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\The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,

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Engineers may seek license by a state, provincial, or national government. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the engineer is given the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (much of the European Union) Registered Engineer or Professional Engineer in Pakistan. The Chartered...

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Nội dung Text: \The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,

  1. The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan 3-2-4 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0013, Japan Copyright © 2002 by The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan Printed by Daikousha Printing Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Original Japanese language edition published by the Japan Ports and Harbours Association. Printed in Japan
  2. PREFACE Preface This book is a translation of the major portion of the Technical Standards and Commentaries of Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan (1999 edition) published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association, stipulated by the Ordinance of the Minister of Transport, which was issued in April 1999. The translation covers about two thirds of the Japanese edition. Japanese islands have a long extension of coastline, measuring about 34,000 km, for the total land area of some 380,000 square kilometers. Throughout her history, Japan has depended on the ports and harbors on daily living and prosperity of people there. Japan did not develop extensive inland canal systems as found in the European Continent because of its mountainous geography, but rather produced many harbors and havens along its coastline in the past. Today, the number of officially designated commercial ports and harbors amounts to about 1,100 and the number of fishing ports exceeds 3,000. After 220 years of isolation from the world civilization from the 17th to 19th centuries, Japan began to modernize its society and civilization rapidly after the Meiji revolution in 1868. Modern technology of port and harbor engineering has been introduced by distinguished engineers from abroad and learned by many ambitious and capable young engineers in Japan. Ports of Yokohama, Kobe, and others began to accommodate large ocean-going vessels in the late 19th century as the Japanese economy had shown a rapid growth. Japanese engineers had drafted an engineering manual on design and construction of port and harbor facilities as early as in 1943. The manual was revised in 1959 with inclusion of new technology such as those of coastal engineering and geotechnical engineering, which were developed during the Second World War or just before it. The Japanese economy that was utterly destroyed by the war had begun to rebuild itself rapidly after the 1950s. There were so many demands for the expansion of port and harbor facilities throughout Japan. Engineers were urged to design and construct facilities after facilities. Japan has built the breakwaters and the quays with the rate of about 20,000 meters each per year throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Such a feat of port development was made possible with provision of sound engineering manuals. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Transport up to January 2001) which was responsible for port development and operation, revised the basic law on ports and harbors in 1974 so as to take responsibility for provision of technical standards for design, construction, and maintenance of port and harbor facilities. The first official technical standards and commentaries for port and harbor facilities were issued in 1979, and published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association for general use. The technical standards were prepared by a technical committee composed of government engineers within the former Ministry of Transport, including members of the Port and Harbour Research Institute and several District Port Construction Bureaus that were responsible for design and construction in the field. Its English version was published by the Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute in 1980, but it introduced only the skeleton of the Japanese version without giving the details. The Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbor Facilities in Japan have been revised in 1988 and 1999, each time incorporating new technological developments. The present English translation endeavors to introduce the newest edition of 1999 to the port and harbor engineers overseas. It is a direct translation of essential parts of Japanese edition. Many phrases and expressions reflect the customary, regulatory writings in Japanese, which are often awkward in English. Some sentences after translation may not be fluent enough and give troubles for decipher. The editors in charge of translation request the readers for patience and generosity in their efforts for understanding Japanese technology in port and harbor engineering. With the globalization in every aspect of human activities, indigenous practices and customs are forced to comply with the world standards. Technology by definition is supposed to be universal. Nevertheless, each country has developed its own specialty to suit its local conditions. The overseas readers may find some of Japanese technical standards strange and difficult for adoption for their usage. Such conflicts in technology are the starting points for mutual understanding and further developments in the future. The editors wish wholeheartedly this English version of Japanese technical standards be welcomed by the overseas colleagues and serve for the advancement of port and harbor technology in the world. January 2002 Y. Goda, T. Tabata and S. Yamamoto Editors for translation version -i-
  3. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN -ii-
  4. CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface Part I General Chapter 1 General Rules .................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Scope of Application .............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................................2 1.3 Usage of SI Units ...................................................................................................................................2 Chapter 2 Datum Level for Construction Work .........................................................................................................4 Chapter 3 Maintenance ....................................................................................................................................................5 Part II Design Conditions Chapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2 Vessels ..............................................................................................................................................................9 2.1 Dimensions of Target Vessel ...............................................................................................................9 2.2 External Forces Generated by Vessels ...........................................................................................16 2.2.1 General .....................................................................................................................................16 2.2.2 Berthing.....................................................................................................................................16 [1] Berthing Energy..................................................................................................................16 [2] Berthing Velocity ................................................................................................................17 [3] Eccentricity Factor..............................................................................................................20 [4] Virtual Mass Factor ............................................................................................................21 2.2.3 Moored Vessels .......................................................................................................................22 [1] Motions of Moored Vessel..................................................................................................22 [2] Waves Acting on Vessel.....................................................................................................22 [3] Wind Load Acting on Vessel ..............................................................................................23 [4] Current Forces Acting on Vessel........................................................................................24 [5] Load-Deflection Characteristics of Mooring System ..........................................................25 2.2.4 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Post and Bollard..................................................................25 Chapter 3 Wind and Wind Pressure ..........................................................................................................................28 3.1 General..................................................................................................................................................28 3.2 Wind .......................................................................................................................................................29 3.3 Wind Pressure......................................................................................................................................30 Chapter 4 Waves ..............................................................................................................................................................32 4.1 General..................................................................................................................................................32 4.1.1 Procedure for Determining the Waves Used in Design.............................................................32 4.1.2 Waves to Be Used in Design ....................................................................................................32 4.1.3 Properties of Waves..................................................................................................................33 [1] Fundamental Properties of Waves .....................................................................................33 [2] Statistical Properties of Waves...........................................................................................37 [3] Wave Spectrum..................................................................................................................38 4.2 Method of Determining Wave Conditions to Be Used in Design .................................................40 4.2.1 Principles for Determining the Deepwater Waves Used in Design ...........................................40 4.2.2 Procedure for Obtaining the Parameters of Design Waves ......................................................41 4.3 Wave Hindcasting................................................................................................................................42 4.3.1 General .....................................................................................................................................42 4.3.2 Wave Hindcasting in Generating Area ......................................................................................42 4.3.3 Swell Hindcasting......................................................................................................................46 4.4 Statistical Processing of Wave Observation and Hindcasted Data .............................................47 4.5 Transformations of Waves .................................................................................................................49 4.5.1 General .....................................................................................................................................49 4.5.2 Wave Refraction........................................................................................................................49 4.5.3 Wave Diffraction........................................................................................................................52 [1] Diffraction ...........................................................................................................................52 [2] Combination of Diffraction and Refraction..........................................................................69 4.5.4 Wave Reflection ........................................................................................................................70 -iii-
  5. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN [1] General .............................................................................................................................. 70 [2] Reflection Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 71 [3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners, near the Heads of Breakwaters, and around Detached Breakwaters ................................................................................... 72 4.5.5 Wave Shoaling.......................................................................................................................... 74 4.5.6 Wave Breaking ......................................................................................................................... 75 4.6 Wave Runup, Overtopping, and Transmission............................................................................... 80 4.6.1 Wave Runup ............................................................................................................................. 80 4.6.2 Wave Overtopping .................................................................................................................... 84 4.6.3 Wave Transmission .................................................................................................................. 90 4.7 Wave Setup and Surf Beat ................................................................................................................ 91 4.7.1 Wave Setup .............................................................................................................................. 91 4.7.2 Surf Beat................................................................................................................................... 92 4.8 Long-Period Waves and Seiche ....................................................................................................... 93 4.9 Waves inside Harbors ........................................................................................................................ 94 4.9.1 Calmness and Disturbances..................................................................................................... 94 4.9.2 Evaluation of Harbor Calmness ................................................................................................ 94 4.10 Ship Waves .......................................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 5 Wave Force ................................................................................................................................................. 100 5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 100 5.2 Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall ............................................................................................... 100 5.2.1 General Considerations .......................................................................................................... 100 5.2.2 Wave Forces of Standing and Breaking Waves ..................................................................... 101 [1] Wave Force under Wave Crest........................................................................................ 101 [2] Wave Force under Wave Trough..................................................................................... 105 5.2.3 Impulsive Pressure Due to Breaking Waves .......................................................................... 106 5.2.4 Wave Force on Upright Wall Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks..................... 109 5.2.5 Effect of Alignment of Breakwater on Wave Force ................................................................. 110 5.2.6 Effect of Abrupt Change in Water Depth on Wave Force ....................................................... 110 5.2.7 Wave Force on Upright Wall near Shoreline or on Shore........................................................111 [1] Wave Force at the Seaward Side of Shoreline .................................................................111 [2] Wave Force at the Landward Side of Shoreline ...............................................................111 5.2.8 Wave Force on Upright Wave-Absorbing Caisson ..................................................................111 5.3 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks ................................................................................ 112 5.3.1 Armor Units on Slope.............................................................................................................. 112 5.3.2 Armor Units on Foundation Mound of Composite Breakwater ............................................... 117 5.4 Wave Forces Acting on Cylindrical Members and Large Isolated Structures ......................... 119 5.4.1 Wave Force on Cylindrical Members...................................................................................... 119 5.4.2 Wave Force on Large Isolated Structure ................................................................................ 121 5.5 Wave Force Acting on Structure Located near the Still Water Level........................................ 122 5.5.1 Uplift Acting on Horizontal Plate near the Still Water Level .................................................... 122 Chapter 6 Tides and Abnormal Water Levels....................................................................................................... 127 6.1 Design Water Level........................................................................................................................... 127 6.2 Astronomical Tide ............................................................................................................................. 128 6.3 Storm Surge ....................................................................................................................................... 128 6.4 Tsunami .............................................................................................................................................. 130 6.5 Seiche ................................................................................................................................................. 133 6.6 Groundwater Level and Permeation .............................................................................................. 135 Chapter 7 Currents and Current Force ................................................................................................................... 138 7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 138 7.2 Current Forces Acting on Submerged Members and Structures .............................................. 138 7.3 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks against Currents ................................................. 140 Chapter 8 External Forces Acting on Floating Body and Its Motions ........................................................... 142 8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 142 8.2 External Forces Acting on Floating Body ...................................................................................... 143 8.3 Motions of Floating Body and Mooring Force ............................................................................... 145 Chapter 9 Estuarine Hydraulics ................................................................................................................................ 148 9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 148 Chapter 10 Littoral Drift .................................................................................................................................................. 154 10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 154 10.2 Scouring around Structures ............................................................................................................. 161 10.3 Prediction of Beach Deformation .................................................................................................... 163 -iv-
  6. CONTENTS Chapter 11 Subsoil ...........................................................................................................................................................167 11.1 Method of Determining Geotechnical Conditions .........................................................................167 11.1.1 Principles.................................................................................................................................167 11.1.2 Selection of Soil Investigation Methods ..................................................................................168 11.1.3 Standard Penetration Test ......................................................................................................168 11.2 Physical Properties of Soils .............................................................................................................168 11.2.1 Unit Weight of Soil...................................................................................................................168 11.2.2 Classification of Soils ..............................................................................................................169 11.2.3 Coefficient of Permeability of Soil ...........................................................................................169 11.3 Mechanical Properties of Soils ........................................................................................................170 11.3.1 Elastic Constants ....................................................................................................................170 11.3.2 Consolidation Properties .........................................................................................................170 11.3.3 Shear Properties .....................................................................................................................173 11.4 Angle of Internal Friction by N-value ..............................................................................................175 11.5 Application of Soundings Other Than SPT....................................................................................176 11.6 Dynamic Properties of Soils .............................................................................................................178 11.6.1 Dynamic Modulus of Deformation ...........................................................................................178 11.6.2 Dynamic Strength Properties ..................................................................................................180 Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Seismic Force ...........................................................................................................182 12.1 General................................................................................................................................................182 12.2 Earthquake Resistance of Port and Harbor Facilities in Design ................................................182 12.3 Seismic Coefficient Method .............................................................................................................184 12.4 Design Seismic Coefficient ..............................................................................................................184 12.5 Seismic Response Analysis .............................................................................................................190 12.6 Seismic Deformation Method ..........................................................................................................192 Chapter 13 Liquefaction .................................................................................................................................................195 13.1 General................................................................................................................................................195 13.2 Prediction of Liquefaction .................................................................................................................195 13.3 Countermeasures against Liquefaction .........................................................................................199 Chapter 14 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure ...................................................................................................200 14.1 Earth Pressure ...................................................................................................................................200 14.2 Earth Pressure under Ordinary Conditions ...................................................................................200 14.2.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil under Ordinary Conditions .......................................................200 14.2.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil under Ordinary Conditions ..................................................201 14.3 Earth Pressure during Earthquake .................................................................................................202 14.3.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil during Earthquake....................................................................202 14.3.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil during Earthquake...............................................................204 14.3.3 Apparent Seismic Coefficient ..................................................................................................204 14.4 Water Pressure ..................................................................................................................................205 14.4.1 Residual Water Pressure ........................................................................................................205 14.4.2 Dynamic Water Pressure during Earthquake..........................................................................205 Chapter 15 Loads .............................................................................................................................................................207 15.1 General................................................................................................................................................207 15.2 Deadweight and Surcharge .............................................................................................................207 15.3 Static Load ..........................................................................................................................................207 15.3.1 Static Load under Ordinary Conditions ...................................................................................207 15.3.2 Static Load during Earthquake................................................................................................208 15.3.3 Unevenly Distributed Load ......................................................................................................208 15.3.4 Snow Load ..............................................................................................................................208 15.4 Live Load ............................................................................................................................................209 15.4.1 Train Load ...............................................................................................................................209 15.4.2 Vehicle Load ...........................................................................................................................209 15.4.3 Cargo Handling Equipment Load ............................................................................................209 15.4.4 Sidewalk Live Load .................................................................................................................209 Chapter 16 Coefficient of Friction ................................................................................................................................210 16.1 General................................................................................................................................................210 Part III Materials Chapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 211 1.1 Selection of Materials........................................................................................................................ 211 -v-
  7. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN 1.2 Safety of Structural Elements .......................................................................................................... 211 Chapter 2 Steel ............................................................................................................................................................... 212 2.1 Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 212 2.2 Steel Meterial Constants Used in Design Calculation ................................................................. 212 2.3 Allowable Stresses ............................................................................................................................ 212 2.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 212 2.3.2 Structural Steel ....................................................................................................................... 212 2.3.3 Steel Piles and Steel Pipe Sheet Piles ................................................................................... 213 2.3.4 Steel Sheet Piles .................................................................................................................... 214 2.3.5 Cast Steel and Forged Steel................................................................................................... 214 2.3.6 Allowable Stresses for Steel at Welded Zones and Spliced Sections .................................... 214 2.3.7 Increase of Allowable Stresses............................................................................................... 215 2.4 Corrosion Control .............................................................................................................................. 216 2.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 216 2.4.2 Corrosion Rates of Steel Materials ......................................................................................... 216 2.4.3 Corrosion Control Methods..................................................................................................... 217 2.4.4 Cathodic Protection Method ................................................................................................... 217 [1] Range of Application........................................................................................................ 217 [2] Protective Potential .......................................................................................................... 218 [3] Protective Current Density ............................................................................................... 219 2.4.5 Coating Method ...................................................................................................................... 220 [1] Extent of Application ........................................................................................................ 220 [2] Applicable Methods.......................................................................................................... 220 [3] Selection of Method ......................................................................................................... 220 Chapter 3 Concrete ....................................................................................................................................................... 221 3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 221 3.2 Basics of Design Based on the Limit State Design Method ....................................................... 221 3.3 Design Based on Allowable Stress Method .................................................................................. 223 3.4 Concrete Materials ............................................................................................................................ 224 3.5 Concrete Quality and Performance ................................................................................................ 225 3.6 Underwater Concrete ....................................................................................................................... 227 Chapter 4 Bituminous Materials ................................................................................................................................ 228 4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 228 4.2 Asphalt Mat ........................................................................................................................................ 228 4.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 228 4.2.2 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 228 4.2.3 Mix Proportioning.................................................................................................................... 229 4.3 Paving Materials ................................................................................................................................ 229 4.4 Sand Mastic Asphalt ......................................................................................................................... 229 4.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 229 4.4.2 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 230 4.4.3 Mix Proportioning.................................................................................................................... 230 Chapter 5 Stone ............................................................................................................................................................. 231 5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 231 5.2 Rubble for Foundation ...................................................................................................................... 231 5.3 Backfilling Materials .......................................................................................................................... 231 5.4 Base Course Materials of Pavement ............................................................................................. 232 Chapter 6 Timber ........................................................................................................................................................... 233 6.1 Quality of Timber ............................................................................................................................... 233 6.1.1 Structural Timber .................................................................................................................... 233 6.1.2 Timber Piles............................................................................................................................ 233 6.2 Allowable Stresses of Timber .......................................................................................................... 233 6.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 233 6.2.2 Allowable Stresses of Structural Timber ................................................................................. 233 6.3 Quality of Glued Laminated Timber ............................................................................................... 233 6.3.1 Allowable Stress for Glued Laminated Timber ....................................................................... 233 6.4 Joining of Timber ............................................................................................................................... 233 6.5 Maintenance of Timber..................................................................................................................... 233 Chapter 7 Other Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 234 7.1 Metals Other Than Steel .................................................................................................................. 234 7.2 Plastics and Rubbers ........................................................................................................................ 234 7.3 Coating Materials .............................................................................................................................. 236 -vi-
  8. CONTENTS 7.4 Grouting Materials .............................................................................................................................237 7.4.1 General ...................................................................................................................................237 7.4.2 Properties of Grouting Materials .............................................................................................237 Chapter 8 Recyclable Resources .............................................................................................................................238 8.1 General................................................................................................................................................238 8.2 Slag ......................................................................................................................................................238 8.3 Coal Ash..............................................................................................................................................239 8.4 Crashed Concrete .............................................................................................................................240 Part IV Precast Concrete Units Chapter 1 Caissons .......................................................................................................................................................241 1.1 General................................................................................................................................................241 1.2 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................242 1.3 Floating Stability ................................................................................................................................242 1.4 Design External Forces ....................................................................................................................243 1.4.1 Combination of Loads and Load Factors ................................................................................243 1.4.2 External Forces during Fabrication .........................................................................................249 1.4.3 External Forces during Launching and Floating......................................................................249 1.4.4 External Forces during Installation..........................................................................................250 1.4.5 External Forces after Construction..........................................................................................250 [1] Outer Walls.......................................................................................................................250 [2] Bottom Slab......................................................................................................................251 [3] Partition Walls and Others................................................................................................253 1.5 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................254 1.5.1 Outer Wall ...............................................................................................................................254 1.5.2 Partition Wall ...........................................................................................................................254 1.5.3 Bottom Slab.............................................................................................................................254 1.5.4 Others .....................................................................................................................................255 1.6 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane ...................................................................................255 Chapter 2 L-Shaped Blocks ........................................................................................................................................256 2.1 General................................................................................................................................................256 2.2 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................256 2.3 Loads Acting on Members ...............................................................................................................257 2.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................257 2.3.2 Earth Pressure ........................................................................................................................258 2.3.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation.................................................................................258 2.4 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................259 2.4.1 Front Wall................................................................................................................................259 2.4.2 Footing ....................................................................................................................................259 2.4.3 Bottom Slab.............................................................................................................................259 2.4.4 Buttress ...................................................................................................................................260 2.5 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane ...................................................................................260 Chapter 3 Cellular Blocks ............................................................................................................................................261 3.1 General................................................................................................................................................261 3.2 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................261 3.2.1 Shape of Cellular Blocks .........................................................................................................261 3.2.2 Determination of Dimensions ..................................................................................................261 3.3 Loads Acting on Cellular Blocks......................................................................................................262 3.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................262 3.3.2 Earth Pressure of Filling and Residual Water Pressure..........................................................262 3.3.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation.................................................................................264 3.4 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................264 3.4.1 Rectangular Cellular Blocks ....................................................................................................264 3.4.2 Other Types of Cellular Blocks................................................................................................265 Chapter 4 Upright Wave-Absorbing Caissons ......................................................................................................267 4.1 General................................................................................................................................................267 4.2 External Forces Acting on Members ..............................................................................................267 4.3 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................269 Chapter 5 Hybrid Caissons .........................................................................................................................................270 5.1 General................................................................................................................................................270 5.2 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................270 -vii-
  9. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN 5.3 Design External Forces .................................................................................................................... 271 5.4 Design of Members ........................................................................................................................... 271 5.4.1 Section Force.......................................................................................................................... 271 5.4.2 Design of Composite Slabs .................................................................................................... 271 5.4.3 Design of SRC Members ........................................................................................................ 271 5.4.4 Design of Partitions................................................................................................................. 271 5.4.5 Design of Corners and Joints ................................................................................................. 271 5.4.6 Safety against Fatigue Failure ................................................................................................ 272 5.5 Corrosion Control .............................................................................................................................. 272 Part V Foundations Chapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 273 Chapter 2 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations ........................................................................................ 274 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 274 2.2 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Sandy Ground ..................................................................... 274 2.3 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Clayey Ground .................................................................... 275 2.4 Bearing Capacity of Multilayered Ground ..................................................................................... 276 2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Loads ..................................................................... 277 Chapter 3 Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations ............................................................................................. 280 3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 280 3.2 Vertical Bearing Capacity................................................................................................................. 280 3.3 Lateral Bearing Capacity .................................................................................................................. 281 Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations ................................................................................................ 284 4.1 Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity of Piles ..................................................................................... 284 4.1.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 284 4.1.2 Standard Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity............................................................................ 284 4.1.3 Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity of Single Piles...................................................................... 285 4.1.4 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Loading Tests ........................................... 285 4.1.5 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Static Bearing Capacity Formulas ............ 286 4.1.6 Examination of Compressive Stress of Pile Materials ............................................................ 288 4.1.7 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Joints .......................................................................... 288 4.1.8 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Slenderness Ratio ...................................................... 288 4.1.9 Bearing Capacity of Pile Group .............................................................................................. 288 4.1.10 Examination of Negative Skin Friction .................................................................................... 290 4.1.11 Examination of Settlement of Piles ......................................................................................... 291 4.2 Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles ............................................................................................ 291 4.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 291 4.2.2 Standard Allowable Pulling Resistance .................................................................................. 292 4.2.3 Maximum Pulling Resistance of Single Pile............................................................................ 292 4.2.4 Examination of Tensile Stress of Pile Materials...................................................................... 293 4.2.5 Matters to Be Considered for Obtaining Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles...................... 293 4.3 Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles ................................................................................. 293 4.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 293 4.3.2 Estimation of Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles ..................................................... 295 4.3.3 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Loading Tests ................................................................... 295 4.3.4 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Analytical Methods ........................................................... 295 4.3.5 Consideration of Pile Group Action......................................................................................... 301 4.3.6 Lateral Bearing Capacity of Coupled Piles ............................................................................. 301 4.4 Pile Design in General ...................................................................................................................... 304 4.4.1 Load Sharing .......................................................................................................................... 304 4.4.2 Load Distribution..................................................................................................................... 305 4.4.3 Distance between Centers of Piles......................................................................................... 305 4.4.4 Allowable Stresses for Pile Materials...................................................................................... 305 4.5 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 306 4.5.1 Examination of Loads during Construction ............................................................................. 306 4.5.2 Design of Joints between Piles and Structure ........................................................................ 307 4.5.3 Joints of Piles.......................................................................................................................... 308 4.5.4 Change of Plate Thickness or Materials of Steel Pipe Piles................................................... 308 4.5.5 Other Points for Caution in Design ......................................................................................... 308 Chapter 5 Settlement of Foundations ..................................................................................................................... 310 5.1 Stress in Soil Mass ........................................................................................................................... 310 5.2 Immediate Settlement....................................................................................................................... 310 -viii-
  10. CONTENTS 5.3 Consolidation Settlement .................................................................................................................310 5.4 Lateral Displacement ........................................................................................................................312 5.5 Differential Settlements ....................................................................................................................312 Chapter 6 Stability of Slopes ......................................................................................................................................314 6.1 General................................................................................................................................................314 6.2 Stability Analysis ................................................................................................................................315 6.2.1 Stability Analysis Using Circular Slip Surface Method ............................................................315 6.2.2 Stability Analysis Assuming Slip Surfaces Other Than Circular Arc Slip Surface...................316 Chapter 7 Soil Improvement Methods .....................................................................................................................318 7.1 General................................................................................................................................................318 7.2 Replacement Method ........................................................................................................................318 7.3 Vertical Drain Method .......................................................................................................................318 7.3.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................318 7.3.2 Determination of Height and Width of Fill................................................................................319 [1] Height and Width of Fill Required for Soil Improvement ..................................................319 [2] Height and Width of Fill Required for Stability of Fill Embankment ..................................319 7.3.3 Design of Drain Piles...............................................................................................................319 [1] Drain Piles and Sand Mat.................................................................................................319 [2] Interval of Drain Piles .......................................................................................................320 7.4 Deep Mixing Method .........................................................................................................................322 7.4.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................322 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................322 [2] Basic Concept ..................................................................................................................323 7.4.2 Assumptions for Dimensions of Stabilized Body.....................................................................323 [1] Mixture Design of Stabilized Soil......................................................................................323 [2] Allowable Stress of Stabilized Body .................................................................................324 7.4.3 Calculation of External Forces ................................................................................................325 7.5 Lightweight Treated Soil Method ....................................................................................................326 7.5.1 Outline of Lightweight Treated Soil Method ............................................................................326 7.5.2 Basic Design Concept.............................................................................................................326 7.5.3 Mixture Design of Treated Soil................................................................................................327 7.5.4 Examination of Area to Be Treated .........................................................................................328 7.5.5 Workability Verification Tests ..................................................................................................328 7.6 Replacement Method with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ........................................................328 7.6.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................328 7.6.2 Physical Properties of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ...........................................................328 7.7 Premixing Method..............................................................................................................................329 7.7.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................329 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................329 [2] Consideration for Design..................................................................................................329 7.7.2 Preliminary Survey ..................................................................................................................329 7.7.3 Determination of Strength of Treated Soil...............................................................................330 7.7.4 Mixture Design of Treated Soil................................................................................................330 7.7.5 Examination of Area of Improvement......................................................................................331 7.8 Active Earth Pressure of Solidified Geotechnical Materials........................................................333 7.8.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................................333 7.8.2 Active Earth Pressure .............................................................................................................333 [1] Outline ..............................................................................................................................333 [2] Strength Parameters ........................................................................................................334 [3] Calculation of Active Earth Pressure................................................................................334 [4] Case of Limited Area of Subsoil Improvement .................................................................335 7.9 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Sandy Subsoil) .....................................................................336 7.9.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................336 7.9.2 Sand Volume to Be Supplied ..................................................................................................336 7.9.3 Design Based on Trial Execution ............................................................................................338 7.10 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Cohesive Subsoil) ...............................................................339 7.10.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................339 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................339 [2] Basic Concept ..................................................................................................................339 7.10.2 Strength and Permeability of Sand Piles.................................................................................339 7.10.3 Shear Strength of Improved Subsoil .......................................................................................339 7.10.4 Stability Analysis .....................................................................................................................340 7.10.5 Examining Consolidation.........................................................................................................341 -ix-
  11. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Part VI Navigation Channels and Basins Chapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 345 Chapter 2 Navigation Channels ................................................................................................................................ 346 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 346 2.2 Alignment of Navigation Channel .................................................................................................. 346 2.3 Width of Navigation Channel ........................................................................................................... 347 2.4 Depth of Navigation Channel .......................................................................................................... 348 2.5 Length of Navigation Channel at Harbor Entrance ...................................................................... 348 2.6 Calmness of Navigation Channel ................................................................................................... 348 Chapter 3 Navigation Channels outside Breakwaters ....................................................................................... 350 3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 350 3.2 Width of Navigation Channel ........................................................................................................... 350 3.3 Depth of Navigation Channel .......................................................................................................... 350 Chapter 4 Basins............................................................................................................................................................ 351 4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 351 4.2 Location and Area of Basin ............................................................................................................. 351 4.2.1 Location .................................................................................................................................. 351 4.2.2 Area of Basin Used for Anchorage or Mooring ....................................................................... 351 4.2.3 Area of Basin Used for Ship Maneuvering.............................................................................. 352 [1] Turning Basin................................................................................................................... 352 [2] Mooring / Unmooring Basin ............................................................................................. 353 4.3 Depth of Basin ................................................................................................................................... 353 4.4 Calmness of Basin ............................................................................................................................ 353 4.5 Timber Sorting Pond ......................................................................................................................... 354 Chapter 5 Small Craft Basins ..................................................................................................................................... 355 Chapter 6 Maintenance of Navigation Channels and Basins .......................................................................... 355 6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 355 Part VII Protective Facilities for Harbors Chapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 357 1.1 General Consideration ..................................................................................................................... 357 1.2 Maintenance....................................................................................................................................... 357 Chapter 2 Breakwaters ................................................................................................................................................ 358 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 358 2.2 Layout of Breakwaters ...................................................................................................................... 358 2.3 Design Conditions of Breakwaters ................................................................................................. 359 2.4 Selection of Structural Types .......................................................................................................... 359 2.5 Determination of Cross Section ...................................................................................................... 362 2.5.1 Upright Breakwater ................................................................................................................. 362 2.5.2 Composite Breakwater ........................................................................................................... 363 2.5.3 Sloping Breakwater................................................................................................................. 363 2.5.4 Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks ........................ 364 2.6 External Forces for Stability Calculation ........................................................................................ 364 2.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 364 2.6.2 Wave Forces........................................................................................................................... 365 2.6.3 Hydrostatic Pressure .............................................................................................................. 365 2.6.4 Buoyancy ................................................................................................................................ 365 2.6.5 Deadweight............................................................................................................................. 365 2.6.6 Stability during Earthuakes ..................................................................................................... 365 2.7 Stability Calculation........................................................................................................................... 365 2.7.1 Stability Calculation of Upright Section................................................................................... 365 2.7.2 Stability Calculation of Sloping Section .................................................................................. 369 2.7.3 Stability Calculation of Whole Section .................................................................................... 369 2.7.4 Stability Calculation for Head and Corner of Breakwater ....................................................... 369 2.8 Details of Structures ......................................................................................................................... 370 2.8.1 Upright Breakwater ................................................................................................................. 370 2.8.2 Composite Breakwater ........................................................................................................... 371 2.8.3 Sloping Breakwater................................................................................................................. 372 -x-
  12. CONTENTS 2.8.4 Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks.........................372 2.9 Detailed Design of Upright Section .................................................................................................372 2.10 Breakwaters for Timber-Handling Facilities ..................................................................................372 2.10.1 Breakwaters for Timber Storage Ponds and Timber Sorting Ponds .......................................372 2.10.2 Fences to Prevent Timber Drifting ..........................................................................................373 2.11 Storm Surge Protection Breakwater ...............................................................................................373 2.12 Tsunami Protection Breakwater ......................................................................................................373 Chapter 3 Other Types of Breakwaters ..................................................................................................................376 3.1 Selection of Structural Type .............................................................................................................376 3.2 Gravity Type Special Breakwaters..................................................................................................377 3.2.1 General ...................................................................................................................................377 3.2.2 Upright Wave-Absorbing Block Breakwater ............................................................................378 [1] General.............................................................................................................................378 [2] Crest Elevation .................................................................................................................378 [3] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................379 3.2.3 Wave-Absorbing Caisson Breakwater ....................................................................................379 [1] General.............................................................................................................................379 [2] Determination of Target Waves to Be Absorbed..............................................................380 [3] Determination of Dimensions for Wave-Absorbing Section .............................................380 [4] Wave Force for Examination of Structural Stability ..........................................................380 [5] Wave Force for Design of Structural Members ................................................................380 3.2.4 Sloping-Top Caisson Breakwater............................................................................................380 [1] General.............................................................................................................................380 [2] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................381 3.3 Non-Gravity Type Breakwaters .......................................................................................................382 3.3.1 Curtain Wall Breakwater .........................................................................................................382 [1] General.............................................................................................................................382 [2] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................384 [3] Design of Piles .................................................................................................................384 3.3.2 Floating Breakwater ................................................................................................................384 [1] General.............................................................................................................................384 [2] Selection of Design Conditions ........................................................................................385 [3] Design of Mooring System ...............................................................................................385 [4] Design of Floating Body Structure....................................................................................386 Chapter 4 Locks..............................................................................................................................................................388 4.1 Selection of Location .........................................................................................................................388 4.2 Size and Layout of Lock ...................................................................................................................388 4.3 Selection of Structural Type .............................................................................................................389 4.3.1 Gate ........................................................................................................................................389 4.3.2 Lock Chamber.........................................................................................................................389 4.4 External Forces and Loads Acting on Lock...................................................................................389 4.5 Pumping and Drainage System ......................................................................................................389 4.6 Auxiliary Facilities ..............................................................................................................................389 Chapter 5 Facilities to Prevent Shoaling and Siltation .......................................................................................390 5.1 General................................................................................................................................................390 5.2 Jetty .....................................................................................................................................................390 5.2.1 Layout of Jetty.........................................................................................................................390 5.2.2 Details of Jetty.........................................................................................................................391 5.3 Group of Groins .................................................................................................................................392 5.4 Training Jetties ...................................................................................................................................392 5.4.1 Layout of Training Jetties ........................................................................................................392 5.4.2 Water Depth at Tip of Training Jetty .......................................................................................393 5.4.3 Structure of Training Jetty .......................................................................................................393 5.5 Facilities to Trap Littoral Transport and Sediment Flowing out of Rivers .................................393 5.6 Countermeasures against Wind-Blown Sand ...............................................................................394 5.6.1 General ...................................................................................................................................394 5.6.2 Selection of Countermeasures................................................................................................394 Chapter 6 Revetments ..................................................................................................................................................396 6.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................396 6.2 Design Conditions .............................................................................................................................396 6.3 Structural Stability..............................................................................................................................398 6.4 Determination of Cross Section ......................................................................................................398 6.5 Details..................................................................................................................................................398 -xi-
  13. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Part VIII Mooring Facilities Chapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 401 1.1 General Consideration ..................................................................................................................... 401 1.2 Maintenance of Mooring Facilities .................................................................................................. 401 Chapter 2 Dimensions of Mooring Facilities.......................................................................................................... 402 2.1 Length and Water Depth of Berths ................................................................................................. 402 2.2 Crown Heights of Mooring Facilities............................................................................................... 405 2.3 Ship Clearance for Mooring Facilities ............................................................................................ 405 2.4 Design Water Depth ......................................................................................................................... 405 2.5 Protection against Scouring............................................................................................................. 406 2.6 Ancillary Facilities .............................................................................................................................. 406 Chapter 3 Structural Types of Mooring Facilities ................................................................................................ 407 Chapter 4 Gravity Type Quaywalls .......................................................................................................................... 408 4.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 408 4.2 External Forces and Loads Acting on Walls ................................................................................. 408 4.3 Stability Calculations......................................................................................................................... 410 4.3.1 Items to Be Considered in Stability Calculations .................................................................... 410 4.3.2 Examination against Sliding of Wall........................................................................................ 410 4.3.3 Examination Concerning Bearing Capacity of Foundation ..................................................... 411 4.3.4 Examination Concerning Overturning of Wall......................................................................... 411 4.3.5 Examination on Soft Foundation............................................................................................. 411 4.4 Stability Calculations of Cellular Concrete Blocks ....................................................................... 412 4.5 Effects of Backfill ............................................................................................................................... 413 4.6 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 414 Chapter 5 Sheet Pile Quaywalls ............................................................................................................................... 415 5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 415 5.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................... 415 5.2.1 External Forces to Be Considered.......................................................................................... 415 5.3 Design of Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................................................ 417 5.3.1 Setting Level of Tie Rod ......................................................................................................... 417 5.3.2 Embedded Length of Sheet Piles ........................................................................................... 417 5.3.3 Bending Moment of Sheet Piles and Reaction at Tie Rod Setting Point ................................ 418 5.3.4 Cross Section of Sheet Piles .................................................................................................. 419 5.3.5 Consideration of the Effect of Section Rigidity of Sheet Piles ................................................ 419 5.4 Design of Tie Rods ........................................................................................................................... 424 5.4.1 Tension of Tie Rod ................................................................................................................. 424 5.4.2 Cross Section of Tie Rod........................................................................................................ 424 5.5 Design of Wale .................................................................................................................................. 425 5.6 Examination for Circular Slip ........................................................................................................... 425 5.7 Design of Anchorage Work .............................................................................................................. 426 5.7.1 Selection of Structural Type of Anchorage Work.................................................................... 426 5.7.2 Location of Anchorage Work .................................................................................................. 426 5.7.3 Design of Anchorage Work..................................................................................................... 427 5.8 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 428 5.8.1 Coping .................................................................................................................................... 428 5.8.2 Fitting of Tie Rods and Wale to Sheet Piles ........................................................................... 429 5.8.3 Tie Rod ................................................................................................................................... 429 5.8.4 Fitting of Tie Rods to Anchorage Work................................................................................... 429 5.9 Special Notes for Design of Sheet Pile Wall on Soft Ground..................................................... 429 Chapter 6 Sheet Pile Quaywalls with Relieving Platform ................................................................................. 431 6.1 Scope of Application ......................................................................................................................... 431 6.2 Principles of Design .......................................................................................................................... 431 6.3 Determination of Height and Width of Relieving Platform .......................................................... 431 6.4 Earth Pressure and Residual Water Pressure Acting on Sheet Piles ...................................... 432 6.5 Design of Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................................................ 432 6.5.1 Embedded Length of Sheet Piles ........................................................................................... 432 6.5.2 Cross Section of Sheet Piles .................................................................................................. 433 6.6 Design of Relieving Platform and Relieving Platform Piles ........................................................ 433 6.6.1 External Forces Acting on Relieving Platform ........................................................................ 433 6.6.2 Design of Relieving Platform .................................................................................................. 433 6.6.3 Design of Piles ........................................................................................................................ 434 -xii-
  14. CONTENTS 6.7 Examination of Stability as Gravity Type Wall ..............................................................................434 6.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip................................................................................435 Chapter 7 Steel Sheet Pile Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls ................................................................................436 7.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................436 7.2 External Forces Acting on Steel Sheet Pile Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywall ................................437 7.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation ..............................................................438 7.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................438 7.3.2 Equivalent Width of Wall .........................................................................................................439 7.3.3 Calculation of Deformation Moment........................................................................................439 7.3.4 Calculation of Resisting Moment.............................................................................................440 7.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole........................................................................443 7.4.1 General ...................................................................................................................................443 7.4.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction...............................................................................................443 7.4.3 Calculation of Subgrade Reaction and Wall Displacement.....................................................443 7.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground ..........................................................................448 7.6 Examination against Sliding of Wall ...............................................................................................448 7.7 Examination of Displacement of Wall Top .....................................................................................448 7.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip................................................................................449 7.9 Layout of Cells and Arcs ..................................................................................................................449 7.10 Calculation of Hoop Tension............................................................................................................449 7.11 Design of T-Shaped Sheet Pile .......................................................................................................450 7.11.1 General ...................................................................................................................................450 7.11.2 Structure of T-Shaped Sheet Pile ...........................................................................................450 7.12 Detailed Design..................................................................................................................................451 7.12.1 Design of Pile to Support Coping ............................................................................................451 7.12.2 Design of Coping.....................................................................................................................451 Chapter 8 Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls ..........................................................................................452 8.1 Scope of Application .........................................................................................................................452 8.2 Placement-Type Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls ........................................................452 8.2.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................452 8.2.2 External Forces Acting on Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead .......................................................453 8.2.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation ..........................................................453 8.2.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole...................................................................454 8.2.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground .....................................................................455 8.2.6 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip..........................................................................455 8.2.7 Determination of Thickness of Steel Plate of Cell Shell ..........................................................455 8.2.8 Layout of Cells and Arcs .........................................................................................................456 8.2.9 Detailed Design.......................................................................................................................456 8.3 Embedded-Type Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls........................................................456 8.3.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................456 8.3.2 External Forces Acting on Embedded-Type Steel Plate Celluler-Bulkhead............................457 8.3.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation ..........................................................457 8.3.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole...................................................................458 8.3.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground .....................................................................458 8.3.6 Examination against Sliding of Wall ........................................................................................458 8.3.7 Examination of Displacement of Wall Top ..............................................................................458 8.3.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip..........................................................................458 8.3.9 Layout of Cells and Arcs .........................................................................................................458 8.3.10 Determination of Plate Thickness of Cell Shell and Arc Section.............................................458 8.3.11 Joints and Stiffeners................................................................................................................459 8.3.12 Detailed Design.......................................................................................................................459 Chapter 9 Open-Type Wharves on Vertical Piles ................................................................................................460 9.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................460 9.2 Layout and Dimensions ....................................................................................................................462 9.2.1 Size of Deck Block and Layout of Piles...................................................................................462 9.2.2 Dimensions of Superstructure.................................................................................................462 9.2.3 Arrangement of Fenders and Bollards ....................................................................................463 9.3 External Forces Acting on Open-Type Wharf ...............................................................................463 9.3.1 Design External Forces...........................................................................................................463 9.3.2 Calculation of Fender Reaction Force.....................................................................................464 9.4 Assumptions Concerning Sea Bottom Ground .............................................................................464 9.4.1 Determination of Slope Inclination ..........................................................................................464 9.4.2 Virtual Ground Surface............................................................................................................465 9.5 Design of Piles ...................................................................................................................................465 -xiii-
  15. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN 9.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 465 9.5.2 Coefficient of Horizontal Subgrade Reaction.......................................................................... 465 9.5.3 Virtual Fixed Point................................................................................................................... 466 9.5.4 Member Forces Acting on Individual Piles.............................................................................. 466 9.5.5 Cross-Sectional Stresses of Piles........................................................................................... 468 9.5.6 Examination of Embedded Length for Bearing Capacity ........................................................ 468 9.5.7 Examination of Embedded Length for Lateral Resistance...................................................... 468 9.5.8 Examination of Pile Joints....................................................................................................... 468 9.5.9 Change of Plate Thickness or Material of Steel Pipe Pile ...................................................... 468 9.6 Examination of Earthquake-Resistant Performance ................................................................... 469 9.6.1 Assumption of Cross Section for Earthquake-Resistant Performance Examination .............. 470 9.6.2 Examination Method of Earthquake-Resistant Performance.................................................. 470 9.6.3 Determination of Seismic Motion for Examination of Earthquake-Resistant Performance..... 471 9.6.4 Examination of Load Carrying Capacity Using Simplified Method.......................................... 473 9.6.5 Examination of Load Carrying Capacity Using Elasto-Plastic Analysis .................................. 475 9.7 Design of Earth-Retaining Section ................................................................................................. 477 9.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip ............................................................................... 477 9.9 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 478 9.9.1 Load Combinations for Superstructure Design....................................................................... 478 9.9.2 Calculation of Reinforcing Bar Arrangement of Superstructure .............................................. 478 9.9.3 Design of Pile Head ................................................................................................................ 478 Chapter 10 Open-Type Wharves on Coupled Raking Piles ............................................................................... 480 10.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 480 10.2 Layout and Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 481 10.2.1 Size of Deck Block and Layout of Piles .................................................................................. 481 10.2.2 Dimensions of Supersutructure .............................................................................................. 481 10.2.3 Arrangement of Fenders and Bollards.................................................................................... 481 10.3 External Forces Acting on Open-Type Wharf on Coupled Raking Piles .................................. 481 10.3.1 Design External Forces .......................................................................................................... 481 10.3.2 Calculation of Fender Reaction Force .................................................................................... 481 10.4 Assumptions Concerning Sea Bottom Ground............................................................................. 481 10.4.1 Determination of Slope Inclination .......................................................................................... 481 10.4.2 Virtual Ground Surface ........................................................................................................... 481 10.5 Determination of Forces Acting on Piles and Cross Sections of Piles ..................................... 481 10.5.1 Horizontal Force Transmitted to Heads of Coupled Raking Piles........................................... 481 10.5.2 Vertical Load Transmitted to Heads of Coupled Raking Piles ................................................ 483 10.5.3 Pushing-In and Pulling-Out Forces of Coupled Raking Piles ................................................. 483 10.5.4 Cross-Sectional Stresses of Piles........................................................................................... 483 10.6 Examination of Strength of Wharf in the Direction of Its Face Line .......................................... 484 10.7 Embedded Length of Raking Pile ................................................................................................... 484 10.8 Design of Earth-Retaining Section ................................................................................................. 484 10.9 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip ............................................................................... 484 10.10 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 484 Chapter 11 Detached Pier ............................................................................................................................................. 485 11.1 Scope of Application ......................................................................................................................... 485 11.2 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 485 11.3 Design of Detached Pier .................................................................................................................. 485 11.3.1 Layout and Dimensions .......................................................................................................... 485 11.3.2 External Forces and Loads..................................................................................................... 485 11.3.3 Design of Piers ....................................................................................................................... 486 11.3.4 Design of Girder...................................................................................................................... 486 11.4 Ancillary Equipment .......................................................................................................................... 486 11.5 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 486 11.5.1 Superstructure ........................................................................................................................ 486 11.5.2 Gangways .............................................................................................................................. 486 Chapter 12 Floating Piers .............................................................................................................................................. 487 12.1 Scope of Application ......................................................................................................................... 487 12.2 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 488 12.3 Design of Pontoon............................................................................................................................. 488 12.3.1 Dimensions of Pontoon........................................................................................................... 488 12.3.2 External Forces and Loads Acting on Pontoon ...................................................................... 488 12.3.3 Stability of Pontoon................................................................................................................. 488 12.3.4 Design of Individual Parts of Pontoon..................................................................................... 489 12.4 Design of Mooring System............................................................................................................... 490 -xiv-
  16. CONTENTS 12.4.1 Mooring Method ......................................................................................................................490 12.4.2 Design of Mooring Chain.........................................................................................................490 [1] Design External Forces ....................................................................................................490 [2] Setting of Chain................................................................................................................490 [3] Diameter of Chain ............................................................................................................490 12.4.3 Design of Mooring Anchor.......................................................................................................492 [1] Design External Forces ....................................................................................................492 [2] Design of Mooring Anchor................................................................................................492 12.5 Design of Access Bridge and Gangway ........................................................................................492 12.5.1 Dimensions and Inclination .....................................................................................................492 12.5.2 Design of Access Bridge and Gangway..................................................................................493 12.5.3 Adjusting Tower ......................................................................................................................493 Chapter 13 Dolphins ........................................................................................................................................................494 13.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................494 13.2 Layout ..................................................................................................................................................494 13.3 External Forces Acting on Dolphins ...............................................................................................495 13.4 Pile Type Dolphins ............................................................................................................................495 13.5 Steel Cellular-Bulkhead Type Dolphins .........................................................................................495 13.6 Caisson Type Dolphins .....................................................................................................................496 Chapter 14 Slipways and Shallow Draft Quays ......................................................................................................497 14.1 Slipways ..............................................................................................................................................497 14.1.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................497 14.1.2 Location of Slipway .................................................................................................................497 14.1.3 Dimensions of Individual Parts................................................................................................497 [1] Elevations of Individual Parts ...........................................................................................497 [2] Slipway Length and Background Space...........................................................................498 [3] Water Depth .....................................................................................................................498 [4] Gradient of Slipway ..........................................................................................................498 [5] Basin Area........................................................................................................................498 14.1.4 Front Wall and Pavement........................................................................................................499 [1] Front Wall .........................................................................................................................499 [2] Pavement .........................................................................................................................499 14.2 Shallow Draft Quay ...........................................................................................................................499 Chapter 15 Air-Cushion Vehicle Landing Facilities ...............................................................................................500 15.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................500 15.2 Location ...............................................................................................................................................501 15.3 Air-Cushion Vehicle Landing Facilities ...........................................................................................501 15.4 Dimensions of Individual Parts ........................................................................................................501 Chapter 16 Mooring Buoys and Mooring Posts ......................................................................................................502 16.1 Mooring Buoys ...................................................................................................................................502 16.1.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................502 16.1.2 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Buoy ..................................................................................503 16.1.3 Design of Individual Parts of Mooring Buoy ............................................................................504 [1] Mooring Anchor ................................................................................................................504 [2] Sinker and Sinker Chain...................................................................................................504 [3] Ground Chain ...................................................................................................................505 [4] Main Chain .......................................................................................................................506 [5] Floating Body ...................................................................................................................507 16.2 Mooring Posts ....................................................................................................................................507 Chapter 17 Other Types of Mooring Facilities.........................................................................................................508 17.1 Quaywall of Wave-Absorbing Type ................................................................................................508 17.1.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................508 17.1.2 Determination of Structural Form ............................................................................................508 17.2 Cantilever Sheet Pile Quaywall .......................................................................................................509 17.2.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................509 17.2.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall..............................................................................510 17.2.3 Determination of Cross Section of Sheet Piles ....................................................................... 511 17.2.4 Determination of Embedded Length of Sheet Piles ................................................................ 511 17.2.5 Examination of Displacement of Sheet Pile Crown................................................................. 511 17.2.6 External Forces during Construction.......................................................................................512 17.2.7 Detailed Design.......................................................................................................................512 17.3 Sheet Pile Quaywall with Batter Anchor Piles ..............................................................................512 17.3.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................512 -xv-
  17. TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN 17.3.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall with Batter Anchor Piles ...................................... 513 17.3.3 Calculation of Horizontal and Vertical Forces Acting on Connecting Point ............................ 513 17.3.4 Determination of Cross Sections of Sheet Pile and Batter Anchor Pile.................................. 513 17.3.5 Determination of Embedded Lengths of Sheet Pile and Batter Anchor Pile........................... 513 17.3.6 Detailed Design ...................................................................................................................... 513 17.4 Sheet Pile Quaywall with Batter Piles in Front ............................................................................. 514 17.4.1 Principle of Design.................................................................................................................. 514 17.4.2 Layout and Dimensions .......................................................................................................... 515 17.4.3 Design of Sheet Pile Wall ....................................................................................................... 515 17.4.4 Design of Open-Type Superstructure ..................................................................................... 515 17.4.5 Embedded Length .................................................................................................................. 516 17.4.6 Detailed Design ...................................................................................................................... 516 17.5 Double Sheet Pile Quaywall ............................................................................................................ 516 17.5.1 Principle of Design.................................................................................................................. 516 17.5.2 External Forces Acting on Double Sheet Pile Quaywall ......................................................... 517 17.5.3 Design of Double Sheet Pile Quaywall ................................................................................... 517 Chapter 18 Transitional Parts of Quaywalls ............................................................................................................ 519 18.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 519 18.2 Transitional Part Where Frontal Water Depth Varies .................................................................. 519 18.3 Transitional Part Where Quaywalls of Different Type Are Connected ..................................... 519 18.4 Outward Projecting Corner .............................................................................................................. 519 Chapter 19 Ancillary Facilities ...................................................................................................................................... 520 19.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 520 19.2 Mooring Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 520 19.3 Mooring Posts, Bollards, and Mooring Rings ............................................................................... 520 19.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 520 19.3.2 Arrangement of Mooring Posts, Bollards and Mooring Rings................................................. 521 19.3.3 Tractive Force of Vessel ......................................................................................................... 521 19.3.4 Structure ................................................................................................................................. 522 19.4 Fender System .................................................................................................................................. 522 19.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 522 19.4.2 Arrangement of Fenders......................................................................................................... 523 19.4.3 Berthing Energy of Vessel ...................................................................................................... 523 19.4.4 Selection of Fender................................................................................................................. 523 19.5 Safety Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 525 19.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 525 19.5.2 Skirt Guard.............................................................................................................................. 525 19.5.3 Fence and Rope ..................................................................................................................... 525 19.5.4 Signs or Notices...................................................................................................................... 525 19.5.5 Curbing ................................................................................................................................... 525 19.5.6 Fire Fighting Equipment and Alarm Systems ......................................................................... 525 19.6 Service Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 525 19.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 525 19.6.2 Lighting Facilities .................................................................................................................... 525 19.6.3 Facilities for Passenger Embarkation and Disembarkation .................................................... 525 19.6.4 Vehicle Ramp ......................................................................................................................... 526 19.6.5 Water Supply Facilities ........................................................................................................... 526 19.6.6 Drainage Facilities .................................................................................................................. 526 19.6.7 Fueling and Electric Power Supply Facilities .......................................................................... 526 19.6.8 Signs or Notices...................................................................................................................... 527 19.7 Stairways and Ladders ..................................................................................................................... 527 19.8 Lifesaving Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 527 19.9 Curbing ............................................................................................................................................... 527 19.10 Vehicle Ramp..................................................................................................................................... 527 19.11 Signs, Notices and Protective Fences ........................................................................................... 527 19.11.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 527 19.11.2 Provision of Signs ................................................................................................................... 527 19.11.3 Types and Location of Signs .................................................................................................. 528 19.11.4 Position of Sign....................................................................................................................... 528 19.11.5 Structure of Sign ..................................................................................................................... 529 19.11.6 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 530 19.11.7 Maintenance and Management .............................................................................................. 530 19.11.8 Protective Fences ................................................................................................................... 530 19.11.9 Barricades............................................................................................................................... 531 -xvi-
  18. CONTENTS 19.12 Lighting Facilities ...............................................................................................................................531 19.12.1 General ...................................................................................................................................531 19.12.2 Standard Intensity of Illumination ............................................................................................531 [1] Definition ..........................................................................................................................531 [2] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Outdoor Lighting ....................................................531 [3] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Indoor Lighting .......................................................532 19.12.3 Selection of Light Source ........................................................................................................532 19.12.4 Selection of Lighting Equipment..............................................................................................534 [1] Outdoor Lighting...............................................................................................................534 [2] Indoor Lighting..................................................................................................................534 19.12.5 Design of Lighting ...................................................................................................................535 19.12.6 Maintenance and Management...............................................................................................537 [1] Inspections .......................................................................................................................537 [2] Cleaning and Repair.........................................................................................................538 Chapter 20 Aprons ...........................................................................................................................................................540 20.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................540 20.2 Type of Apron .....................................................................................................................................540 20.2.1 Width ......................................................................................................................................540 20.2.2 Gradient ..................................................................................................................................540 20.2.3 Type of Pavement ...................................................................................................................540 20.3 Countermeasures against Settlement of Apron............................................................................540 20.4 Load Conditions .................................................................................................................................541 20.5 Design of Concrete Pavement ........................................................................................................541 20.5.1 Design Conditions ...................................................................................................................541 20.5.2 Composition of Pavement .......................................................................................................542 20.5.3 Joints.......................................................................................................................................545 20.5.4 Tie-Bar and Slip-Bar................................................................................................................547 20.5.5 End Protection.........................................................................................................................547 20.6 Design of Asphalt Pavement ...........................................................................................................547 20.6.1 Design Conditions ...................................................................................................................547 20.6.2 Composition of Pavement .......................................................................................................548 20.6.3 End Protection.........................................................................................................................551 20.7 Design of Concrete Block Pavement..............................................................................................551 20.7.1 Design Conditions ...................................................................................................................551 20.7.2 Composition of Pavement .......................................................................................................552 20.7.3 Joints.......................................................................................................................................553 Chapter 21 Foundation for Cargo Handling Equipment .......................................................................................554 21.1 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................554 21.2 External Forces Acting on Foundation ...........................................................................................554 21.3 Design of Foundation with Piles ......................................................................................................555 21.3.1 Concrete Beam .......................................................................................................................555 21.3.2 Bearing Capacity of Piles ........................................................................................................555 21.4 Design of Foundation without Piles ................................................................................................556 21.4.1 Examination of Effects on Wharf.............................................................................................556 21.4.2 Concrete Beam .......................................................................................................................556 Part IX Other Port Facilities Chapter 1 Port Traffic Facilities .................................................................................................................................559 1.1 General................................................................................................................................................559 1.1.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................................559 1.1.2 Operation and Maintenance of Facilities for Land Traffic........................................................559 1.2 Roads ..................................................................................................................................................559 1.2.1 General ...................................................................................................................................559 1.2.2 Design Vehicles ......................................................................................................................559 1.2.3 Roadways and Lanes..............................................................................................................559 1.2.4 Clearance Limit .......................................................................................................................560 1.2.5 Widening of Roads at Bends...................................................................................................561 1.2.6 Longitudinal Slope...................................................................................................................561 1.2.7 Level Crossings.......................................................................................................................562 1.2.8 Pavement ................................................................................................................................562 1.2.9 Signs .......................................................................................................................................563 1.3 Car Parks ............................................................................................................................................564 1.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................564 -xvii-
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