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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSON LEARN FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT "

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Cộng đồng dân tộc thiểu số trong điều khiển từ xa tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc của Việt Nam là một trong những người nghèo nhất trong cả nước, hạn chế truy cập đối với sức khỏe nông nghiệp, đất cơ sở vật chất, thị trường và cơ sở hạ tầng. Văn Minh và Lạng San xã Na Ri huyện trên địa bàn tỉnh Bắc Kạn có tỷ lệ nghèo đói 63-68% [1]. Rừng đất bao gồm 84% và 90% tương ứng của tổng diện tích đất và là hết sức quan trọng cho cộng đồng sinh kế, bao gồm cả bộ sưu tập của củi và thu hoạch thực phẩm...

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSON LEARN FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT "

  1. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSON LEARN FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Project title: Sustainable community-based forest development and management in some high-poverty areas in Bac Kan province Project code: CARD 017/06VIE Tran Van Dien1, Tran Thi Thu Ha1 and Khongsak Pinyopusarerk2 Authors: Project Implementing organisations: 1 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam 2 CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 1. Introduction The Land Law which came into effect on July 1, 2004 allows communities (villages) to Ethnic minority communities in the remote receive land and forest land [3]. However, mountainous northern provinces of Vietnam there is no mechanism to realise this option. A are among the poorest in the country, with project supported by AusAID’s Collaboration limited access to agricultural land, health for Agriculture and Rural Development facilities, markets and infrastructure. Van (CARD) program developed mechanisms Minh and Lang San communes of Na Ri under Community Forestry Management district in Bac Kan province have poverty rates including participatory land use planning and of 63-68% [1]. Forested land comprises 84% land allocation to facilitate land distribution and 90% respectively of the total land area and and address the sustainable management of the is of paramount importance for community forest. livelihoods, including collection of firewood and harvesting food and herbal medicinal The project Goal is plants. However, lack of access to utilise forest land and unequal allocation of forest areas to Sustainable improvement in livelihood security the poorer families have led to serious poverty of disadvantaged forest-dependent people in of many households. Management of the forest northern mountainous areas, through has also exacerbated the situation through empowerment of access to forest and forest many problems: (i) low productivity due to land, influence over forest land management, forest degradation after excessive use and little conservation of the natural resources and investment; (ii) perceptions of forest as development of relevant skills. common land with free access, with unclear 2. Methodology boundaries and poorly defined ownership obligations; (iii) few incentives to reinvest in Four villages: Na Muc and Khuoi Lieng in the forest (no security) and reluctance to take Van Minh commune and To Dooc and Ban direct responsibility for the land; (iv) poor Sang in Lang San commune in Na Ri district, awareness of user rights, forest laws and Bac Kan province which have community regulations, and rights of participation in forest lands were selected to be the research official processes such as forest land site for the project. The community forest allocation; and (v) very limited support from lands were target area for project interventions government agencies in approaches to which included land use planning, forest land effectively use the forest land and earn income allocation, forest enrichment, nursery, [2]. plantation and agro-forestry development. The 228
  2. CARD 017/06 – Community based forest management quality of community forest was assessed Kan province. The allocation process met through forest survey to identify the many difficulties both paper work and field productivity as well as biodiversity. The social work. The most difficult work was solving economic condition of local community and conflicts on the border of community forest. the dependency of livelihood of local In the past, community forest was considered community on the forest were identified by common property which was freely exploited socio-economic survey. The data relating to by local people from many villages. Therefore land use planning, forest land allocation, forest it was extremely difficult to allocate the enrichment, nursery, plantation and agro- community forest to only one particular forestry models were also recorded in the field village. However, by participatory approach in based samples. The processes of land solving the problems, consensus was achieved allocation, management of community forest among neighboring villages. The borders of development fund, implementation of community forest in the four pilot villages community forest management plan were also were clearly defined and field maps recorded. The outcomes and impacts of constructed. The formal processes of training activities were assessed at the phase community forest land allocation have been out period. Cost benefit for each community completed for the four project pilot villages forest management models was analyzed to with “Red Book” for long-term use rights evaluate the effectiveness of each activity. (Table 1). This has given local communities the confidence to contribute and invest labor 3. Results and discussions and other inputs to the protection and 3.1 Allocation of community forest lands development of community forest lands for to communities overall local benefits. Allocation of communication forest lands to communities was firstly implemented in Bac Table 1: Results of community forest land allocation in four target villages No. Village Community forest land allocated (ha) % of Community forest land allocated 1 Ban Sang 154.3 100 2 To Dooc 45.1 100 3 Na Muc 118.3 100 4 Khuoi Lieng 121.1 100 Lessons learnt - The boundaries of community forest must 3.2 Establishment of community forest be clearly defined and accepted by all management (CFM) plan neighboring villages by participatory approach before processing the paper work. After receiving the official rights of using the - Strong cooperation between district and CF lands, CFM plans have been established for commune authorities, especially between each village. The CFM within each village Forest Protection Department and consists of two elements: (1) regulations which Department of Natural Resources and provide a legal framework for village members Environment in conducting the field work to implement the CFM plan at the village level, as well as the paper work play a key role in the success of the community forest land and (2) a CFM plan which describes and lists allocation. the activities that would be undertaken. Both - Adequate finance resources is needed to the regulations and plans were a result of conduct field work by the commune and separate village meetings and discussion. district staff. 229
  3. Tran Van Dien, Tran Thi Thu Ha & Khongsak Pinyopusarerk Therefore while the general scope has been - Harvesting plans maintained across the four villages, the - Human resource (labor input) plan contents differ depending on the land use - Other activities such as agro-forestry preferences and enforcement level of each village. Lesson learnt from establishment of CFM plan General contents of CFM - It is necessary to modify the Guidelines of regulations MARD on Community Forest Management (Figure 1) which was issued on November - Rights and responsibilities of all 27, 2006 (Decision 106/2006/BNN-PTNT) community members in forest protection for more simple and practical in local and development conditions [4]. - Rules to protect forests and mobilize human - Participatory approach to develop the CFM resources to protect and develop forests is crucial factor for establishment of a - Logging, buying and selling of timber and feasible and practical CFM plan. non-timber products - Staff of district Forest Protection - Animal grazing in the community forest Department and commune extension - Prevention of forest fire workers are main technical sources to provide support to community in - Checking and preventing outsiders from developing the CFM plan. shifting cultivation, illegal logging or hunting, and illegal buying, selling and 3.3 Implementation of CFM plans transporting timber/non-timber/animals within the village. 3.3.1 Involvement of community members in - Cooperation among community members in CFM forest protection and development, Within each village, a CFM board of five production services and sale of products. persons has been elected by open votes to - Collaboration with other villages to protect oversee overall implementation. All four and effectively develop the forests villages have placed a strong emphasis on - Regulations on penalty for infringement of the forest protection rules plantation forest, protection of watershed areas - Regulations on sharing benefits among and commercial wood production. During community members meetings and discussions which were attended - The regulations should be presented to all by at least one member of every household, all community members and submitted for household representatives expressed their approval by Commune People's Committee. commitment to contribute labor inputs in the General contents of CMF Plan implementation of the plan. Another common agreement across all four villages was an - New plantation plan such as chice of attempt to reduce and stop shifting cultivation species, planting area, where and when to and free grazing in community forest areas. plant labor cost, number of seedlings, and sources of seedlings Number of households involved in CFM is - Nursery plan, seedling production presented in Table 2. - Maintenance and protection Table 2: Current involvement of community members participating CFM [5] Village Total households Total males aged >15 Total females aged >15 involved in CFM involved in CFM involved in CFM Quantity % Quantity % Quantity % Na Muc 23 100 54 100 52 100 Khuoi Lieng 35 100 81 100 72 100 To Dooc 19 73 30 46.7 32 46.3 Ban Sang 69 100 157 100 145 100 230
  4. CARD 017/06 – Community based forest management 3.3.2 Capacity building for local people Based on the training needs of local community, various trainings were conducted as presented in Table 3. Most of the trainings were conducted using Farmer Field School (FFS) approach. The trainings helped all local community members to be aware of laws on forest protection and development and be more knowledgeable and skillful in technical issues relating to forest management. Table 3: Training courses conducted in the project area [6] No. Training topics Number of direct beneficiaries 1 Land-use planning and land allocation 26 2 Planning and implementation of community forest management 25 3 Village nursery propagation 125 4 Plantation forest development 82 5 Law on forest protection and development 80 6 Agro-forestry model for income generation 64 7 Sustainable harvest of non-timber forest products 82 In addition to the above, this CARD project paid special attention to using seed of good also organized study tours to other CFM genetic quality. Key inputs provided by the projects and community workshops for sharing project included training in nursery experience. management and provision of access to quality genetic seed sources of Acacia mangium (keo) (from CSIRO and Forest Science Institute of 3.3.3 Establishment of village-based nurseries Vietnam) and Manglietia conifera (Mo). During three years of project implementation, One of the constraints in development of both a large number of forest seedlings were community forest lands and household produced for planting in both community allocated lands is the lack of quality forest forest lands and household allocated lands as seedlings. Some projects had provided presented in the Table 4. seedlings to area but it was not successful. The survival rate was very low probably due to the long distance in transport of seedlings to the village sites. Therefore, the establishment of village nursery garden to produce the seedling near plantation site is not only to ensure the high survival rate of seedlings but also create potential income generation for local people. The project facilitated the establishment of village-based community nurseries to raise quality tree seedlings for sale or distribution to land owners. The project has 231
  5. Tran Van Dien, Tran Thi Thu Ha & Khongsak Pinyopusarerk Table 4: Number of seedlings produced annually in four target villages Village Manglietia conifera Acacia mangium Total Na Muc 30,000 40,000 70,000 Khuoi Lieng 20,000 30,000 50,000 To Dooc 20,000 30,000 50,000 Ban Sang 30,000 40,000 70,000 Table 5 reveals that a community requires at each seedling is only 309 VND, while the least 5 million VND to establish a nursery and current market price is 700 - 1000 VND. more than 16.5 million VND per year for operating expenses. The production cost for Table 5: Costs for a village-based nursery producing 70,000 seedlings/year [7] Cost item Cost (VND) Construction of nursery garden (capital cost) 5,120,000 Operating cost 16,498,000 Total cost 21,618,000 Cost per seedling 309 (Mo) and Melia azedarach (Xoan) were 3.3.4 Agro-forestry models in community preferred by villagers, and these were the tree forest lands species for this model. In addition, one fast- The design of the agro-forestry model takes growing, multi purpose species, Cassia (cot into account the need for income generation khi) has been included for planting on the for communities. Expanding market contours for soil erosion control. Agricultural opportunities exist for planted trees of a crop planted between tree rows was chosen by number of species reflecting the transition villagers based on local experience. Hybrid from dependency on a natural forest to a corn, improved soybean, taro and cassava have planted resource. By selecting appropriate been selected for growing in agro-forestry species well adapted to the local environment, models. Table 6 shows the yields of the which are fast growing and meet a market agriculture crops in the agro-forestry models in need, communities can benefit financially from the target villages. Table 7 shows height tree planting projects either on community growth one year after planting in the four agro- land or other land surplus to agricultural forestry plots. requirement. Crops on the other hand will provide opportunities for added food security with surplus crops providing additional income. The areas for the agro-forestry model trials are about one hectare each village. The selection of species was based on the key species recommended in the land use planning surveys which were considered to have potential as either commercial species or for use in alley cropping systems. For timber production, Acacia (Keo), Manglietia conifera 232
  6. CARD 017/06 – Community based forest management Table 6: Agricultural crop yields in 2008 and 2009 in the four project villages Unit: kg/ha Years Crop Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To Dooc Ban Sang 2008 Soybean 400 630 650 700 Taro - 300 - - Cassava - 5,000 - - 2009 Maize 4,500 2,000 2,200 2,000 Soybean 1,400 - - - Table 7: Plant height of forest tree in agro-forestry models after two years of planting Unit: m Species Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To Dooc Bang Sang Manglietia conifera 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 Acacia mangium 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 Melia azedarach 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 - - mushroom, fruits, and medicinal plants to 3.3.5 Community forest development funds the fund. (CFDF) - Households within the village community Community Forest Development Fund has are permitted to use timber from the been developed by the community through community forest areas to build their houses; they have to contribute 20% of initial seed money from CARD project. The the total value to the fund. main purpose of this fund is for forest development activities in community forest c) Interest from loan areas in the village. Activities related to - The fund can be used for loan for agricultural and forestry production with community forest development can use this low interest of 0.6% per month based on fund following the community's regulations. demand of household members of the This fund will be maintained and grown for community forest. long-term purpose. The fund is managed by d) Penalty from illegal actions following CFM Community Forest Management Board. regulation Financial issue is reported to village meetings - All fines from illegal actions following to ensure transparency. the CFM regulations will be put into the fund. Sources for CFDF Management of CFDF a) Funding from CARD project: - CFM Board has a responsibility to - CARD project contributed 1,000 AUD manage the CFDF. (13 million VND) as "seed money" to - Use of the fund follows government's establish the fund. financial regulations (receipts and reports - Households who receive seedlings from are required). the village nursery to plant on their own - Accountant and head of the Community land must contribute 50 VND per seedling Forest Management Board must report to to the fund (following regulations of Commune People’s Committee on nursery management). financial issues b) Income from timber and non-timber forest products from the community forest area: Status of community forest development funds - Contribute 20% of total income from non- after two years of implementation (Jan, 2008 - timber forest product harvest such as Jan, 2010) is presented in Table 8. 233
  7. Tran Van Dien, Tran Thi Thu Ha & Khongsak Pinyopusarerk Table 8. Status of community forest development funds in four villages after 2 years of operation Unit: Thousands. VND Indicator Khuoi Lieng Na Muc To Dooc Ban Sang Principal funds 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 Fund growth 6,160 7,068 10,000 3,188 Loans 14,650 10,300 21,000 7,500 Expenditure for CFM 1,465 127 850 594 Outstanding balance 3,195 7,784 2,735 9,968 The figure in Table 8 indicates that CFDF has 3.4 The impacts/changes due to been well managed by local community. The implementation CFM plan fund size of all four villages has increased Survey to identify the impacts and the changes significantly. The poor households in the due to implementation of CFM plan on the community can access to CFDF as communities of four villages was conducted in microfinance sources for forest development. March 2010. Results of the survey show that implementation of CFM plan has positive Lessons learnt from implementation of CFM impacts on communities in term of livelihood plan improvement, environment protection and - Capacity building for local people on the forest quality (Table 9). 57-100% members of rights to access to the community forest communities agreed that implementation of lands, the rights to harvest and the responsibility to protect the community CFM plan has decreased the number of illegal forest is considered the most important cases of forest exploitation or violation. 59- activity for the success of the 100% members of communities responded that implementation of CFM. community forest was well protected so it has - Control of free grazing in Bac Kan is a been enriched. Therefore it creates a better crucial factor for the success of the agro- environment such as having water throughout forestry models and reforestation in the year, less natural disasters in local areas. community forest lands In addition, the implementation of CFM plan - Clear demarcation of the community has created the equality and solidarity in the forest boundary can avoid the conflicts communities. between villages in harvesting forest products in the community forest. Table 9. Impacts and changes due to application of CFM plan [5] Indicator Percentage of local people agreed (%) Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To Dooc Ban Sang Decreased illegal forest exploitation 100 94.1 81.8 86.4 Enriched forest 81 100 90.9 89.4 Increased income 19 32.4 27.3 18.2 Equality of the community 33.3 44.1 45.5 31.8 Solidarity in community 76.2 61.8 54.5 39.4 Keep water 57.1 73.5 36.4 48.5 Protected environment 85.7 97.1 90.9 68.2 4. Conclusions - The implementation of Guidelines of MARD on Community Forest - The allocation of community forest lands Management (Figure 1) which was can only be implemented with the active issued on November 27, 2006 (Decision participation of local community and 106/2006/BNN-PTNT) should be local authorities in solving the border flexible for more practical and adapted conflicts, field mapping and paper work 234
  8. CARD 017/06 – Community based forest management to local socioeconomic and cultural References conditions 1. People's Committee of Van Minh and - Capacity building of local people on the Lang San (2006); Annual report of rights to access to the community forest socioeconomic lands, the rights to harvest and the responsibility to protect the community 2. Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture forest is considered the most important and Forestry (2007) Report of forest activity for the success of the survey in Van Minh and Lang San - implementation of CFM. Na Ri district - Bac Kan. - Community Forest Development Fund 3. Vietnam Government (2004), Decision plays an important role in promoting the 181/2004/ND-CP; participation of local communities to 4. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural community forest management. Development (2006) Decision - The implementation of CFM plan has 106/2006/QD-BNN positive impacts on communities in term of livelihood improvement, environment 5. Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture protection and forest quality: decreased and Forestry (2010) Report of final number of illegal cases of forest baseline survey in 4 CARD project exploitation, community forest is well villages. protected and enriched. In addition, the 6. CARD 017-06VIE (2009) Milestone implementation of CFM plan creates the 11 report equality and solidarity in the communities. 7. CARD017-06VIE (2009) Benefit-cost analysis report 235
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