't ke<br /> thie'u nguyen lieu de s d n xua't. qui md s a n xua't n h d , m a n h m d u m a s a n p h a m . Nhidu DN<br /> Dd'i vdi n h d m n g u y e n lieu gd: m u n , thie'u n h a xddng s a n xuat, trong nddc da n h a n t h a y didu<br /> Ngoai m p t so' l a n g nghd c h a m m a y m d c va p h d d n g t h d c s a n nay, n h d n g khi dd cap den van<br /> k h d c gd sd d u n g n g u y e n lieu x u a t lac h a u , thieu cac n g a n h dd xay ddng thddng hieu cho san<br /> trong nddc, da p h d n c a c l a n g phu trp... n e n khd n a n g d a p dng p h a m cua minh thi vdn ngai vi<br /> nghe lam dd my n g h e k h a c p h a i ddn h a n g ldn Id khd k h a n . Khi thu tuc d a n g ky rddm ra, phidn<br /> dda vao nguyen lieu NK. Trong DN n h a n ddpc cdc ddn h a n g ldn p h d c , h d n n d a h a n g TCMN co<br /> xu the' tieu d u n g cua k h d c h thi thddng bi rdi vao tinh t r a n g d a c d i e m la m a u md thifdng<br /> h a n g qud'c te' h i e n nay ddu yeu thie'u nguyen lieu va n h a n ldc, xuyen thay ddi, n e n cdc DN kho<br /> cdu n h a XK p h a i cd c h d n g chi phdi dda di lam gia cdng d nhidu theo kip. Trong khi n a n g ldc ciia<br /> rdng FSC. Day la kho k h a n cho cd sd s a n xuat k h a c n h a u , d a n cac cd sd lam h a n g TCMN trong<br /> sd p h d t trien cdc lang nghd cua d e n c h a t Idpng s a n p h a m k h d n g nddc cdn b a n che, nhidu dd'i tac<br /> Viet Nam dang cd xu h d d n g t a n g ddng deu, thdi gian giao h a n g bi nddc ngoai da tim den Viet Nam<br /> ve dien tich, n h d n g c h a t Idpng dpng. Vi the', s a n p h a m TCMN de ddu td va hpp tac san xuat tai<br /> rdng tang c h a m . Cdc lang nghd cua Viet Nam chda t a o dddc uy cac lang nghd va XK san pham<br /> lam h a n g TCMN ludn bi d p n g , tin ddi vdi k h a c h h a n g , k h d dddi thddng ^ i e u ciia hp. Lau<br /> chiu sde e p vd n g u y e n lieu do n a n g c a n h t r a n h t r e n thi tnfdng nay, h a n g TCMN ciia Viet Nam<br /> k h d n g cd vung nguyen lieu t a p the' gidi bi b a n che'. Da so' DN XK r a thi tnfdng the gidi cd tdi<br /> trung va dn dinh. Gid n g u y e n trong nddc k h d n g q u a n t a m 90% dddc XK qua trung gian va<br /> lieu t a n g n h a n h d a n g l a m cho nghien cdu tao mdu m a , chda cd dddi d a n g s d n p h a m thd hoac<br /> s a n p h a m che bidn td gd bi dinh h d d n g p h a t trien rd r e t va lam gia cdng cho cdc thddng hieu<br /> giam tinh c a n h t r a n h . Nguyen chda hddng tdi n h d n g thi tnfdng n d d c ngoai. De hddng tdi muc<br /> lieu cdi. Id, b e : Chu ye'u t a p XK cu t h e . Ngay t a i n h i i n g thi tieu XK h a n g TCMN dat kim<br /> trung d cac vung t r u n g . Viec t r d d n g tieu thu Idn, cd tinh n g a c h 1,5 ty USD n a m 2010, van<br /> p h d t trien vung nguyen lieu n a y truydn t h d n g (nhd N h a t B a n de xay ddng thddng hieu cho san<br /> n h d n g n a m qua phu thudc chii chie'm tdi 3 0 % XK h a n g TCMN p h a m la m p t giai p h a p quan<br /> yeu vao sde mua nguyen lieu ciia ciia Viet Nam) n h d n g cac DN cua trpng. Theo Cue Xuc tie'n thdPng<br /> phia Trung Qudc. Cac lang n g h e Viet Nam vdn it quan t a m de gid mai, chi khi n a o DN td ddng ra<br /> TCMN sd d u n g n h d n g n g u y e n vdng thi t r d d n g tieu t h u , gid lam mpi cdng doan td tim hieu<br /> lieu n a y trong nhidu n a m qua bi k h a c h h a n g . Tai m p t s d thi thi trddng, tim hieu thi hieu<br /> thieu nguyen Heu do k h d n g c a n h trddng ldn k h a c n h d My va EU, k h a c h hang, cdi tien s a n pham<br /> t r a n h dddc vdi thddng n h a n h a n g TCMN ciia Viet Nam tuy cd de XK b a n g con . dddng chinh<br /> Trung Qudc, n h d n g cd thdi diem chiing loai k h d n g thua k e m h a n g ngach thi h a n g TCMN Viet Nam<br /> phia Trung Qud'c k h d n g m u a cua nhidu nddc k h a c , n h d n g cai mdi tang n h a n h ddpc kim ngach<br /> nguyen lieu thi n h i e u h p gia ye'u la m a u m a s d n p h a m ludn XK mpt each bdn vdng •<br /> <br /> 1 2 I THUONG Mfll So 6/2010<br />