Adrenal tumor

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has emerged as the standard treatment for adrenal tumors. Although the application of high - resolution cameras has enhanced visualization in conventional two - dimensional laparoscopy, it has not fully overcome the limitations of depth perception and spatial recognition. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of three - dimensional laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

6p vinatisu 29-08-2024 0 0   Download

We show that cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) in either a reconstituted system or in isolated adrenal mitochondria can metabolize vita-min D3. The major products of the reaction with reconstituted enzyme were 20-hydroxycholecalciferol and 20,22-dihydroxycholecalciferol, with yields of 16 and 4%, respectively, of the original vitamin D3 substrate. Tri-hydroxycholecalciferol was a minor product, likely arising from further metabolism of dihydroxycholecalciferol.

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In mammals, cytochrome P450 17a-hydroxylase⁄17–20 lyase (CYP17), which is encoded by a single gene, plays a critical role in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens by the adrenal cortex. Two CYP17 isoforms with unique catalytic properties have been identified in the South African Angora goat (Capra hircus), a subspecies that is susceptible to cold stress because of the inability of the adrenal cortex to produce sufficient levels of cortisol.

10p galaxyss3 07-03-2013 21 3   Download

Most people who appear to have some of the classic physical features of Cushing's Syndrome (cushingoid appearance) do not actually have the disease. After iatrogenic Cushing's is excluded, other causes of this appearance cn be polycystic ovary syndrome (androgen excess from the ovaries), ovarian tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ordinary obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, or just a family tendency to have a round face and abdomen with high blood pressure and high blood sugar.

6p truongthiuyen1 08-06-2011 68 4   Download

Ung thư này hiếm. Ở đàn ông, thường thường thì bệnh bắt đầu bằng vú sưng lớn (gynecomastia), và differentail diagnosis (1) đầu tiên thường là đi tìm có phải do thuốc gây nên hay không (hồi xưa hay dùng Digoxin, thuốc này có khi gây gynecomastia; có khi do spirinolactone, cimetidine; mechanism of action là anti estrogen), (2) rồi đến hormonal vì vú lớn lên là do hoặc tăng estrogen (adrenal tumor, testicular ca: choriocarcinoma) hay giảm testosterone (Klinerfelter's, second testicular failre; hiếm: orchitis). Người liver disorder có khi cũng thấy gynecomastia, cái này thì classic. Ung thư...

2p nganluong111 14-04-2011 45 3   Download

Tumor-Induced Hypoglycemia Caused by Excess Production of IGF-II (See also Chap. 339) Mesenchymal tumors, hemangiopericytomas, hepatocellular tumors, adrenal carcinomas, and a variety of other large tumors have been reported to produce excessive amounts of insulin-like growth factor type II (IGF-II) precursor, which binds weakly to insulin receptors and strongly to IGF-I receptors, leading to insulin-like actions. The gene encoding IGF-II resides on a chromosome 11p15 locus that is normally imprinted (that is, expression is exclusively from a single parental allele).

5p thanhongan 07-12-2010 76 4   Download

Rarely, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is produced by pancreatic islet tumors, SCLC, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoids, or prostate cancer. When levels are high enough, CRH can cause pituitary corticotrope hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome. Tumors that produce CRH sometimes also produce ACTH, raising the possibility of a paracrine mechanism for ACTH production. A distinct mechanism for ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome involves ectopic expression of various G protein–coupled receptors in the adrenal nodules.

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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Treatment Localized Tumors The standard management for stage I or II tumors and selected cases of stage III disease is radical nephrectomy. This procedure involves en bloc removal of Gerota's fascia and its contents, including the kidney, the ipsilateral adrenal gland, and adjacent hilar lymph nodes. The role of a regional lymphadenectomy is controversial. Extension into the renal vein or inferior vena cava (stage III disease) does not preclude resection even if cardiopulmonary bypass is required.

6p konheokonmummim 03-12-2010 64 3   Download

Staging of Small Cell Lung Cancer Pretreatment staging for patients with SCLC includes the initial general lung cancer evaluation with chest and abdominal CT scans (because of the high frequency of hepatic and adrenal involvement) as well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy with washings and biopsies to determine the tumor extent before therapy; brain CT scan (10% of patients have metastases); and radionuclide scans (bone) if symptoms or other findings suggest disease involvement in these areas.

7p konheokonmummim 03-12-2010 107 8   Download

Chest radiographs and CT scans are needed to evaluate tumor size and nodal involvement; old radiographs are useful for comparison. CT scans of the thorax and upper abdomen are of use in the preoperative staging of NSCLC to detect mediastinal nodes and pleural extension and occult abdominal disease (e.g., liver, adrenal), and in planning curative radiation therapy. However, mediastinal nodal involvement should be documented histologically if the findings will influence therapeutic decisions.

4p konheokonmummim 03-12-2010 89 7   Download

Most patients with trichotillomania, pressure-induced alopecia. The most common causes of nonscarring alopecia include telogen effluvium, androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, tinea capitis, and some cases of traumatic alopecia (Table 54-5). In women with androgenetic alopecia, an elevation in circulating levels of androgens may be seen as a result of ovarian or adrenal gland dysfunction. When there are signs of virilization, such as a deepened voice and enlarged clitoris, the possibility of an ovarian or adrenal gland tumor should be considered.

5p konheokonmummim 30-11-2010 60 4   Download

Table 47-1 Causes of Hypercalcemia Excessive PTH production Primary hyperparathyroidism (adenoma, hyperplasia, rarely carcinoma) Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (long-term stimulation of PTH secretion in renal insufficiency) Ectopic PTH secretion (very rare) Inactivating mutations in the CaSR (FHH) Alterations in CaSR function (lithium therapy) Hypercalcemia of malignancy Overproduction of PTHrP (many solid tumors) Lytic skeletal metastases (breast, myeloma) Excessive 1,25(OH)2D production Granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, silicosis) Lymphomas Vitamin D intoxic...

5p ongxaemnumber1 29-11-2010 67 3   Download