An toàn hạt nhân - Yếu tố quyết định tương lai điện hạt nhân

An toan hat nhan -<br /> Yen td quydt djnh tuong lai didn hat nhan<br /> » BINH NGOC QUANG<br /> Trirdng phong Phap che va Thong tin<br /> Cue An toan bifc xa va hat nhan<br /> <br /> Tinh de'n ngay 01/4/2010, tren the gioi c6 438 16 phan ung hat nhan cong<br /> suat (LPU) dang van hanh; ngoai ra con co 52 LPU dang dugc xay dung<br /> va gan 500 LPU da dugc dat hang, lap ke hoach hoac du kien xay dung.<br /> Tong cong hien co hon 60 nudc dang xem xet phat trien hoac md rgng<br /> chuong trinh dien hat nhan. Lam the nao de bao dam an toan hat nhan -<br /> Do la moi quan tam hang dau cua cac quoc gia va cac to chiic quoc te.<br /> <br /> <br /> rong boi canh chu<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T<br /> van hanh, cham diit va thao d o ca day la mdt so van de chii yeu de<br /> nghia khiing bd qudc sd hat nhan ca ban, cung nhu van bao dam an toan hat nhan.<br /> t l chua bi triet tigu va chuygn vat lieu phong xa nham Mgt so van de chii yeu ve an<br /> tai hga thien nhien muc dich phdng ngua hoac giam toan hat nhan<br /> ngay cang tram trgng, thieu hau qua ciia tai nan hat nhan. • Bao ve theo chieu sau<br /> thi hon Iiic nao hgt, an toan trong An toan cho nha may dien hat Cac bien phap an toan hat nhan<br /> sir dung nang lugng hat nhan vi nhan can dugc chii trgng trong tat dugc thiet lap va thuc hien nham<br /> muc dich hoa binh phai dugc dat ca cae giai doan cua du an dau tu bao ve nhan vien, mdi trudng va<br /> Ign hang dau, trong dd noi len la nha may, ehii khdng phai dgi den dan cu. Nguyen tac caban dugc ap<br /> vai trd cua Co quan Nang lugng liie van hanh. Cac khia earth eo lien dung eho an toan nha may dien hat<br /> •nguygn tii qudc t l (IAEA). Bang quan bao gom: lua chgn va chuan bi nhan la bao ve theo ehieu sau, cd<br /> nhiing hanh dgng eu thi, Viet Nam dia diem, thigt ke, xay dung, lap nghia la xay dung nhigu miic (ldp)<br /> da the hien cam kgt ludn' ludn coi dat, van hanh thii, van hanh thuong bao ve khac nhau. Vi vay, nguyen<br /> trgng an toan hat nhan. mai, sua chiia va bao duang, nang tac nay edn dugc ggi la nguyen tae<br /> An toan la uu tien cao nhat cap, kigm soat ligu biic xa cho nhan bao ve nhieu ldp. Cac hoat dgng<br /> Trudc hit, cln tim hilu khai vien; quan ly chat thai phdng xa va cua nha may dien hat nhan du eo<br /> niem an toan hat nhan. Theo Luat cudi citng la eham diit hoat dgng va the dugc to chire, thuc hien va<br /> Nang lugng nguyen tu (Luat sd thao d o nha may. An toan hat nhan trang bi khac nhau, nhtmg deu<br /> 18/2008-QH12), an toan hat nhan khong chi nham bao ve eho con phai dugc xem xet va tuan theo cac<br /> la viec thuc hien cac bien phap ngudi, moi trudng ma con la mdt quy dinh an toan vg bao ve nhigu<br /> nham ngan ngira su ed hoac giam yeu td quyet dinh hieu qua kinh te - ldp. Trong trucmg hgp ngu co sai<br /> thilu hau qua su cd do thie't bi hat xa hdi cua nha may dien hat nhan. hong xay ra tai mgt miic (ldp) bao<br /> nhan, vat lieu hat nhan gay ra cho Td chiic van hanh va ca quan ve, thi se dugc ngan chan hoac<br /> con ngucri, mdi trudng. Con theo quan ly nha nudc can lam het trach khac phuc tai cac Idp bao ve khac.<br /> Luat ve cong khai va an ninh vat nhiem de xay dung, cung co va • Trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc<br /> lieu hat nhan (Luat sd 2006-686) hoan thien an toan hat nhan tren Tat ca cae nudc cd nha may<br /> ciia Phap, an toan hat nhan la tap tinh than coi an toan la uu tien cao dien hat nhan deu xay dimg mgt<br /> hgp cae quy dinh vg ky thuat va nhat dinh hudng hoat dgng ciia khung phap luat de digu chinh<br /> cac bien phap to chiic lign quan minh. Nhung lam the nao de thuc viec ling dung cong nghe hat nhan;<br /> din viec chap thuan, xay dung. hien dieu nay? Xin dugc ngu dudi gom cac quy pham phap luat lien<br /> <br /> <br /> Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn<br /> Ky I. thang 5/2010 «CONC NCHIEP 9<br />  sir KIEN •rT^ma<br /> <br /> quan d i n nha may va thigt bi, vat<br /> lieu va nhan luc. Cae quy pham<br /> phap luat ciing quy dinh rd trach<br /> nhiem bao dam an toan hat nhan<br /> trong linh vuc dien hat nhan ciing<br /> nhu cac linh vue y t l va nghign ciiu<br /> khac. Trach nhiem bao dam an<br /> toan hat nhan trude het thudc ve td<br /> chiic van hanh nha may dien hat<br /> nhan. Ca quan quan ly nha nudc<br /> dugc thanh lap vdi traeh nhiem<br /> ehinh la kiem tra, thanh tra, nham<br /> bao dam viec thuc thi cac quy dinh<br /> ciia phap luat ve an toan hat nhan.<br /> Cac ndi dung trgn da duge quy Cac dai bieu thao luan ca gid giai lao ve viec ddng thuan XD Nha may<br /> Dien hat nhan d Ninh Thuan Anh: HVD<br /> dinh r5 trong Luat Nang lugng<br /> nguyen hi. Theo Luat, Bd Khoa hgc nay da dugc luat hda tai Digu 11 nhiem ciia Viet Nam doi vdi viec<br /> va Cdng nghe la co quan quan ly cua Nghi dinh sd 07/2010/ND-CP bao dam an toan hat nhan.<br /> nha nudc vg an toan hat nhan; co ngay 25/1/2010 ciia Chinh phd • Cac tieu chuan an toan cua<br /> quan an toan bxic xa va hat nhan quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi IAEA<br /> thudc Bg Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe hanh mdt sd digu eiia Luat Nang IAEA da xay dung va xua't ban<br /> (hien tai la Cue An toan brie xa va lugng nguygn tii. mdt bd eac tieu chuan vg an toan cho<br /> hat nhan) cd trach nhiem giiip Bd • Dieu udc qudc te nha may dien hat nhan. Cac tieu<br /> trudng thuc hien chiic nang nay. Mdt budc tien quan trgng trong chuan nay thudng xuyen dugc xem<br /> Thuc hien Dieu 9 cua Luat Nang viec kiem soat an toan hat nhan qudc xet hoan thien de phan anh dugc cac<br /> lugng nguyen hi, Hdi ddng An toan te la viec thong qua vao nam 1994 xu hudng va thach thiic hien tai cua<br /> hat nhan quoc gia vira dugc thanh Cong udc vg An toan hat nhan, van edng ngtuep dien hat nhan nhu la<br /> lap theo Quylt dinh sd 446/QD- kien phap luat qudc te dau tien true viee mat kigm soat, canh tranh, lao<br /> TTg ngay 07/4/2010 vdi chiic nang tigp dilu chinh vin de an toan tai eae hda nha may va thigu kinh nghigm.<br /> la ca quan tu van eiia Thii tudng CO sd hat nhan (trong dd c6 nha may Viec nang cap cac tieu chuan da<br /> Chinh phii v l an toan hat nhan. dien hat nhan). Vg ea ban, Cdng udc dugc phan anh trong eac hudng dan<br /> • Thdng tin dai chung nay la van kien cd tinh khuyin khich, va cac hgi nghi, hdi thao, khda dao<br /> Ca quan quan ly nha hudc va td khdng dugc thigt lap de bao dam viec tao ciia IAEA.<br /> chiic van hanh nha m i y dien hat thuc hien nghia vu bang kiem soat va Tir hai nam nay. Cue An toan<br /> nhan cd trach nhiem thdng tin cho trimg phat. Cdng udc dugc thuc hien bue xa va hat nhan da to chiic thu<br /> cong luan vg eac van de lien quan tren co sd xem xet quyet dinh chung thap, nghign ciiu cac tigu chuan cua<br /> dgn an toan hat nhan mdt each cdng viee phat trien, ciing cd va hoan thien IAEA ve an toan nha may dien hat<br /> khai. Ddc lap vdi td chiic van hanh, an toan hat nhan d miic do cao hon nhan de xay dung va thue hien kg<br /> do dd CO quan quan ly dugc ghi thdng qua cac cudc gap go dinh ky hoaeh soan thao he thdng eac thong<br /> nhan la mdt ngudn tin cay ve cae eiia cac bgn tham gia. Cdng udc quy tu, quy chuan ky thuat, tieu ehuan<br /> thdng tin chan thuc va khach quan. dinh cac ben tham gia phai lap va ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan.<br /> Trgn the gidi, cae co quan quan ly su nop bao cao ve viee thuc hien nghia • Van hda an toan<br /> dung Thang phan hang su kien Hat vu de tat ca cac ben tham gia xem xet Dang le van de nay phai dugc<br /> nhan Qud'c tl (INES) ciia IAEA de toan dien va ehinh ly tai cac ky hgp dua len dau tign, nhung ngu6i viet<br /> cung cap thdng tin cho bao ehi va dugc td chiic 3 nam/lan. d l xudng cuoi phan nay vi cd hgn<br /> ngudi dan mdt each rd rang v l miic Ngay 08/4/2010, Bg trudng quan dgn phan dudi. Van hda an<br /> do tram trgng ciia cac su ed xay ra Ngoai giao da giii van kien gia toan la gi? Co nhigu dinh nghia khac<br /> tai nha may dien hat nhan. nhap Cdng udc vg An toan hat nhau vg van hoa an toan, nhung mgt<br /> O Viet Nam, Thang phan loai nhan; khang dinh cam kit va trach each dg hieu nha't thi van hda an<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 10 C6NGNCHIEP»Ky 1, thang 5/2010 Website: www.tapchicongnghieD.vn<br /> toan la eae gia tri va cac ung xu eiia Viet Nam. Cu the nhu sau: Thuong, Bd Tai nguyen va Moi<br /> mdt td chiic - dugc kiln lap bdi • Cin khan truang xay dung va trudng, Bd Cdng an, Bg Nggai giao,<br /> nhiing ngudi lanh dao va dugc dua ban hanh cac thdng tu, quy chuan Bd Quoc phdng, Tdng cue Hai quan<br /> vao y thiic ciia cae thanh vign - de an ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan (Bd Tai chinh),... Viec xay dung ca<br /> toan trd thanh mgt uu tien hang Mac dil da cd Id phan iing hat che, quy che phoi hgp giiia cac eg<br /> dau. Van hda an toan dugc phat nhan nghign ciiu hoat dgng d Da quan nay la rat can thiet de huy<br /> trien trong mgt td chiic theo ba giai Lat ngdt 30 nam nay (tinh tu thdi ddng duge ngudn luc vdn da han<br /> doan phan anh trinh do phat trien: d i l m sau nam 1975), an toan hat hep va tranh nhirng ehdng cheo,<br /> - Giai doan 1: An toan dua trgn nhan van la mdt linh vue quan ly mau thuan khdng dang cd.<br /> su tuan thii cac quy tac va quy dinh. rat mdi d nudc ta. Quy pham phap Mgt ygu eau cap bach hien nay<br /> - Giai doan 2: An toan trd thanh luat dieu chinh vg an toan hat la tang cudng nang lire cho ca quan<br /> muc tigu eua to chiic. nhan, ngoai nhirng quy dinh chung quan ly nha nudc ve an toan hat<br /> - Giai doan 3: An toan ludn tai Luat Nang lugng nguyen tu, nhan ea ve cache, chinh saeh, c a s d<br /> luon cd the ciing cd. chiing ta con thilu rat nhilu nhirng vat chat va nhan luc dg ea quan<br /> Tu sau hai su cd tai cac nha may quy pham phap luat, nhung quy nay cd dii kha nang tham dinh vg<br /> dien hat nhan Three-Mile Islands chuan, tigu ehuan ky thuat cu thg. an toan hat nhan, trong dd bao<br /> (Hoa Ky, 1979) va Chernobyl He thdng tigu chuan ciia IAEA gom tinh toan, phan tich an toan va<br /> (Ucraina, 1986), ylu td td chiic, con thign vg ky thuat, edn eac quy dinh xem xet thuc te hien trudng. Trong<br /> ngudi va van hoa an toan de bao vg hanh chinh, quan ly chi mang Hnh vuc quan ly nha nudc, khong<br /> dam an toan hat nhan duge dg eao, tinh dinh hudng, khuyg'n cao vi thg thug chuygn gia nudc ngoai ra<br /> thay vi trudc kia chi dua vao ky thuat phu thudc vao dac digm he thong quygt dinh hd ta!<br /> va quy trinh. IAEA va OECD da luat phap ciia timg qudc gia. • Can xay dung quy dinh va<br /> nghien ciiu xuit ban eae hudng dan Trude mat, can nghien ciiu, xay tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thuc<br /> ve xay dung, cung cd va danh gia dung va ban hanh ngay cac tigu ve van hda an toan<br /> van hda an toan tai cac nha may dien chuan de t h i m dinh an toan hat Neu khdng nhanh chdng hinh<br /> hat nhan. Nhilu nudc nhu Hoa Ky, nhan cho viee chap nhan dia digm, thanh van hoa sm toan, thi viec thuc<br /> Phap, Han Quoc, Inddnexia,... da phe duyet thigt kg va danh gia nha hien chuong trinh dien hat nhan se<br /> luat hoa ngi dung van hda an toan. thiu. Hien tai, Viet Nam rat thigu gidng nhu che tao mdt qua bom nd<br /> Hudng dan, kigm tra, to chiic nhan luc va kign thiic dg giai quygt cham. Mdt thdng tu hudng dan vg<br /> danh gia ve van hda an toan la van d l . Cd the "di tat ddn dau" viec xay dung, duy tri, citng cd va<br /> trach nhiem ciia co quan quan ly bang each cdng nhan tieu chuln danh gia van hda an toan dugc ban<br /> nha nude. Con td chiic van hanh ciia nudc chuygn giao cdng nghe hanh trong thai diem nay khdng<br /> nha may dien hat nhan ed trach trgn ca sd phu hgp vdi tieu chuan phai la sdm; trong do quy dinh trach<br /> nhiem xay dung, duy tri, edng ed, chung ciia IAEA, ISO va cac td nhiem cam kgt cham lo cho an toan<br /> tu danh gia van hoa an toan cho chiic quoc te ve ky thuat eo lien cua cac bgn lign quan dgn dien hat<br /> minh. Nha may dien hat nhan nao quan. Tuy nhien, ngu Viet Nam nhan, the hien tir cac tuygn bd ed tinh<br /> ma thieu mgt ngn van hoa an toan? nhap khau cdng nghe cua mdt vai chinh sach, viec ra quygt dinh dgn<br /> lanh manh thi su cd, tai nan xay ra nudc thi viec nay se phiic tap hon hanh dgng cu the la dau tu ngudn<br /> d dd chi cdn la van dg thoi gian. do phai nghien ciiu hai hda hda luc va thdi gian cho viec bao dam an<br /> Cac thach thiic ve an toan hat nham bao dam tinh thdng nhat ciia toan. Viee tuyen truyen, trien khai<br /> nhan a Viet Nam he thdng tigu chuan qudc gia. thuc hien thdng tu se gop phan nang<br /> Mudn quan ly an toan va hieu • Can kien toan to chuc, tang cao nhan thiie eua mdi ca nhan ddi<br /> qua cac nha may dien hat nhan, cudng nang luc cho ca quan quan vdi an toan hat nhan, hinh thanh tac<br /> khong the khong giai quylt ba y l u ly nha nudc ve an toan hat nhan phong cong nghiep, tinh thin<br /> to "cot tu", do la: Khung phap luat Theo phap luat hien hanh, ngoai thugng ton phap luat, ky luat - xuat<br /> - To chuc va con ngudi - Van hoa Bg Khoa hge va Cong nghe cdn mdt phat diem cua van hda an toan hat<br /> an toan. Day dang la ba thach thiic sd Bg, ca quan khac theo chiic nang nhan lanh manh - mgt yeu cau rat<br /> ldn de bao dam an toan eho nha cd lign quan dgn quan ly nha nudc can thiet cho ddi song eua nha may<br /> may dien hat nhan tuong lai cua ve an toan hat nhan nhu Bd Cdng dien hat nhan tuong lai. •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn Ky I, thang 5/2010 « CONC NGHIEP 11<br />