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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND TRAINING FOR BEEF CATTLE DEVELOPMENT IN NGHIA DAN, NGHE AN "

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Kế hoạch phát triển bò ​​thịt cho năm 2010 (No1155/QD-UB Nghệ An) đã được giới thiệu tháng 5 năm 2003. Kế hoạch đặt mục tiêu tăng sản xuất thịt bò, sử dụng lai tạo giống để giới thiệu giống mới và cải thiện thu nhập nông thôn. VN truyền thống ngành công nghiệp thịt bò được dựa trên farmlets hộ gia đình rất nhỏ, Đất chăn thả chất thải, mô hình này đã chứng minh không bền vững. Dự án này được phát triển bền vững, kinh tế làng dựa trên mô hình nuôi bò để cải thiện nguồn cung cấp thịt lâu dài,...

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND TRAINING FOR BEEF CATTLE DEVELOPMENT IN NGHIA DAN, NGHE AN "

  1. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND TRAINING FOR BEEF CATTLE DEVELOPMENT IN NGHIA DAN, NGHE AN Project title: Nghe An Province Sustainable Village Based Beef Cattle Development Training and Extension Program Code of the project: CARD 010/06 VIE Author(s): Hoang Van Tao1, Nguyen Quoc Toan2, and Timothy Graham Harvey3 Project Implementing organisations: 1 Nghe An 19th May Fruit and Vegetable Company; 2 Bavi Cattle and Forage Research Centre under National Institute of Animal Science; 3 Massey University, New Zealand. SUMMARY The Beef Cattle Development Plan for 2010 (No1155/QD-UB Nghe An) was introduced in May 2003. The plan set objectives to increase beef production, use crossbreeding to introduce new breeds and improve rural incomes. The traditional VN beef industry is based on very small household farmlets, grazing waste land; this model has proved unsustainable. This project is developing a sustaina ble, economic village based beef farming model to improve long-term meat supply, and improve incomes. This project is implementing and evaluating the village based beef farming system in the Nghe An Region and three rural villages, which have below average household income levels (Nghia Lam, Nghia Son and Nghia Yen). The project has introduced new tropical pasture species from Thailand that are proving very effective in improving nutrient levels and increasing protein availability. The introduction of bi -product silage to the nutrient mix is also proving very effective, especially the introduction of cassava leaf silage. The beef cattle genetic base in the region is very low and the project has introduced Sindi, Brahman and Droughtmaster to improve long-term potential Key words: beef production, small householders, project, pastures, silage, extension, training production sector has had little investment 1. Background over the last 20 years. Therefore the structure Nghe An is the biggest province in Vietnam of livestock production systems is poorly with the area of 15000 km2 and the population established, with old technologies used. of more than 3.4 million persons, of which In order to change the agricultural structure 70% is farmers living in rural regions that have reasonably, increase livestock production, lower living standards and social-economic diversify agricultural products and achieve conditions than the average level in the whole country1. sustainable rural development, the national and provincial governments have issued the policy In the province, the traditional agriculture of strengthening and pushing the livestock mainly relies on horticulture, animal production including beef cattle development husbandry only occupies a small part in the on the aspect of increasing the productivity and whole agricultural income1. The livestock quality of the products in animal husbandry. 208
  2. CARD 010/06 VIE – Beef cattle development in Nghe An Some new beef breeds have been introduced in average household income levels (Nghia Lam, the province through artificial insemination Nghia Son and Nghia Yen). technology and direct importation. However, 2. Research methodology the provincial beef development has still been The research project has been implemented by slow because of farmers' low knowledge in using agricultural extension method through animal nutrition balance and limited training courses that were organized for the application of new technologies, especially in local farmers in the project site and in some remote areas. All of this is shown by the small locations that had an experienced time of population of beef herds, low productivity and fertility and limited growth rate in the region2. raising cattle such as Bavi and Thaihoa. These training courses were held with different Currently, the province owns about 400.000 methods that were suitable for a number of local yellow and improved beef cattle (mainly selected activities and objectives. Of which, Zebu crossed breeding), being reared main activities were focused on beef separately in small sized farms from lowland production technologies, breeding to plant for the purposes of food and/or improvement techniques, the introduction of draught3. These animals can be selected for the high yield and quality species of tropical grass, breeding improvement program in order to animal feed preservation and processing increase the effectiveness, productivity and technologies, especially the silage making quality. technologies using different forages and by- The Beef Cattle Development Plan for 2010 products. (No1155/QD-UB Nghe An) was introduced in To assess livestock performance by farmers May 2003. The plan set objectives to increase themselves is the second method that the beef production, use crossbreeding to project applied during the implementation time introduce new breeds and improve rural of VIE 010/06. The project farmers were given incomes. girth tapes with using instructions to measure The project VIE 010/06 is completely suitable their animal's chest circumference besides, for the above mentioned decision No 1155. they were also taught how to record and assess The project aims to gain the objective of their animal's performance every month. This developing a village based beef production at method helped farmers to form the habits of small holders in effective and sustainable observing the growth rate of their beef cattle model to improve beef livestock system and therefore, to change appropriately the diet and increase farmers' income through training and ratios for their animals and compare the extension approaches. This project is performance between the local and cross-bred implementing and evaluating the village based beef cattle. beef farming system in the Nghe An Region The collected data has been processed by using and three rural villages, which have below Excel software. Knowledge developed by Mr Toan has been 3. Results and discussions the experience with the new pasture species as 3.1 Extension activities well as providing training to both farmers and 3.1.1 Trainers of Trainers (TOT’s) technicians in beef and dairy farming and animal husbandry management. Toan has The project trained three ToT’s. The key ToT managed the delivery of the village bull project has been Mr Toan; a senior member of the and worked closely with the project key BCFRC with a strong academic background in farmers, the distribution of pasture seed to his position. Mr Toan developed training project and non-project HH, and the material and build on his previous experience. distribution of pasture tillers for transplanting 209
  3. Hoang Van Tao, Nguyen Quoc Toan & Timothy Graham Harvey in two new non-project villages. He has taken to 1060 farmers of which 1/3 was pasture and responsibility in arranging farmer training at livestock focused. Bavi Mr Hoa is a senior animal breeding technician Mr Ly is the Senior Extension Officer in the from BCFRC that was seconded to the project Nghia Dan District. Mr Ly is based in Thai for 6-months in July 2007 to Jan 2008 provide Hoa Township (20 km from project villages) training in animal breeding, AI and forage and has a team of six technicians responsible management. He was effective during his 6 for all aspects of agriculture, with 2 on animal months assignment of living and working in and forage extension in the District. Ly and his the village. team have worked mostly with non-project Table 1 provides a summary of the number of villages, introduced project technologies, farmers receiving and adopting technology pasture species now established on 26 farms. from ToT’s. In 2009 they had 30 village training seminars Table 1. Trainer of Trainers (ToT), technology, number of farmers receiving and adopting technologies. Person & Area Technology No. Farmers No. Farmers adopting new knowledge transfer technology Toan Village bull 5 HH as bull managers 4 using & keeping records Cross breeding 120 75% adoption Animal health 80 70% adoption Silage 20 30% adoption New pastures 60 75% using 1 year later Feeding guidelines Ly (Thai Hoa) New pastures 38 provided seed 18 continued after 2 years Hoa AI & breeding 45 (mostly non- project) 40% conception rate Nutrition na na the project 20 demonstration training events 3.1.2 Farmer Training were undertaken. The accumulated number of Training over the period of the project fell into farmers attending was 131, technicians 72 and three distinct approaches. 152 hours of training was given. The events  Demonstration training directly provided are listed in Table 2. The list does not include to farmers normal farm visits where informal training and The first approach was providing hands on discussion is undertaken. Approximately 50 practical demonstration training directly to the informal visits have been undertaken in a wide farmers. This practical training involved range of locations, which includes the 3 project members of the project team, using the key villages as well as farmers in Nghia Dan and project farmers farms as demonstration sites Bavi areas. where technicians undertook practical tasks such as LWT recording, silage making and pasture establishment. Over the first 2-years of 210
  4. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program Table 2. Project site demonstration & practical field training Dura- No. Partici- Techni- Date Location Type Presenter Subject Farmers tion pant cians (hours) 12/07/07 19 May Demo Phil Rolston Pasture esta- 5 5 4 blishmnet 17/07/07 N. Son Demo Tim Harvey Silage 8 6 2 2 17/07/07 N. Son Demo Tim Harvey Silage 8 7 1 2 17/07/07 Nghia Son Demo Tim Harvey Silage 9 6 3 2 18/07/07 Nghia Lam Demo Tim Harvey Silage 5 4 1 2 18/07/07 Nghia Lam Demo Tim Harvey Silage 9 6 3 2 18/07/07 Nghia Lam Demo Tim Harvey Silage 8 6 2 2 19/07/07 Nghia Yen Demo Tim Harvey Silage 4 3 1 2 19/07/07 N. Yen Demo Tim Harvey Silage 7 6 1 2 19/07/07 Nghia Yen Demo Tim Harvey Silage 8 7 1 2 22/09/07 N. Son Demo Tim Harvey Silage 12 10 2 2 28/09/07 N. Lam Demo Tim Harvey Silage 7 3 4 2 28/09/07 Nghia Yen Demo Tim Harvey Silage 6 2 4 2 30/11/07 Project site practi Mr Hoa AI Training 10 9 1 100 cal 20/09/08 19 May Co Demo Tim Harvey Pasture 5 0 5 4 management 23/09/08 19 May Co Demo Tim Harvey Silage 10 8 2 4 26/09/08 19 May Co Demo Tim Harvey Pasture 22 16 6 4 management 12/03/07 19 May Co Field Harvey/Rolston Beef Nut/Ensiling 38 30 8 4 Bi-Prod 20/09/07 19 May Co Field Michael Hare Pasture Nursery 10 10 4 Mgmt 26/09/07 19 May Co Field Tim Harvey Condition Score 12 2 10 4 TOTALS 203 131 72 152 AVERAGE 10.2 7.3 3.6 7.6 No Of Demo 20  training was given. The training events are Formal workshop within the project sites listed in Table 3. The second training approach was based on more formal workshops within the project site. These workshops were normally held in a classroom environment and had duration of approximately 4-hours. The project team presented technical data as well as undertaking some training on trainer methodology, adult learning and systems management. The programme normally involved both technicians and farmers and in year 2 the use of key project farmers as trainers of farmers was encouraged and developed as a concept. Over the first 2-years of the project 14 workshop training events were undertaken. The accumulated number of farmers attending was 203, technicians 119, and 62 hours of 211
  5. Hoang Van Tao, Nguyen Quoc Toan & Timothy Graham Harvey Table 3. Project site workshop training in Nghe Dan District No. Dura- Farme Techni- Date Location Type Presenter Subject Partici- tion rs cians (hours) pant 05/03/07 19 May Co W/S Tim Harvey Farm Management / 14 14 4 Beef Nutrition 13/07/07 19 May Co W/S Phil Rolston Project Goals 20 15 5 4 18/09/07 19 May Co W/S Michael Hare Tropical Pastures 8 5 3 4 24/09/07 19 May Co W/S Averill Ramsey- Cattle Database 4 4 4 Evans Management 29/09/07 19 May Co W/S Tim Harvey Training Schedule 20 10 10 4 19/03/08 19 May Co W/S Tim Harvey Tropical Pasture & 15 3 12 4 Farming Systems 20/03/08 19 May Co W/S Tim Harvey Tropical Pasture & 30 25 5 4 Farming Systems 19/06/08 19 May Co W/S Rolston/Hare Tropical Pasture & 34 26 4 8 Farming Systems 27/09/08 Thai Hoa W/S Tim Harvey Beef Production 26 14 12 6 03/03/09 Nghai Lam W/S Tim Harvey Beef Production 22 18 4 4 /Chesterfield 04/03/09 Nghai Yen W/S Tim Harvey Beef Production 22 18 4 4 /Chesterfield 05/03/09 Nghai Son W/S Tim Harvey Beef Production 22 18 4 4 /Chesterfield 06/03/09 Thai Hoa W/S Tim Harvey Beef Production 25 6 18 4 /Chesterfield 04/03/10 Nghia Son W/S Harvey/Hare/ Final workshop, 65 45 20 4 Rolston/Toan breeding, forages, nutrition balance, TOTALS 327 203 119 62 AVERAGE 23.3 14. 5 8.5 4.4 No of W/S 14  These new species have proved very International and national specialised successful and Dr Michael Hare, who led the training trainings in Thailand, has now established an The third training approach was international agency in Vietnam for the formal importation and national specialised training. Three and distribution of pasture seeds. Over the specialised workshops were undertaken by first 2-years of the project 4 workshop training BCFRC at Bavi with project farmers and events were undertaken. The accumulated technicians travelling from Nghia Dan to Bavi. number of farmers attending was 31, The workshops were delivered in Vietnamese technicians 20, and 307 hours of training was by experience Bavi staff. These workshops given. The events are listed in Table 4. were normally of 3-days duration. The format involved classroom training as well as more One formal training event in New Zealand was practical farm visits and discussion with undertaken in 2007. This training involved the farmers. 2 project leaders Mr Diep and Mr Toan and included training in beef production systems, International training involved a 5-day filed beef marketing, conservation of forage and trip to Thailand to look at new pasture species training methodologies. A second training and beef production systems. This training event for 2 people was held in Queensland, was most successful and has led to extension Australia in Feb 2010. One Massey University and use of new tropical pasture species4. 212
  6. CARD 010/06 VIE – Beef cattle development in Nghe An scholarship was completed at the beginning of New Zealand undertaking practical and formal the project with Mr Toan spending 2-months in training in NZ farming systems. Table 4. International & National Specialised Training Events No. Dura- Farme Techni- Date Location Type Presenter Subject Partici- tion rs cians (hours) pant 12/08/07 BCFRC W/S BCFRC Staff AI Training 1 1 250 to 28/09/07 2& BCFRC W/S BCFRC Staff Beef Cattle 25 15 5 16 3/10/07 12& BCFRC W/S Toan Pasture & Seed 18 13 5 16 13/12/08 Production 15- Thailand Intens Michael Hare Tropical Pasture & 12 3 9 25 19/03/08 training ive Farming Systems 6- Queens- Intens Tim Harvey Tropical cattle 3 0 2 50 12/02/10 land, Aust ive J. Groaks breeds and management 25/02/10 BCFRC W/S Tim Harvey Pasture, Nutrition 50 15 35 4 Phil Rolson Michael Hare 26/02/10 BCFRC W/S Tim Harvey Final workshop, 60 10 50 4 Phil Rolson breeding, forages, Michael Hare nutrition balance 169 56 107 365 TOTALS 24.1 8.0 15.3 AVERAGE 5 4 5 5 No of W/S Droughtmaster and Red Angus. A small three 3.2 Establish and operate key farmer year project can only just start a genetic groups in three project communes improvement programme and will require on- The Project approach to selecting three beef going support to be effective. farmer groups in three communes with 9 key farm households. Key project activities such as: using project Sindi bulls to crossbreed local cows, with identification of improved bulls to successfully crossbreed/mate; establishment and harvesting of new pasture species/varieties; application of silage technology; providing small scale equipment such as small grass choppers, silage tanks, new pasture varieties, ear tags, and a measuring tape to reasonably accurately estimate cow liveweight on a regular basis. Caption Village Bull 3.2.1 Improvement of local cows 3.2.2 Establishment of new pasture The project has introduced Red Sindhi species/varieties and application of silage technology bulls as Stage I. Once Red Sindhi crossbred female replacements are mature, there will be the opportunity to introduce a third breed i.e. 213
  7. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program In 2007 the project identified the following (Pennisetum purpureum x P. americanum) is a new pasture options which were evaluated cross between Napier grass and pearl millet. with project and non-project farmers: * Mulato II (Brachiaria ruziziensis x Brachiaria brizantha x Brachiaria decumbens) Mulato II is an improved bred hybrid cultivar bred at CIAT in Colombia and released in 2004 for more fertile soils that soybeans will grow in. Mulato II is a high quality forage grass. The grass has a hairy stem which can irritate the arms of some peoples when being hand harvested. Improved Napier grass in Thai Hoa Application silage technology The project has introduced silage technologies to the farmers. The uptake of this technology has been varied; however, the best farmers Mulato II pasture * Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum) is a wild species native to central-western Brazil and adapted to low pH soils and tolerates Al toxicity. Ubon paspalum has very wide leaves and a very high leaf/stem ratio. Farmers find it very easy to cut because it is so leafy. Ubon paspalum is a very palatable grass, has good have seen tremendous benefits. digestibility but its crude protein levels are lower than other grasses (5-10%). The best combinations of silage are:  Napier grass 70% cassava leaf 30%  green maize stove 60% cassava leaf and top 40%  sugar cane top 70% cassava leaf and top 30%  Napier grass with additives All four options increase nutrient levels of Cutting Ubon paspalum conserved feed well above any traditional * Improved Napier grass species. There are methods. These conservation options also two improved Napier grass species that are far reduce fibre and increase intake. The cost of leafier than the common Napier grass planted these options is all low (i.e. 500-600 dong/kg by farmers in Nghia Dan district. Cultivar Mott DM). is called dwarf Napier and is more leafy and suitable for grazing than common Napier grass. Hybrid Napier or banana grass 214
  8. CARD 010/06 VIE – Beef cattle development in Nghe An Training Outcome: 3.3 Liveweight Monitoring Farmer attitudes to change and acceptance of new technologies was variable with a small Live weight data collection – the beef project proportion of farmers not prepared to adopt or introduced both electronic scales and weigh change their approach. The reasons for this band technology for LWT recording as part of varied from lack of motivation due to age, the project. Also the project used a enjoyment of the lifestyle of communal commercial stock recording computer grazing of cattle, lack of labour or capital to programme to capture the data and generate implement change, lack of education to reports. The LWT recording aspect of the understand the concepts. The number of project has had variable results. The small size farmers in this category ranged from 10-25% of each farm makes the benefit of LWT of groups evaluated. This level is not recording problematical and has limited surprising given the rural nature of the project financial advantage. As expected the site. electronic recording had little application with very poor facilities available on smallholders The majority of farmers accepted the new land. The only advantage in electronic scales technology in some form with some making was to be able to demonstrate to smallholders radical changes, others just changing minor that there was a correlation between girth size aspects such as nutrition balancing. The three and LWT when using the weigh band. The most successful technologies introduced weigh band technology has allowed LWT through training was: recording to be undertaken and has provided 1. the introduction of new tropical species the project with a reasonable data set to assess of pasture, between farm LWT and growth rate changes 2. nutrient balancing (especially reduction overtime. in fibre intake) and Growth rates of young animals i.e. birth to 18- 3. the use of new improved genetic bulls. months has changed more dramatically. The project has information on young animal Where farmers could get direct access to these growth rates between November 2007 and technologies, the majority of those attending February 2008; the average growth rates for workshops and training showed high levels of this cohort were less than 0.1kg/day. If we interest and evaluation post workshop showed look at the next corresponding season growth that the number of farmers implementing these rates had increased to 0.34kg/day (a 340% changes was relatively high. increase). The project has no corresponding data for the wet summer period in 2007, The use of silage technology for the however, growth rates for young animals conservation of bi-product had variable results through this period (July 08 – October 08) with approximately 20% of our key farmers averages were 0.54kg/d. The majority of making silage regularly, however, the others improvement can be explained by improved found with the new species of pasture and nutrition, rather than breeding. These results understanding of nutrition that they could reinforce the need for breeding and nutrition to provide animals with improved nutrition be focused on in parallel rather than in through the dry season without the use of isolation. silage. The most important concept regarding the use of bi-product was the ensiling of The sample size of recorded animals is really cassava leaf; this has high potential in both small; however, the size of the increase and providing additional forage as well as improvement indicates that the improvement is improved protein. real and measurable. A more detailed analysis 215
  9. Hoang Van Tao, Nguyen Quoc Toan & Timothy Graham Harvey at 248kg in September 2007 rising to of LWT changes and growth rates will be able 305kg in November 2008. This increase to be made at the end of the project when we is likely to be due to an increase in have 2-years of data. nutrition as well as some aging of the However, there are a number of key factors recorded population. As has been shown that the data does show: in the modelling elsewhere in the report the traditional level of nutrition was a. Mature cow LWT increased significantly limiting the size of beef cattle. between September 2007 and November 2008. Chart 1 shows this increase starting Chart 1: Charge in Average LWT of Mature cows 325 305 285 265 245 Avg LWT 225 b. Growth rate of young animals increased Both these results are a significant significantly over the 2-years. This was increase in performance from baseline data and observations by local experts5. due to the introduction of new genetic material as well as increased nutrition. Chart 2 shows the difference in growth Growth rates recorded from December rate of these young animals. It is not 2008 – June 2009 showed an average possible to separate out the proportion of growth rate, for animals under 12-months increase due to improved genetics vs of age, of 0.43 kg/day and the average improved nutrition; both factors are likely LWT of calves at 6-months of age was to have play an important part as previous between 90-95 kg. Within the project analysis has shown that genetic farmers the average LWT at sale was improvement cannot be realised without between 150-180 kg. This LWT being going hand in hand with improved achieved between 12-15-months of age. nutrition. Chart 2: 216
  10. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program From this achievement, the beef production in 4. Conclusions and recommendations the region will be able to develop sustainably The research project has been done and participate in increasing farmers' income successfully within the project VIE 010/06. besides improving the local farming system. The application of the agricultural extension The research project recommends to be funded methods through training courses, continuously in the future so that the demonstrations and study tours and visits has achievement can be extended with exact and had a great impact on changing the custom and more detailed conclusions. habits of farmers who rear beef cattle in Nghia Dan particularly and in Nghe An generally. References 1. Nghe An People's Committee, January 2010. Annual Report - 2009; 2. Nghe An Animal Breeding Centre, December 2009. Annual report - 2009; 3. Nghe An Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, January 2010. Annual report - 2009; 4. Michael Hare and Phil Rolston, 2007. Baseline Data Report, Nov 2007, Part 6, page 44; 5. Nghia Dan Agricultural Extension Service, 2009. Annual Report - 2008. 217
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