Signal molecules

Shear wave elastography can evaluate tissue stiffness. Previous studies showed that the elasticity characteristics of breast lesions were related to the components of extracellular matrix which was regulated by transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) directly or indirectly.

13p vielonmusk 21-01-2022 13 1   Download

The signaling properties of the gasotransmitter molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is endogenously generated in plant cells, are mainly observed during persulfidation, a protein post-translational modification (PTM) that affects redox-sensitive cysteine residues. There is growing experimental evidence that H2S in higher plants may function as a mechanism of response to environmental stress conditions.

7p partimesinhvien 08-05-2020 31 0   Download

The siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are a distinct subset of the Ig superfamily with adhesion-molecule-like structure. We describe here a novel member of the siglec protein family that shares a similar structure including five Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail containing two ITIM-signaling motifs. Siglec10 was identified through database mining of an asthmatic eosinophil EST library. Using the Stanford G3 radiation hybrid panel we were able to localize the genomic sequence of siglec-10 within the cluster of genes on chromosome 19q13.

14p system191 01-06-2013 43 6   Download

Subunits (a, b and c) of the interleukin-2 receptor complex (IL-2R) are involved in both proliferative and activationinduced cell death (AICD) signaling of T cells. In addition, the signaling b and c chains are shared by other cytokines (e.g. IL-7, IL-9, IL-15). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for recruiting/sorting the a chains to the signaling chains at the cell surface are not clear.

10p research12 01-06-2013 29 5   Download

Lipid rafts are liquid-ordered membrane microdomains with a unique protein and lipid composition found on the plasma membrane of most, if not all, mammalian cells. A large number of signalling molecules are concentrated within rafts, which have been proposed to function as signalling centres capable of facilitating efficient and specific signal transduction. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the composition, structure, and dynamic nature of lipid rafts, as well as a number of different signalling path- ways that are compartmentalized within these microdomains....

16p research12 01-06-2013 37 3   Download

In human neutrophils, both changes in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations, [Ca 2+ ] i , and activation of phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PtdIns3K) have been proposed to play a role in regulating cellular function induced by chemoattr-actants. In this studywe have investigated the role of [Ca 2+ ] i and its effector molecule calmodulin in human neutrophils.

10p research12 23-04-2013 42 2   Download

The effect of insulin on cancer metastatic potential was studied in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, H7721. Cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and lamininaswell as chemotactic cellmigration and invasion were selected as the indices of metastasis-related phenotypes for assessment of metastatic potential ex vivo. The results indicated that insulin enhanced all of these metastasis-related phenotypes.

11p tumor12 20-04-2013 40 4   Download

The mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase module: (Raf fiMEKfiERKs) is central to the control of cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival. The fidelity of signalling and the spatio-temporal activation are key deter-minants in generating precise biological responses. The fidelity is ensured by scaffold proteins – protein kinase
insulators – andby specific docking sites. The duration and the intensity of the response are in part controlled by the compartmentalization of the signalling molecules. ...

9p tumor12 20-04-2013 30 2   Download

Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnAs) act as extracellular signaling molecules in a broad variety of tissues. They were shown to be hydrolyzed by surface-located enzymes in an asymmetric manner, generating AMP and Apn-1 from ApnA. The molecular identity of the enzymes responsible remains unclear.We analyzed the potential ofNPP1, NPP2, and NPP3, the three members of the ecto-nucleotide pyro-phosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, to hydrolyze the diadenosine polyphosphates diadenosine 5¢,5¢¢¢-P 1 ,P 3 -triphosphate (Ap3A),...

8p fptmusic 16-04-2013 32 2   Download

We isolated a cholesterol-enriched membrane subpopulation from the so-called lipid raft fractions of Jurkat T-cells by taking advantage of its selective binding to a cholesterol-binding probe, BCh. The BCh-bound mem-brane subpopulation has a much higher cholesterol⁄phospholipid (C⁄P) molar ratio (
1.0) than the BCh-unbound population in raft fractions (
0.3). It contains not only the raft markers GM1 and flotillin, but also some T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling molecules, including Lck, Fyn and LAT. ...

10p fptmusic 12-04-2013 45 3   Download

The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is distinct from Hsp70 and chaperonin in that client proteins are apparently restricted to a subset of proteins categor-ized as cellular signaling molecules. Among these, many specific protein kinases require the assistance of Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Cdc37⁄p50 for their biogenesis. A series of Cdc37 deletion mutants revealed that all mutants capable of binding Raf-1 possess amino acid residues between 181 and 200.

7p fptmusic 12-04-2013 48 1   Download

In the horseshoe crab, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces exocyto-sis by granular hemocytes, resulting in the secretion of various defense molecules, such as lectins and antimicrobial peptides, via a G protein-mediating signaling pathway. This response is a key component of the horseshoe crab innate immune response against infectious microorganisms. Here, we report an endogenous amplification mechanism for LPS-induced hemocytes exocytosis.

9p fptmusic 11-04-2013 43 2   Download

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)⁄CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, induces signal transduction. We previously showed that CXCL12 binds to high- and low-affinity sites expressed by primary cells and cell lines, and forms complexes with CXCR4 as expected and also with a proteoglycan, syndecan-4, but does not form complexes with syndecan-1, syndecan-2, CD44 or beta-glycan. We also demonstrated the occurrence of a CXCL12-independent heteromeric complex between CXCR4 and syndecan-4.

15p awards 06-04-2013 38 2   Download

Nephrin is a signalling cell–cell adhesion protein of the Ig superfamily and the first identified component of the slit diaphragm that forms the critical and ultimate part of the glomerular ultrafiltration barrier. The extracellular domains of the nephrin molecules form a network of homophilic and heterophilic interactions building the structural scaffold of the slit dia-phragm between the podocyte foot processes.

16p awards 05-04-2013 43 4   Download

A homologue of interleukin 18 has been identified from rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss. The trout IL-18gene spans 3.7 kb and consists of six exons and five introns, sharing the same gene organization with its human coun-terpart. The putative translated protein is 199 amino acids in length with no predicted signal peptide. Analysis of the multiple sequence alignment reveals a conserved ICE cut site, resulting in a mature peptide of 162 amino acids. The trout IL-18 shares 41–45% similarity with known IL-18 molecules and contains an IL-1 family signature motif....

11p dell39 03-04-2013 53 3   Download

The hypothesis thatL-glutamate (Glu) is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system is now gaining more support after the suc-cessful cloning of a number of genes coding for the signaling machinery required for this neurocrine at synapses in the brain. These include Glu receptors (signal detection), Glu transporters (signal termination) and vesicular Glu trans-porters (signal output through exocytotic release).

13p dell39 03-04-2013 64 4   Download

14-3-3 proteins belong to a family of conserved molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells, which play an important role in a multitude of signaling pathways. 14-3-3 proteins bind to phosphoserine⁄phosphothreonine motifs in a sequence-specific manner. More than 200 14-3-3 binding partners have been found that are involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, stress responses, cell metabolism and malignant transformation.

9p dell39 27-03-2013 43 3   Download

Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a transcriptional regulator involved in establishing immunological self-tolerance. Mutations in theAIREgene lead to the development of the autosomal, recessively inherited, organ-specific autoimmune disease, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectoder-mal dystrophy (APECED).

10p dell39 27-03-2013 36 2   Download

Intracellularly expressed antibodies (intrabodies) have been used to inhibit the function of various kinds of protein inside cells. However, problems with stability and functional expression of intrabodies in the cytosol remain unsolved. In this study, we show that single-chain variable fragment (scFv) intrabodies constructed with a heavy chain variable (VH) leader signal sequence at the N-terminus were translocated from the endoplasmic reti-culum into the cytosol of T lymphocytes and inhibited the function of the target molecule, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)....

14p dell39 27-03-2013 38 5   Download

Calpains are intracellular Ca 2+ -regulated cysteine pro-teases which mediate regulatory cleavage of specific substrates. They cover a broad range of physiological functions including proteolysis of molecules involved in cytoskeletal organization, the cell cycle, signal trans-duction, apoptosis, and protein renewal during growth and tissue regeneration. Originally found in mamma-lian skeletal muscle then in numerous organisms inclu-ding protists and plants, their expression is ubiquitous [1,2].

2p inspiron33 25-03-2013 41 4   Download