Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " CAPACITY BUILDING IN APPLIED NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMNET FOR RURAL AREAS OF VIETNAM "

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Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program CAPACITY BUILDING IN APPLIED NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMNET FOR RURAL AREAS OF VIETNAM Project title: Capacity Building in Applied Natural Resource Economics and Management for Rural Areas of Vietnam Project code: CARD 025/05 VIE Dr. Pham Van Hung 1, Prof. Gordon MacAulay2 Authors: Project implementing organizations: 1 Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi University of Agricultur e (HUA) 2 University of Sydney, Australia from the University teaching and research staff 1. Introduction to extension staff and farmers. Vietnam is one of nations, which is The project links to the CARD strategic experiencing a rapid growth with market objective which focuses on increasing rural oriented economy development. However, the productivity and increasing agricultural rapid economic growth has also resulted in efficiency and competitiveness. The project enormous pressure on nation’s natural also links to strategic objectives for reducing resources. Because of market imperfections and vulnerability to environmental and economic failures, especially with respect to various shocks and the intermediate objective for natural resources, there is a problem due to increasing stability of household incomes resource overuses. This leads to arising through encouraging diversification of economic inefficiencies, and social and production and marketing. environmental problems. 2. Research contents and methods According to the world’s experiences, scientists has showed that knowledge (understanding) on 2.1 The components of the project economics and natural resource management In order to assess the level of resource use and has been a crucial factor for sustainable and a to prepare suitable documents for each long-term development of economies. In all management level, the project focuses on need management and research levels, including assessment which relates to natural resource staff, researcher and extension workers, the use of farm households in 3 regions: North, level of knowledge, understanding and using of Central and South. the principles of natural resource economics (NRE) and management is limited.  The CARD program focuses on teaching and training. This project also organizes The project CARD/ 025/05 VIE (Capacity series of trainings for lecturers; research on Building in Applied Natural Resource natural resource economics and Economics and Management for Rural Areas of management (trainings and send scholars Vietnam) has been designed to improve to University of Sydney); understanding and strengthen teaching and research capacity in natural resource economics Course 1: Organizing two o and management field for the two leading trainings for lecturers and research universities in agriculture training field in staff of Universities, research Vietnam (Hanoi University of Agriculture and institutes at Hanoi University of Can Tho University). The project also establish Agriculture. relationship among universities; extension system and encourage to transfer of knowledge 124
CARD 025/05 VIE – Applied natural resource management Course 2: Organizing two a focus on economically efficient natural o trainings for lecturers and research resource management. staff of Universities, research Communication/Outreach Approach The main institutes at Can Tho University. approach to communication/outreach is Sending 4 scholars (2 from Hanoi through extension workshops that will be o University of Agriculture, 1 from conducted in the Mekong Delta at Can Tho Hue University and 1 from Can University, the Central Coast through Hue Tho University) to study in University and in the north of Vietnam at University of Sydney. Hanoi Agricultural University. These workshops will address the strategic questions  Organizing training workshops for of strengthened and broadened capacity for extension staff from central to provincial economics training of extension personnel in and district levels in the North and in the Vietnam. Once this capacity is built it will South of Vietnam; provide a continuing human resource base  Conducting pilot workshops for farmers, which can be sustained into the future. farm managers, agricultural co-operatives 2.3 Implementation Methods managers and local agricultural extension staff at 3 regions: North, Central and 2.3.1 R&D Methodology South; The approach used in the proposed project is  Consulting to build curriculum for through research into specific resource use undergraduate subjects such as natural issues designed to allow development of resource economics, environmental training modules for use on knowledge transfer economics and fishery economics for and knowledge base building. These modules Hanoi University of Agriculture; Can Tho will help to increase communication efficiency University. and knowledge delivery as well as understanding of leaders and farmers about  Building websites for reporting project natural resource management. In addition, activities and delivering knowledge on knowledge from trainings will facilitate natural economics and resource information updating and curriculum management. development in universities. 2.2 Approaches Under the project, there are various small scale The proposed project is designed to strengthen studies in the field of fishery; water and land the capacity building in natural resource use and forestry. These studies are carried by economics in Vietnam in a layered framework. scholars and supervised by professors from In the first layer, and after considerable University of Sydney consultation, the University of Sydney staff 2.2.2 Participatory Methods will provide research, teaching and policy analysis training to Vietnamese academics, On-going consultations with the major policy analysts and extension specialists at a stakeholders will be conducted in order to, in national level. This training will be in the the first place determine the nature of the context of the problems and issues identified in training and extension activities, and the farmer surveys. In the second layer, those subsequently to obtain feedback and readdress trained in the first layer will train the extension some key issues. This will assist in developing specialists and policy analysts at a provincial the priority areas for training. level. The training will be designed to impact 2.2.3 Methods to Address Capacity Gaps the advice and information provided to farmers The project has direct and indirect objectives on the use of natural resources. This will be aiming at target beneficiaries including demonstrated through a series of district level lecturers; researchers; and policy makers from workshops. In the third layer, extension universities and research institutes; agricultural workshops for farmers will be conducted, with extension staff and agricultural staff at 125
Pham Van Hung & Gordon MacAulay  provincial and district level; farmers and farm Extension Workshop, Soc Trang (23-27 managers. July, 2007) with 20 participants  Pilot Farmer Workshop, Van Giang (16- The gap in knowledge on natural resource 17 January, 2008) with 30 participants economics and management is well defined  Pilot Farmer Workshop, Soc Trang (23-24 and filled in. January, 2008) with 30 participants  2.3 Dissemination Strategies Pilot Farmer Workshop Vinh, Hung Nguyen, (14-15 July 2008) with 33 The project itself is built around disseminating participants training outcomes to smallholder farmers and  Pilot Farmer Workshop Van Giang, Hung natural resource users in Vietnam. The Yen (18-19 July 2008) with 30 ultimate role in the dissemination of the participants outcomes to small-scale farmers will be played  Pilot Farmer Workshop Soc Trang (21-22 by the Vietnamese extension personnel that July 2008) with 31 participants will be trained under the project. This role will  Roundtable on Resource Management be enhanced through initial farm level pilot Issues in Vietnam (17 July 2008) with 31 workshops conducted within the scope of this attendees project. These workshops will be designed to ensure the flow from economic theory and In addition, 4 research scholars visited the applied economics (improved capacity of the University of Sydney for approximately 3 academics, policy makers and extension staff) months each and each produced a significant to natural resource management on the farm research paper in the field of natural resource (delivered to the small holder farmers). economics and management. 3. Results and discussions The outcome of the training workshop has been highly appreciated by participants. In 3.1 Training, workshop particular: The central feature of the project has been a 3.1.1 Competency Assessment of Academic series of workshops in which 296 people Staff actively participated. The process was to provide training in resource management to a Competency assessment requires that a group of academics who then provided the standard is set against which to test the level of training for the extension workshops and then skills of a person or persons in relation to what the extension specialists provided training for a is expected. This is clearly best done by series of Pilot farmer workshops (3 observation of what people do rather than what workshops). they say. For the purposes of this project a set of questions were asked before and after the The list of completed workshops is provided so training and then for a smaller group a as to reflect the extent of the key activities over significant period after the training in a Post the life of the project. Training Survey. This can only be a very  Training Workshop, Hanoi (12-16 July, limited assessment and therefore can only be 2006) with 26 participants indicative of the outcomes from the program.  Training Workshop, Can Tho, (17-21 July, 2006) with 19 participants The level of knowledge and the capacity of the  Extension Workshop, Hanoi (22-26 academics involved in the training were clearly lifted as reflected in the pre and post workshop January, 2007) with 25 participants knowledge tests. The average score for a set of  Extension Workshop, Can Tho (29 knowledge questions about issues relating to January to 2 February, 2007) with 26 natural resources before the Training participants Workshops was an average score of 43.1 per  Extension Workshop, Hanoi (16-20 July, cent correct answers in Hanoi and 53.8 per 2007) with 26 participants cent in Can Tho. These percentages rose to 71.7 per cent in Hanoi and 65.6 per cent in Can 126
CARD 025/05 VIE – Applied natural resource management Tho after the training. These are average the use of ideas and materials and imply an numbers and clearly an improved expanding set of skills obtained in the training. understanding was gained in relation to some On a more subjective level there was also issues and not so for others. The more significant capacity development for some of technical areas were less well understood but the presenters at the Extension Workshops for some of the basic ideas such as an who had not previously used PowerPoint. All externality and discounting and compounding presenters very successfully utilized this there was significant change. medium. Both University of Sydney staff and Results from the Post Training Survey who senior staff of both Hanoi University of that all the respondents who attended the Agriculture and Can Tho University provided Training Workshops said they had changed support and a level of mentoring for the their thinking about resource management, academic and extension staff during their they incorporated materials into their presentations. A total of 28 different people educational materials, changed their methods presented one of more presentations over the of teaching and had developed new materials set of workshops (excluding University of relating to resource management. This implies Sydney staff). This included both university a significant shift in the capacity and trainers and extension trainers. perspectives of this group of academics and 3.2 Curriculum Change this is likely to continue to grow and develop. A detailed discussion was provided in the 3.1.2 Competency Assessment of Trained Project Technical Report No 1 (Milestone 3) of Extension Staff the draft curriculum proposal for an The success of the workshop evaluations for Environmental and Resource Economics the Extension and Pilot workshops course in the Faculty of Economics and Rural demonstrated the capacity of university and Development at Hanoi University of extension staff to provide excellent quality Agriculture and the course Environmental training as a result of the training they were Economics in the School of Economics and given along with their existing capacities and Business Administration at Can Tho skills. In the case of the set of Extension University. The content of training workshops Workshops in July 2007 the average score on a on natural resource economics and set of questions related to natural resource management has been utilized by lecturers of issues was 42.9 in Hanoi and 45 per cent in the two universities and combine in their Soc Trang. These scores increased to 58.2 and teaching lessons for both undergraduate and 65 per cent after the training. The results from post graduate level. the Post Training Survey also reflect use of the 3.3 Website Documentation and Use materials provided in the Extension The Resman (short for Resource Management) Workshops. Clearly, new skills and ideas have website is located in and maintained by Hanoi been gained which allow material from the University of Agriculture. The site contains training to be used in extension activities. Of most of the PowerPoint presentations made at the 25 respondents 22 (88 per cent) said they all the workshops, the discussion papers, had incorporated material from the training policy briefs and decision-making tools. into their extension work and 20 (80 per cent) Additional training materials have also been had changed their methods of training as a added to the site and there is opportunity for result. A total of 15 (60 per cent) had comments and discussions. Over 20,000 hits developed new materials relating to resource have been made to the website. management and 15 (not a matching 15 people) had changed the materials they provided to farmers. These results do not measure the extent of the changes but reflect 127
Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program 3.4 Smallholder Benefits 3.5 Capacity Building Smallholder benefits from the project are The broad focus of the project is on capacity expected to flow directly from the reported building at the academic, extension and farm workshops as a result of providing training levels. As noted above there were 28 people directly to farmers, albeit a relatively small involved in providing training sessions to number. participants as well as the three academics from the University of Sydney. This involved Although, only 3 workshops were organized a total of 160 sessions of which Vietnamese for farmers at three regions, they have been presenters presented 76 sessions and most had promoting awareness of a large group of attended the training or extension workshops. farmers on environmental problem in the For the five Pilot farmer workshops the intensive production environment which is development of extension specialists in giving simply done by the sharing of experiences that presentations in workshops in the area of was undertaken. However, over the longer resource management has been significant. term the benefits of having provided training to Nine specialists all presented well-prepared a group of academics and also extension presentations for significant periods of time. workers has provided some of the necessary They were assisted by their own colleagues background support for the work at the farmer and also by the academic staff at Hanoi level. Also, as a result of the pilot workshops University of Agriculture and also Can Tho. there is now a small number of people who This represents a significant development in have prepared teaching material and actively teaching capacity in the area of natural participated in presentation of training to resource economics. farmers on significant resource management issues under general guidance. Overall, while In addition to development of a teaching the smallholder benefits from this project are capacity there was development of research expected to take some time (3-5 years) to start capacity as well. Four research scholars spent being apparent, a number of the necessary about three months each at the University of steps have been undertaken towards the Sydney and learned skills in relation to the delivery of a set of smallholder benefits development of research papers in natural targeted to the better management of resource economics. agricultural resources. 128
CARD 025/05 VIE – Applied natural resource management issues, not the least of which, is the 4. Conclusions and recommendations development of their own methods and The challenges to the environment in Vietnam approaches to teaching and research designed to are very large indeed. Particularly is this the resolve the issues they face. case with water pollution and the degradation of its quality. Many farmers are aware of the problems but unclear as to how to reduce them. References Thus, it is essential that more training is provided in the area of natural resource 1. Project No. 025/05VIE, “Capacity management and that this has a high impact. Building in Applied Natural Resource The three-tier process used in the project Economics and Management for seemed to work well and provided a sense of Vietnam”. Final report 6 (Milestone 11). linkage from academic program to farmer level. CARD Program. Available online: The training of leading extension personnel at www.resman.edu.vn. university level in natural resource management 2. Project No. 025/05VIE, “Capacity seems also to be important as relatively few of Building in Applied Natural Resource the extension specialists seemed to have Economics and Management for detailed knowledge in this area. However, Vietnam”. Report 5.5 for Milestone 10 gaining significant impact at the farmer level is (Reporting for Milestone 10 and likely to need farmer-level training but also Revisions to Milestone 11). CARD demonstration and ‘hands-on’ experience. Program. Available online: To evaluate impacts of trainings provided by www.resman.edu.vn. the project is very challenging due to the highly 3. Project No. 025/05VIE, “Capacity variable learning styles, the personal nature of Building in Applied Natural Resource learning and the fact that it is a labour intensive Economics and Management for process. It is also important that the numbers of Vietnam”. Report 5 (Milestone 9). participants in group-learning environments are CARD Program. Available online: not too large or again impact is lost. These www.resman.edu.vn. factors have been managed in the project as 4. Project No. 025/05VIE, “Capacity well as possible with the use of groups that are Building in Applied Natural Resource not over 25 for the Training and Extension workshops and not over 35 for the Pilot farmer Economics and Management for workshops. Vietnam”. Technical Reports 2 and 3 (Milestones 6 and 8). CARD Program. It also became apparent over the life of the Available online: www.resman.edu.vn. project that there has been significant growth in the research and teaching resources going into 5. Project No. 025/05VIE, “Capacity environmental and natural resource use areas. Building in Applied Natural Resource Encouragement was given by the project Economics and Management for activities to this investment. This is an Vietnam”. Progress Report (Milestone 7). encouraging sign in that there will eventually CARD Program. Available online: be significant progress in alleviating some of www.resman.edu.vn. the worst resource use inefficiencies and effects of pollution and waste. However, it also clear that the institutions and organizations in Vietnam will have to find their own way through the web of resource and environmental 129