Báo cáo "Kinh tế học phát triển bền vững sẽ từ bỏ tư duy kinh tế - một nội dung mới trong khoa học kinh tế "

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Kinh tế học phát triển bền vững sẽ từ bỏ tư duy kinh tế - một nội dung mới trong khoa học kinh tế

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo "Kinh tế học phát triển bền vững sẽ từ bỏ tư duy kinh tế - một nội dung mới trong khoa học kinh tế "

DDDD THONG TIN KINH T f HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE TCT B 6 T l / DUY KINH l i MOT NOI DUNG M 6 | TRONG KHOA HOC KINH Ji Holger Rogair "Kinh te' trong hai mUai ndm qua dd 1. Lay t a n g cfldfng phat trien ben viJng trd thdnh mdt nguyen tdc thd'ng linh todn lam nen t a n g bd ddi sdng cbng cdng. Trong dd, chinh Kinh te p h i t trien ben vflng cflng nhfl sdch dd mdt di phdn ndo chdc ndng diiu kinh te sinh t h a i dUdc liet vao vi tri t a n g hdnh cua minh. He qud cua nb la ddn de'n cUdng p h a t trien ben vflng (Kopfmueller, suy thodi vd khung khodng kinh te, b 2003; B a r t m a n n , 2001). Sfl p h a t trien ben nhiem mbi trUdng trdn lan vd trdm trpng, vflng nhfl vay n h a m d a m bao cho t a t ca khai thdc kiet que tdi nguyen thien nhien, con ngfldi dang sd'ng hdm nay cung nhU nguy cd bien ddi khi hdu... TrUdc thiic te d c the he trong tUdng lai cd dUdc mdt mflc ndy, Holger Rogall, Gido sU TrUdng Dqi cao va d l y du ve sinh t h i i , kinh te va van hpc khoa hpc dng dung Berlin vi Kinh te hda - xa hpi, song phai n a m trong gidi h a n chiu dflng ciia thien nhien. Nhfl vay mdi vd Luqt (DUc)' chuyen nghien cdu vi Kinh dam b i o nguyen tac cdng b a n g npi trong te' mbi trUdng mdi^ vd Kinh te phdt trien mdt the he va gifla nhieu t h e he sau nay bin vUng', tdng Id nghi sy Vien Ddn bieu (Rogall, 2000; Vien Dan bieu t h a n h pho cua thdnh phd Berlin trong cdc nhiem ky Berlin, 2006). 1991-2001, 2004-2006, neu ra quan diem Id dd den luc chin mudi de chung ta cdt Kinh te p h i t trien ben vflng/sinh thai mach tu duy kinh teva ddnh cdng sdc cho chap nhan cac kien thflc va nhan thflc nhat dinh cua Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng, xdy diing mdt nin kinh te mdi, mpt nin vi du d c ye'u to' kinh te - xa hdi se d i n de'n kinh te phdt trien bin vUng. Bdi bdo ndy khai t h i c q u i mflc t i i nguyen thien nhien do Phb gido sU, tien si khoa hpc Nguyin va he qua la gay ra nhflng tranh luan ve sfl Trung Dung, Khoa Kinh te vd Qudn ly, d n thiet de ban hanh d c cdng cu p h i p ly va Dqi hpc Thuy lqi dich vd binh luqn, se gidi chinh sich. Do d c nha kinh te mdi trfldng thieu mUdi quan diem chinh cua di xudt. da di ngflde nhan thflc cua minh, lay thi trfldng lam cdng cu phan phd'i duy nhat va Kinh te p h a t t r i e n ben vflng khdng s i n sang tfl bd qua d c thuyet k h i c (Economics of sustainable development) nhu tinh chiet khau, qui ddi thanh tien d c dupe hinh t h a n h va phat trien tfl Kinh te chi phi mdi trUdng hay coi trpng chu quyen sinh t h i i (Ecological economics). Trong trong tieu dung, nen nhflng ddng gdp cua hp trUdng hpp dac biet neu nhU npi dung cua cho mpt nen kinh te phat trien ben vflng cdn chung trflng n h a u thi gpi la Kinh te ben bi han che. vflng/sinh t h i i . Hat n h a n hay cd't chinh ciia Kinh te p h a t trien ben vflng dflpc Holger Rogall, Giao sU, Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc trinh bay trdng mfldi quan diem dfldi day. khoa hoc flng dung Berlin ve Kinh teva Lu^t. OUAN LY KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VQNG S £ TLTBd TU DUY KINH Ji • MOT NOI DUNG MOI.. THONG TIN MB 2. Can cai to lai nen kinh te truyen thd'ng te p h i t trien ben vflng tiep nhan de phat Tien tdi chung ta phai p h i t trien kinh trien len mdt mflc cao hdn. te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng va kinh te Cflng nhfl nhieu trfldng phai kinh te sinh thai t h a n h kinh te p h i t trien ben k h i c thi ngay gifla cae nha kinh te cung vflng. Kinh te ben vflng/sinh t h i i khac vdi ddng Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai vin ed kinh te t h u i n tuy d nhieu luan diem va da nhflng bat ddng ve cae v i n de khac nhau, de'n luc can phai xay dflng met ngdi nha vi du thuyet phat trien ben vflng phai hoan chinh ve phfldng phap luan, trong dd dupe hieu va dinh nghia nhu the nao dUdi phai dfla vao sfl dung cac kien/nhan thfle giac dp kinh te va kha nang nd se thay the cua elc chuyen nganh k h i c nhfl ket q u i thuyet tang trUdng kinh te nhU the nae. nghien cflu ve bd nao ciia con ngfldi, h a n h Cle nha dai dien eho trUdng phai kinh te vi flng xit, ve khi hau. Nhfl vay, chung ta truyen thd'ng thi coi trpng viec tang phai thay ddi ngay tfl cac khai niem hay trUPng kinh te lien tue la muc tieu tdi tu duy cd ban ban d i u nhfl: Khdng coi quan trpng cua mpi chinh sach phat trien hang boa mdi trfldng la hang hoa cdng kinh te ma Chinh phu ban hanh. Viec cpng (public good) ma phai xem nd nhfl tang lien tue theo ham mfl tdng san pham mpt loai hang h o i cd cdng (merit good) va qud'c ndi GDP, vi du cho 1000 nam tdi la dang hi can kiet; Thay cho viec ra quyet khdng the nao cd dflde va di nhien se bi dinh trong tieu dung hoan toan mang ti'nh loai bd, dieu nguy hiem d day la ngfldi ta hdp ly va dat muc tieu bang md hinh da xem nhe mpi hau qua eua viec bdc lot qua ye'u td'vdi nhflng yeu to'van boa - xa hdi va mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Cdn d e nha tam ly; Thay the loai "con ngfldi thien dai dien eua trfldng phai Kinh te phat hudng kinh te" hay Homo oeconomicus trien ben vflng/sinh thai eho thuyet tang (hien dang d i n hi triet tieu vi khdng du trfldng neu tren la khdng cd tudng lai sflc sd'ng) b i n g mdt "con ngUdi da dang va (BUND/td chflc Banh my eho the gidi ludn san sang hdp t i c " (Homo coopera- 2008). Theo quan diem cua hp, nd phai tivus); va nhieu van de khac nfla. dflde thay the b i n g thuyet phat trien ben vflng, nghia la viec sfl dung tuyet ddi tai 3. N h i i n g v i e n g a c h n e n m o n g ciia nguyen thien nhien hay mpi chu trinh vat Kinh te p h a t t r i e n b e n vufng chat phai dupe d t giam (Hinterberger, Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1970 trd lai day da 1996). Cd nhu vay thi chinh sach vdi ba hinh thanh nhieu trfldng p h i i va cd sd dudng ldi chien lUdc cua Kinh te phat chuyen nghien cflu d c dieu kien cua p h i t trien ben vflng mdi cd the dat dUdc, dd la: trien ben vflng. Dac biet la: (a) Kinh te Hieu qua, ben vflng va dly du. mdi trfldng tan cd dien, (b) Kinh te sinh thai, (e) Kinh te mdi trfldng the he mdi 6 day mpi ngUdi deu thd'ng n h i t quan dflde coi la mdt n h a n h p h i t trien tfl Kinh diem la viec thUe hien eae giai phap hieu te sinh thai, (d) Trfldng p h i i ciia cae nha qua ddn le tbi g i n nhU khdng dan den kinh te Greifswald (Ott; Deering, 2004), p h i t trien ben vflng. NgUdi ta vi nhU mdi (e) Ndi dung cua sfl p h i t trien ben vflng thUe hien dUdc 1/3 ciia cupe each mang ket hpp cua Td chflc Helmholz cdng nghiep. 6 cac nUdc cdng nghiep phat Gesellschaft (Kopfmueller, 2001), (f) Sinh trien, trong vdng 40 nam qua, ngUdi ta da thai cdng nghiep cua nhflng nam 1990 giam tdi 80-90% lUpng tieu dung tai (Isenmann; Hauff, 2007). Nhflng trUdng nguyen thien nhien. Dieu nay cd nghia, phai nay cd nhflng ddng gdp ti'ch efle nhat h i u het viec sang tao va phat t n e n ra d c dinh chd nghien cflu phat tridn ben vflng loai san pham cung nhfl trang thiet bi^ mdi vl cac npi ham ciia chung deu dflde Kinh chi tuan thii d c ehi tieu va qui t i c quan ly OUAN Lt KINH li Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
MB •THONG TIN KINH T^ HOC PHAT T R I I N B^N VCTNG SE T i / Bd TU DUY KINH IJ - MQT NQI DUNG Mdi... cua p h i t trien ben vflng. Hien cdn nhieu thien nhien cung nhfl gin gifl va bao ve cac t r a n h luan ve thUe hien Id t r i n h nay: cd sd cd ban cua cuoc sd'ng tfl nhien Trong khi mdt so' ngUdi cd q u a n diem la (Kopfmueller, 2003). Tiep theo, viec cong phai duy tri mdt nen kinh te khdng t a n g n h a n nhflng gia tri cd b a n nay cflng cd trudng va ddng bang GDP; Dai dien cua nghia la chung ta cd the coi c i c san p h a m nhdm thfl hai thi khuyen d o nen thflc va mpi hinh thflc tieu dung la ben vflng hien day du mpi ehien Iflpe dinh hfldng neu chung dflde chuyen giao cho mpi ngUdi p h i t trien cdng nghe vdi muc tieu hieu ma khdng he d i n de'n hien tUdng vUdt qua va ben vflng; Cdn nhdm thfl ba thi yeu ngudng sfl/sflc chiu dflng ciia thien nhien. c l u tang trfldng phai cd Ifla chpn, nghia la Nguyen t i c dan chu cd sfl t h a m gia cung chi chpn met sd' q u i trinh dang bi t h u hep dflde coi la vd cflng q u a n trpng vi t a t ca cl mpt sd' linh vfle n h a t dinh. Trong dd, mpi van de thude e l c linh vfle khac n h a u thdng qua viec thflc thi cac dfldng ldi chien d n phai dflpc t h a o / t r a n h luan mpt each Ifldc cu the thi ehflng ta cd the dao chieu cdng khai, rdng rai va lien tue; va t a t ca trong sfl dung tai nguyen thien nhien. Dd mpi ngfldi trdng t h e ky 21 phai dflde la giam lien tue mdt cich tuyet ddi viec sii chuan bi td't trong flng xii vdi mpi t h a y ddi dung tai nguyen va k h i c hoan toan vdi efle doan. Qua dd, t r a c h n h i e m c l n h a n viec sii dung tfldng dd'i, nghia la do tinh cua mdi con ngfldi ludn song h a n h vdi vai viec tieu dflng tai nguyen tinh theo chi sd' trd t r u n g t a m ciia chinh sach. GDP. Bang each tiep can mang tinh chien Vl du, viec san x u a t r a mdt chiec d td Ifldc nay thi nang s u i t sii dung tai nguyen con thi tdn het 400.000 lit nfldc, mpt kg se tang lien tue tfl n a m nay sang n a m thit bd tdi 16.000 lit nfldc va mpt chiec ao k h i c , nghia la nang s u i t sii dung tai phdng tdi 20.000 lit nUdc. Sfl qua tai dd'i nguyen ludn ldn hdn ty Ie tang trfldng vdi mdi trUdng do s a n x u a t h a n g hda tieu GDP. dung gay ra, da cho t h a y chung ta khdng 4. Doi vdi c a n h a n c o n ngxidi the bd qua nhflng chien lUdc dn dinh dai Do Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh han. Chinh vi vay ma ngay nay cd nhieu thai dfla tren nguyen tac dao dfle nen nd ngUdi, di nhien chUa phai la dai da so', ddi hdi d mdi con ngfldi tinh t h i n t r i c h mong mud'n b a n t h a n sd'ng cd t r a c h nhiem va h a n h ddng ca nhan. O day nhiem/dao dfle hdn vdi mdi trUdng va chung ta tdn trpng cac nguyen tac trpng mud'n ddng gdp mpt p h a n nhd be cua minh t a m xuyen sudt nhfl tinh cdng bang ndi cho sU nghiep p h a t trien ben vflng. Song trong mpt the he va gifla nhieu the he mdt thUc te la con ngfldi ludn cd xu the t h e (Bartmann, 1996; Hampicke, 1999) cflng hien giau sang va t h a n h dat ciia minh nhfl tinh t h i n t r i c h n h i e m c l n h a n b i n g nhflng ky t h u a t t a n tien d i t tien, vi (Kopfmueller, 2003). Vay theo trfldng p h i i du d td to dep, hien dai va ngd'n xang. Mot nay, ben canh d c muc tieu td'i flu va hieu each tiep can dflde coi la t h a n h cdng neu qua ma trfldng p h i i kinh te mdi trfldng chung ta dao ngflde dflde t r a o lUu nay va t a n cd dien vd'n coi trpng thi cdn phai tinh bie'n san p h a m tiet kiem tai nguyen va den cac chi tieu nhfl sfl cdng b i n g , van de nang lUdng la mpt thfl de the hien cai uy, p h a n phdi va viec bao tdn. Phai dam bao sU t h a n h dat ciia con ngUdi. NgUdi ta v i n dflde mpi quyen cua ngfldi dang sd'ng cflng thUdng hay d a t r a cau hdi "Lieu san pham n h u the he trong tUdng lai nhU quyen dd da tinh de'n dieu dd chUa?" dd'i vdi cac dupc dap flng ve nhflng n h u c l u cd ban tdi san pham. N h u dUdc biet, mdt chiec xe dtd thieu cho cupe sd'ng con ngfldi va con ngfldi loai sang hay mdt xe dua the thao thi phai dflpc tiep can tfl de vdi tai nguyen khdng he t i n h de'n dieu nay. Song he QUAN LY KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N Bf N VONG $£ TU Bd TU DUY KINH T £ - MpT NOI DUNG MOI... THONG TIN MB thd'ng bie'n n a n g lUdng mat trdi t h a n h cao thUdng di lai b i n g xe hdi, m i y bay, cl dien da dem dUde ket qua d i n g ghi nhan. nha to rdng, dflng dien va nhieu dieu hda Ndi chung, ehflng ta chfla cd the hoan toan khdng khi hay may sfldi am... sd vdi ngfldi tin tfldng vao giai p h i p thay ddi hinh anh dan cd thu nhap thap va ed y thflc kem ve nhfl tren ma kinh te p h i t trien ben vflng tai nguyen va mdi trfldng (Kulke, 1993; vin ludn phai tao ra hang rao phan each Bedenstein, 1998). Dd vay ma cac nha sinh thai. kinh te phat trien ben vflng ket luan la mflc thu nhap cua dai da so' dd'i vdi viec s^ 5. Tiep c a n da n g a n h dung mdi trfldng ddng vai trd quan trpng Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh t h i i hdn la mflc dp y thflc va Nha nfldc can can mud'n thay ddi d e h nhin n h a n t h u i n tuy thiep thdng qua cac cdng cu chinh sach va ve kinh te b i n g each tiep can da nganh. phap luat de can dd'i sfl that bai thi trfldng Trong dd can cd sfl phd'i hdp chat che gifla (Hdlstein, 2003). khca hpc chinh sach va khoa hpc phap ly Nguyen tac chii dao ve sinh thai nhfl trong cac thao luan de b a n h a n h cdng cu, vay dupe cdi la dieu kien d n , c h o phat cung nhfl ket hdp vdi cac nganh khda hpc trien ben vflng. Thieu nd thi khdng cd sU tfl nhien va ky t h u a t de dfla ra cac san phat trien ben vflng. Trpng tam la mdt td pham, trang thiet bi cung nhfl cdng nghe hdp cae cdng cu, dac biet phai ke den cac mang tinh ben vflng cac. Viec phan tich cdng cu kinh te mdi trfldng nhfl sinh thai cac ddi t i e hoat ddng kinh te dflde eci la hda tdan bd he thd'ng tai chi'nh, dieu chinh mpt ndi dung trpng tam tiep theo, da dfla bang he thd'ng thfldng phat (he thd'ng che ra ket qua la van cdn nhieu nganh cua nen tai) va d c quyen sfl dung tai nguyen thien kinh te qud'c dan cd t i m nhin thien can va nhien cung nhfl cac cdng cu nhfl qui t i c chfnh vi vay da can trd trong viec chuyen trat tfl vdi cle ke hoach phan theo cap nhfl ddi mdt xa hdi cdng nghiep theo dinh t r i c h nhiem sfl dung, tieu chuan, dinh hudng p h i t trien ben vflng. Tinh hinh mflc va gidi ban. Yeu c l u tan cd dien trong khung khoang tai nguyen va bien ddi khi tinh toan thdi diem khai t h i c sii dung tai hau tren the gidi ngay cang trd nen nguyen thien nhien td'i flu thi xet ve mat nghiem trpng nen viec ket hdp cle t h a n h dao dfle va d c van de tien te hda deu hi phan cd dinh hfldng phat trien ben vflng bae bd (Rogall, 2008). Song trflde het, cac nhfl Kinh te, Chinh s i c h va Xa hpi dan sfl, nha dai dien cua Kinh te phat trien ben la vd cflng d n thiet. vflng/sinh thai van ap dung phfldng p h i p 6. N g u y e n t a c c h u d a o v e s i n h thai tien te hda vdi ly do sach Ifldc de cd dflde Viec thay ddi cac dieu kien khung b i n g so' lieu ve mflc dp hay qui md thiet hai mdi chi'nh sach va p h i p luat dxicic cdi la can trfldng de dflng vao d c cupe thao luan thiet. H i u het d c n h a dai dien ciia Kinh cdng khai vdi epng ddng, vi du khi de cap te phat trien ben vflng/sinh t h i i deu chap de'n d c bien p h i p thich flng vdi bieri ddi nhan mdt thflc t e l a cle yeu td'kinh te - xa khi hau. Song khdng dflde phep quen met hpi la nguyen n h a n dan de'n bdc lot q u i dieu la, thflc chat dd la viec xac dinh gidi mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Nhfl vay xet han ehiu dflng eua thien nhien va tien tdi d gdc dp can bang sinh thai, thdng thfldng, bao tdn nd, nghia la giam mflc tieu dung ngfldi dan cd thu n h a p cao bao gid cflng sii tai nguyen thien nhien va dam bao sfl tdn dung nhieu tai nguyen hdn ngfldi dan cd tai lau ben cua nd. Dai dien cua d c nha thu nhap thap, mac du ban t h a n hp cd y Kinh te p h i t trien ben vflng/sinh thai thflc hdn dd'i vdi tai nguyen va mdi trfldng. khuyen d o : (a) ap dung phfldng phap Nguyen nhan chinh la ngfldi cd thu nhap chuan mflc - gii d trung d c tieu chuan Stf 29 (11+12/2009) OUAN Lt KINH Tt
MB THONG TIN KINH T^ HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE T U B 6 TU DUY KINH T^ - MOT NOI DUNG MOI.. va vdi d c cdng cu ve m a t chinh sach va ve dan chu thi khai niem ve ben vflng can phap ly (Baumol/Oates, 1971; B a r t m a n n , phai dupc t h e hien b i n g n h i e u chi tiet 1996); (b) Ly thuyet ciia cac h a n g hda cd k h i c n h a u , song ve b a n chat p h a i dUdc cdng ma trong dd Nha nfldc phai ban h a n h tudng minh. va thflc thi chinh s i c h tieu chuan dinh Kinh te p h i t trien ben vflng/sinh t h i i phe mflc (Musgrave, 1975; B a r t m a n n , 1996). p h l n d e h de Ifldng phuc ldi cua Kinh te 7. He do ludng mdi truyen thd'ng, treng dd thi mflc dp hanh Ngay ca viec van h a n h khai niem ben phuc, phflc ldi va tieu dung deu bi danh vflng va d c he thdng do lUdng mdi trd nen ddng va tren cd sd dd xay dflng he muc tieu cap thiet. Dd cd nhieu cich hieu k h i c va cle chi sd'(Radke, 1999; Cdstanza, 2001). n h a u nen dang ed nguy cd la khai niem Nhu trdng bang 1 ta thay, d day tren cd sd phat trien ben vflng trd t h a n h mdt k h i i d c mue tieu ve chat lUdng thi d c muc tieu niem qua rdng va trdng rdng. De ngan can hanh ddng cd the do tinh dUdc phai dUdc md xu the p h i t trien nay, budc chung ta phai ta va mflc dp thflc hien dflpc phai dflde gilm md ta d c nguyen tac, qui dinh quan ly va s i t thdng qua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke (Chi'nh cac he thd'ng do lUdng mdi. NhU khai niem quyen Lien bang, 2008). Bdng I. Ba goc cua tam giac Kinh te phat trien ben viimg nam trong gidi ban va kba nSng chju dung cua thien nbien Muc tieu kinh te Muc tieu sinh thai Muc tieu van hda - xa hdi 1. Dam bad sir tdn tai dpc lap vdi dieu Bao ve bau khi quyen Dan chii cd su tham gia ciia ki6n chat lupng lao dpng cd the' chap nhan (trong dd cd ca khi ngudi dan va mpt nha nudc dupc ma dam bao cuoc sd'ng tdn trpng con hau) cd phap luat d trong mpi linh ngudi va an toan xa hpi vuc ciia cupe sd'ng 2. Dam bao cac nhu cau co ban ve cac san Dieu kien sd'ng khoe An toan trong xa hdi, khdng pham ben viing (luong thuc pham, nudc, manh (khdng cd chat cd ngheo ddi nha d, quan ac, phuang tien van chuyen, dpc hai va tieng dn) dien), cai td xa hdi cdng nghiep ve mat sinh thai 3. On dinh gia ca va han che tSp trung hda Gin giir chiing loai va An ninh trong va ngoai nudc, kinh te a mirc cao (chdng dpc quyen), npi sir da dang ciia canh giai quyet tranh chap khdng | hda cac ngoai ung quan thien nhien diing bao luc 4. Can bing can can ngoai thuang va hop Sir dung ben viing Dam bao va hdi nhap xa hdi tac trong phat trien vdi mure tu cung tu cap nhirng tai nguyen tai (vi du dam bao quyen binh cao, giam nhap khau nguyen vat lieu thd sinh ding v6 gidi) 5. Ngan qui Qudc gia dii de chi tra cho viec Sir dung ben vCrng Bao ve sue khoe con ngudi gin giir cac hang hda tap th6/cd cdng vdi nhirng tai nguyen va chat luong ciia eude sd'ng cac mirc chuan mirc day du cin thiet va khdng tai sinh dam bao phan phd'i thu nhap mdt each thi'ch hpp Nguon: Rogall 2000 - 2008, Vien Dan bieu, 2006, Do Rogall va Treschau lap nam 2008. QUAN Lt KINH iC Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
KINH T^ HOC PHAT TRI^N BSN VCTNG $£ TU Bd TU DUY KINH T£ - MOT NOI DUNG MOL. THONG TIN P J ^ 8. Xay dvfng m o t n e n k i n h te t h i canh ngheo ddi. Qua dd chUng minh dd la sU trfldng b e n vufng phat trien ben vflng vdi hang hda ngay cang Dai dien cua Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai ddi dao va chat Iflpng eupc sd'ng cua con da dUa ra hang loat cac t h i t bai thi trUdng ngfldi ngay dupe nang cac nam trong nhflng de lam minh chUng, vi du d c van de nhu gidi ban nhat dinh cua (hay sU chiu dUng nghec ddi va sU bat cdng trcng phan phd'i nhat dinh) thien nhien. Trong dd cho ta thay thu nhap, khai t h i c q u i mflc tai nguyen cac cd hdi tad them cdng an viec lam eho thien nhien, lam suy kiet cac hang hda cd ngUdi dan va chi'nh sach xa hdi lien quan, cong va cle van de an ninh (Rogall 2006). Sfl ddng thdi cflng ehi ra nhflng d n trd va that bai thi trUdng ed the giam de'n mUe cd nhflng van de d n phai giai quyet de tfl nay the chap nhan dupe neu Chinh phu can cho de'n gifla hoac cud! the ky 21 de eon thiep thdng qua viec ban hanh va ap dung ngfldi bude phai chuyen hoan toan tfl thdi ky chi'nh sach nhat dinh. Chinh vi vay ma ta sfl dung nang Ifldng hda thaeh sang nang gpi la mpt nen kinh te thi trUdng ben vflng Ifldng mat trdi. hay nen kinh te thi trfldng hdn hpp (Hauff, 2008). Mdt nen kinh te tbi trfldng ben vflng 9. Nhufng d i e u k i e n cd b a n m a n g dupc hieu la mdt he thd'ng kinh te dupe xay tinh toan cau dUng dUa tren nguyen tac dao dUc theo Dai dien eua trfldng phii Kinh te ben nguyen ly cdng b i n g npi trong mdt the he va vflng/sinh thai deu thd'ng n h i t ve nhflng da the he cung nhU trich nhiem. 0 day, yeu nhan dinh va muc tieu sau. (a) Cle quan he to' thi trUdng khdng he bi leai bd, ma van trao ddi hang hda va phan cdng lao dpng bat dflde duy tri trong mpt khung phat trien vdi hpp ly gifla cac nfldc phat trien va dang phat sfl can thiep cua d e cdng cu ehinh sich - trien da dan den tinh trang thfla mfla vat phap ly cung nhU nguyen tac chu dao ve chat d cac nfldc cdng nghiep va ngheo ddi d sinh thai, eae dieu luat ve xa hdi va sU tham elc nfldc dang phat trien. (b) Mpt phat trien gia/ddng gdp cua ngUdi dan trong viec ra ben vflng ma khdng tinh den sU cdng bing quyet dinh. Khung phat trien dam bao can da the he thi khdng dUdc phdp xay ra. Thee bang hau qua ciia nhflng that bai thi trfldng nguyen tac trach nhiem ehung, nhUng cd va cai td cd cau cua nen kinh te qudc dan phan biet ddi xfl thi cac qudc gia cdng nghiep theo cac ehi tieu va nguyen tac eua kinh te do qua trinh phat trien lich sfl de lai va ban phat trien ben vflng. than hp cd kha nang thUc thi eao hdn (tien De chuyen ddi nhanh ehdng tfl mdt xa hpi cua, kien/tri thUe,...) nen phai cd trach cong nghiep dang hien hflu va thinh hanh nhiem ldn hdn (Kopfmueller, 2003). (c) Viec ma nguyen Thu tfldng Dfle Helmut Schmidt ban hanh mdt trat tU chung toan d u dUdc da tflng phe phln la "Chii nghia tU bdn theo coi la d n thiet. Vdi nhflng chuan mflc tdi kieu thil du dn thit", sang mdt nen kinh te thieu ve mat xa hpi - sinh thii ngfldi ta ed phat trien ben vflng thi ehung ta phai chpn the kiem tra va gilm sat d c qua trinh phat nhflng linh vfle chien Ifldc trpng tam v l day trien cflng nhfl dam bao d e ed che cdng bing manh chung p h i t trien. O day phai ke de'n trong trao ddi hang hda thfldng mai viec xay dflng chinh sich p h i t trien ben (Costanza, 2001; Kopfmueller, 2003). (d) viing danh cho p h i t trien kinh te, nang Mflc tieu dung hien nay ve tai nguyen tinh I'^'Jng, giao thdng, bao ve/tdn tai nguyen va theo diu ngUdi d d c nUde cdng nghiep san xuat ra san pham. Cd the ndi, nhflng khdng dupc ap dung cho 7 ty ngUdi bien nay linh vfle nay dac biet thich hpp vi chung la va 9 ty eho den 2050. Den thdi diem hien tai nhflng vi du dien hinh ve phat trien ben thi ehung ta da vflpt qui ngfldng ve tai vflng thfle sfl chfl khdng phai phat trien lupng mdi trUdng cho phep. Dai dien ciia trong sfl khd hanh, hy sinh, hay phai chiu Stf 29 (11+12/2009) QUAN Lt KINH T(
MB THONG TIN KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE T U B 6 TU DUY KINH T^ - MOT NOI DUNG Mdt. trUdng phii Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai yeu Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai cd the ddng cau giam 50% Ifldng tieu dung tai nguyen mdt vai trd vd cflng quan trpng trong qua thien nhien tfl nay den 2050. De d c nfldc trinh tien de'n p h i t trien ben vflng, neu nhfl dang p h i t trien khdng the giam Ifldng tieu lam dflde mdt dieu, dd la be qua mpi sfl khac dung nay, ma ngflde lai cd xu the tang len, biet nhd nhoi k h i c va tap trung mpi no Iflc nen budc d e qud'c gia cdng nghiep phai giam de tfl k h i n g dinh ti'nh vfldt trdi cua minh so nhieu hdn, cu the tfl 80-90%. (e) Cle qud'c gia dang chuyen ddi sang qud'c gia cdng vdi Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng thdng nghiep nhfl Trung Qud'c, An Dp, Braxil, qua lap luan ed can cfl khoa hpc va sat thflc khdng dflde phep chay sau sfl p h i t trien ve te cung nhfl dfla ra nhflng kien/nhan thflc ky thuat va cd d u eua elc qud'c gia cdng trong cle thao luan cdng khai. Cd the trong nghiep ma phai b i t tay ngay vao viec nghien thdi gian tdi v i n cdn nhieu y kien trai chieu. cflu de tim ra d c cdng nghe sii dung mpt Trong dd cd nhieu chuyen gia cho la can each hieu qua tai nguyen va ben vflng cflng phai giai quyet d c van de gay d ' n trflde m i t nhfl thdng qua hinh thflc chuyen giao cdng nghe. (f) Tat d elc qud'c gia dang chuyen ddi do khiing khoang tai chinh va kinh te' gay va cac nfldc dang p h i t trien phai cd trich ra. Nhfl vay qua trinh chuyen ddi theo nhiem trflde viec gia tang dan so' cua minh hfldng phat trien ben vflng se hi cham lai. do tdng tai Ifldng ddi vdi elc dieu kien sd'ng Song trong mpi hoan canh chung ta phai tfl nhien khdng phai ddn gian chi la phep kien dinh vdi quan diem va dfldng di, tranh nhan gifla nhu d u d i u ngfldi va so' dan dfla vao nhflng ly thuyet da trd nen ldi thdi (Costanza, 2001). (g) De dat dflde d c mue va da de'n luc phai lam dau cham het dd'i vdi tieu de ra thi d c td chflc qud'c te budc phai tfl duy kinh te. Dieu dd cd the lam dflde b i n g cai td. Trong dd, vi du d c nfldc dang chuyen ddi phai dflde tham dfl vao nhdm d c qud'c viec lien ket d c bien phap k h i c phuc hau gia Idn va thanh lap G20, de hp cflng dflde qua cua khung khoang kinh te toan cau ban luan va ra quyet dinh. cflng nhfl d i td lai xa hpi cong nghiep theo hfldng ben vflng va tich cflc xay dflng cung 10. T a m n h i n d i n h h i f d n g nhfl md rpng mang Ifldi kinh te phat trien Treng 20 nam qua ehflng ta da ehflng ben vflng tren the gidi. kien qua trinh "kinh te hda" trong mpi linh vfle eua ddi sd'ng ccn ngfldi. Sdng sdng vdi viec tang cfldng p h i t trien kinh te va day TAI LIEU THAM KHAO manh cd che thi trfldng nhfl mpt nguyen t i c thd'ng soli toan bp ddi sd'ng cdng cpng thi vd Sfl dung va trich d i n tfl nhieu bai bao, giao hinh chung nhflng ngfldi ra quyet dinh dan trinh va sach eua giao sfl Holger Rogall chu hdp phip da hi mat di mpt phan nao cung nhfl nhieu tac gia khac, tham khao tiem nang dieu khien xa hdi cua minh. trang web: http://www.hoIger-rogall.de Trong khi dd, ngfldi ta dang dan quay lai va 1 Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin cdng nhan mdt dieu la Chi'nh phu can phai (tieng DUc), Applied university for Economics and dfla ra mdt khung trat tfl vdi nguyen t i c chu Law Berhn (tieng Anh) dao ve phat trien ben vflng xet d gdc dp sinh thai - xa hdi (Chinh phu lien bang Dfle, 2 Die neue Umweltoekonomie (tieng Dijtc), The new 2008). Chung ta da cd s i n cac cong cu can environmental Economics (tieng Anh) thiet de dan de'n sfl phat trien dd, song v i n 3 Die nachhaltige Oekonomie (tieng Diic), chfla cu the va day du. Economics for sustainable economics (tieng Anh) OUAN Lt KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009)