Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Part 1 book "Medical biochemistry" includes content: Introduction, amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, membranes and transport, oxygen transport, catalytic proteins enzymes, vitamins and minerals, bioenergetics and oxidative metabolism, anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates in the red blood cell, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative metabolism of lipids in liver and muscle, biosynthesis and storage of carbohydrate in liver and muscle,... and other contents.

401p muasambanhan02 18-12-2023 4 1   Download

Part 2 book "Marks' basic medical biochemistry - A clinical approach" includes content: Basic concepts in the regulation of fuel metabolism by insulin; glucagon, and other hormones, cellular bioenergetics - adenosine triphosphate and O2; digestion, absorption, and transport of carbohydrates; generation of adenosine triphosphate from glucose, fructose, and galactose - glycolysis; tricarboxylic acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function; oxygen toxicity and free radical injury; formation and degradation of glycogen.... and other contents.

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Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is an important anaplerotic enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer cells. Although PC overexpression has been observed in thyroid cancer (TC), the mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic effects of PC are still unclear.

17p vimahuateng 26-11-2021 8 2   Download

Our previous comparative genomic analysis of Staphylococcus equorum KS1039 with five S. equorum strains illuminated the genomic basis of its safety and salt tolerance. However, a comprehensive picture of the cellular components and metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of macromolecules and development of sensory properties has not been obtained for S. equorum. Therefore, in this study, we examined the general metabolism of S. equorum based on information obtained from published complete genome sequences of six S. equorum strains isolated from different niches.

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Gluconobacter oxydans is a strictly aerobic Gram-negative acetic acid bacterium used industrially for oxidative biotransformations due to its exceptional type of catabolism. It incompletely oxidizes a wide variety of carbohydrates regio- and stereoselectively in the periplasm using membrane-bound dehydrogenases with accumulation of the products in the medium.

17p vitzuyu2711 29-09-2021 11 1   Download

The identification of brassinosteroid (BR) deficient and BR insensitive mutants provided conclusive evidence that BR is a potent growth-promoting phytohormone. Arabidopsis mutants are characterized by a compact rosette structure, decreased plant height and reduced root system, delayed development, and reduced fertility.

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Human requirements for dietary selenium are met mainly by crops. However, excessive uptake of selenium in plants can restrict growth, and its toxicity has been postulated to target roots.

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The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is crucial for cellular energy metabolism and carbon skeleton supply. However, the detailed functions of the maize TCA cycle genes remain unclear.

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Pyruvate kinase (Pyk) catalyzes the generation of pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis and functions as a key switch in the regulation of carbon flux distribution. Both the substrates and products of Pyk are involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaplerosis and energy anabolism, which places Pyk at a primary metabolic intersection.

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The glycolytic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate and produces two molecules of ATP per glucose only a small fraction of the potential energy available from glucose. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate in animals and to ethanol in yeast, and much of the potential energy of the glucose molecule remains untapped. In the presence of oxygen, however, a much more interesting and thermodynamically complete story unfolds.

56p tangtuy15 30-06-2016 27 4   Download

(BQ) Part 1 of the document BRS Biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics presents the following contents: Organic chemistry review; protein structure and function; enzymes, biochemistry of digestion; glycolysis; the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative metabolism; glycogen metabolism; gluconeogenesis and the maintenance of blood glucose levels,... and other contents.

180p thangnamvoiva2 25-06-2016 45 3   Download

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document Endocrine physiology presents the following contents: Carbohydrate metabolism A - Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; the tricarboxylic acid cycle; carbohydrate metabolism B: Di-, Oligo-, and polysaccharide synthesis and degradation; lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism; nucleotide metabolism, photosynthesis; DNA, RNA, and protein metabolism.

200p thangnamvoiva2 23-06-2016 40 3   Download

Modelling of the fluxes in central metabolism can be performed by combining labelling experiments with metabolite balancing. Using this approach, multiple samples from a cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in metabolic and isotopic steady state were analysed, and the metabolic fluxes in central metabolism were estimated. In the various samples, the estimates of the central metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the anaplerotic pathway, showed an unprecedented reproducibility....

6p system191 01-06-2013 38 1   Download

The prokaryotic ATP-citrate lyase is considered to be a key enzyme of the carbon dioxide-fixing reductive tricarboxylic acid (RTCA) cycle. Kinetic examination of the ATP-citrate lyase from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola (Cl-ACL), an a4b4 heteromeric enzyme, revealed that the enzyme displayed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward ATP with an apparent Km value of 0.21 ± 0.04 mM. However, strong negative cooperativity was observed with respect to citrate binding, with a Hill coefficient (nH) of 0.45. ...

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The citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle is a central element of higher-plant carbon metabolism which provides, among other things, electrons for oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane, intermediates for aminoacid biosynthesis, and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis from succinate derived from fatty acids via the glyoxylate cycle in glyoxysomes. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is a typical mitochondrial pathway and is widespread among a-proteobacteria, the group of eubacteria as de®ned under rRNA systematics from which mitochondria arose. ...

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Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the reversible conversion between isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate accom-panied by decarboxylation/carboxylation and oxidoreduc-tion of NAD(P) + cofactor.While this enzyme has beenwell studiedas a catabolic enzyme in the tricarboxylicacid (TCA) cycle, here we have characterized NADP-dependent IDH fromChlorobiumlimicola, agreen sulfur bacteriumthat ®xes CO2 through the reductive tricarboxylic acid (RTCA) cycle, focusing on theCO2-®xation ability of the enzyme. ...

6p research12 23-04-2013 42 1   Download

The pathway of the oxidation of propionate to pyruvate in Escherichia coliinvolves five enzymes, only two of which, methylcitrate synthase and 2-methylisocitrate lyase, have been thoroughly characterized. Here we report that the isomerization of (2S,3S)-methylcitrate to (2R,3S)-2-methyl-isocitrate requires anovel enzyme,methylcitratedehydratase (PrpD), and the well-known enzyme, aconitase (AcnB), of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is subjected to multiple interacting levels of control in plant cells. The first level is subcellular compartmentation. Plant cells are unique inhaving twodistinct, spatially separated forms of the PDC; mitochondrial (mtPDC) and plastidial (plPDC). The mtPDCis the site of carbon entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while the plPDCprovides acetyl-CoAandNADHfor de novofatty acid biosynthesis.

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Erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasitePlasmodium fal-ciparumrely on glycolysis for their energy supply and it is unclear whether they obtain energy via mitochondrial res-piration albeit enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle appear to be expressed in these parasite stages. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is either an integral part of the mitochondrial TCA cycle or is involved in providing NADPH for reductive reactions in the cell.

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Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR; EC 1.2.7.1) catalyzes the thia-mine pyrophosphate-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA and CO2 . The thermophilic, obligate chemolithoauto-trophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilusTK-6, assimilates CO2 via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle.

10p mobifone23 18-01-2013 47 4   Download