Renal systems

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations and relapsing - remitting disease course. To evaluate the correlation between NLR and PLR in peripheral blood and renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are common. In particular, the duplicated collecting system is one of the most common kidney abnormalities, but most are asymptomatic. The pathogenesis of these abnormalities is also known very little and some pathogenic genes are thought to be related.

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It is of great urgency to explore useful prognostic markers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Prognostic models based on ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) in ccRCC is poorly reported for now.

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Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is one of the most potent inflammatory mediators. It is biosynthesized by either the de novobiosynthesis of glyceryl ether lipids or by remodeling ofmembranephospholipids. PAFis synthesizedandcatabo-lizedbyvarious renal cells andtissues andexerts awide range of biological activities on renal tissue suggesting a potential role during renal injury.

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Heme oxygenase-1 catalyzes the breakdown of heme and is protective in models of kidney transplantation. In this study we describe the induction of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and protein by insulin. Following treatment with insulin, a five-fold increase in heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and a four-fold increase in protein expression were observed in renal adenocarcinoma cells; insulin-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression was also demonstrated in mouse primary tubular epithelial cells.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are critical counter-regulatory enzymes of the renin–angiotensin system, and have been implicated in cardiac function, renal disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis and acute lung injury.

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Despite the aberrant expression of cholinesterases in tumours, the question of their possible contribution to tumorigenesis remains unsolved. The identifica-tion in kidney of a cholinergic system has paved the way to functional studies, but details on renal cholinesterases are still lacking. To fill the gap and to determine whether cholinesterases are abnormally expressed in renal tumours, paired pieces of normal kidney and renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) were compared for cholinesterase activity and mRNA levels....

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The mammalian natriuretic peptide system, consisting of at least three ligands and three receptors, plays critical roles in health and disease. Exam-ination of genetically engineered animal models has suggested the signifi-cance of the natriuretic peptide system in cardiovascular, renal and skeletal homeostasis.

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Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with type 4 renal tubular acidosis: a case report and review of the literature...

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Invasive Disease The treatment of a tumor that has invaded muscle can be separated into control of the primary tumor and, depending on the pathologic findings at surgery, systemic chemotherapy. Radical cystectomy is the standard, although in selected cases a bladder-sparing approach is used; this approach includes complete endoscopic resection; partial cystectomy; or a combination of resection, systemic chemotherapy, and external beam radiation therapy. In some countries, external beam radiation therapy is considered standard.

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Death and Dying The most common causes of death in patients with cancer are infection (leading to circulatory failure), respiratory failure, hepatic failure, and renal failure. Intestinal blockage may lead to inanition and starvation. Central nervous system disease may lead to seizures, coma, and central hypoventilation. About 70% of patients develop dyspnea preterminally. However, many months usually pass between the diagnosis of cancer and the occurrence of these complications, and during this period the patient is severely affected by the possibility of death. ...

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Disease-Specific Nutritional Support SNS is basically a support therapy and is primary therapy only for the treatment or prevention of malnutrition. Certain conditions require modification of nutritional support because of organ or system impairment. For instance, in nitrogen accumulation disorders, protein intake may need to be reduced. However, in renal disease, except for brief periods of several days, protein intakes should approach requirement levels of at least 0.8 g/kg or higher up to 1.2 g/kg as long as the blood urea nitrogen does not exceed 100 mg/dL.

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Underlying Systemic Diseases that Cause or Exacerbate a Bleeding Tendency Acquired bleeding disorders are commonly secondary to, or associated with, systemic disease. The clinical evaluation of a patient with a bleeding tendency must therefore include a thorough assessment for evidence of underlying disease. Bruising or mucosal bleeding may be the presenting complaint in liver disease, severe renal impairment, hypothyroidism, paraproteinemias or amyloidosis, and conditions causing bone marrow failure.

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Also systemic. f In adults, associated with renal failure and immunocompromised state. Vesicles and bullae are also seen in contact dermatitis, both allergic and irritant forms (Chap. 53). When there is a linear arrangement of vesicular lesions, an exogenous cause should be suspected. Bullous disease secondary to the ingestion of drugs can take one of several forms, including phototoxic eruptions, isolated bullae, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (Chap. 56).

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Approach to the Patient: Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidoses In diarrhea, stools contain a higher [HCO3–] and decomposed HCO3– than plasma so that metabolic acidosis develops along with volume depletion. Instead of an acid urine pH (as anticipated with systemic acidosis), urine pH is usually around 6 because metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia increase renal synthesis and excretion of NH4+, thus providing a urinary buffer that increases urine pH. Metabolic acidosis due to gastrointestinal losses with a high urine pH can be differentiated from RTA (Chap.

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Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic acidosis can occur because of an increase in endogenous acid production (such as lactate and ketoacids), loss of bicarbonate (as in diarrhea), or accumulation of endogenous acids (as in renal failure). Metabolic acidosis has profound effects on the respiratory, cardiac, and nervous systems. The fall in blood pH is accompanied by a characteristic increase in ventilation, especially the tidal volume (Kussmaul respiration). Intrinsic cardiac contractility may be depressed, but inotropic function can be normal because of catecholamine release.

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 48. Acidosis and Alkalosis Normal Acid-Base Homeostasis Systemic arterial pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 by extracellular and intracellular chemical buffering together with respiratory and renal regulatory mechanisms. The control of arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) by the central nervous system and respiratory systems and the control of the plasma bicarbonate by the kidneys stabilize the arterial pH by excretion or retention of acid or alkali.

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Table 47-2 Causes of Hypocalcemia Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Hypoparathyroidism) Parathyroid agenesis Isolated DiGeorge syndrome Parathyroid destruction Surgical Radiation Infiltration by metastases or systemic diseases Autoimmune Reduced parathyroid function Hypomagnesemia Activating CaSR mutations High Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Secondary Hyperparathyroidism) Vitamin D deficiency or impaired 1,25(OH)2D production/action Nutritional vitamin D deficiency (poor intake or absorption) Renal insufficiency with impaired 1,25(OH)2D production Vitamin D resistance, inclu...

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A detailed history may provide important clues regarding the etiology of the hypercalcemia (Table 47-1). Chronic hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism, as opposed to the second most common etiology of hypercalcemia, an underlying malignancy. The history should include medication use, previous neck surgery, and systemic symptoms suggestive of sarcoidosis or lymphoma. Once true hypercalcemia is established, the second most important laboratory test in the diagnostic evaluation is a PTH level using a two-site assay for the intact hormone.

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 45. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities: Introduction Normal kidney functions occur through numerous cellular processes to maintain body homeostasis. Disturbances in any of these functions can lead to a constellation of abnormalities that may be detrimental to survival.

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