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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT USING WEAVER ANTS AS A MAJOR COMPONENT FOR CASHEW "

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Hạt điều là một cây trồng rất quan trọng tại Việt Nam, và chính phủ đã được chỉ định điều phát triển như là một ưu tiên quốc gia. Năng suất hạt điều đã tăng lên kể từ năm 2002, nhưng sử dụng rộng rãi thuốc trừ sâu đã gây ra vấn đề sức khỏe nông dân, động vật và môi trường. Các chương trình điều IPM sử dụng kiến vàng như là một yếu tố quan trọng phát triển tại Charles Darwin University (CDU) không liên quan đến thuốc trừ sâu độc hại cao, nhưng kết quả cao năng suất và chất lượng hạt....

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT USING WEAVER ANTS AS A MAJOR COMPONENT FOR CASHEW "

  1. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT USING WEAVER ANTS AS A MAJOR COMPONENT FOR CASHEW Project title: Implementation of the IPM program using weaver ants as a major component for cashew growers in Vietnam Project code: CARD 029/05/VIE Author(s): Prof. Keith Christian1, Dr. Renkang Peng1, La Pham Lan2 and Nguyen Thanh Binh2 Project Implementing organisations: 1 Charles Darwin University, Australia 2 Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam SUMMARY Cashew is a very important crop in Vietnam, and the government has designated cashew development as a national priority. Productivity of cashew has increased since 2002, but the extensive use of pesticides has caused health problems to farmers, their animals and the environment. The cashew IPM programs using weaver ants as a key element developed at Charles Darwin University (CDU) do not involve high toxic insecticides, but result in high yield and nut quality. This project is to use the CDU cashew IPMs to develop and implement an integrated cashew improvement (ICI) program that will work under Vietnamese conditions. An ICI manual and an ICI photo book that work in Vietnam have been developed at 500 and 3000 copies, respectively, and used in the TOT and FFS training, and the positive comments on the materials are received. The project has produced 113 competitive TOT trainers, who have successfully conducted 98 FFSs, resulting in 2,448 knowledgeable farmers. Demonstration orchards produced 13% more net profit in the ICI plot than in the farmers’ plot. Over 95% of farmers were pleased with the FFS training contents, methods and the results of demonstration orchards. The project has produced benefits for small-holders and aspects of capacity building, and improved farm environment, farm health and crop sustainability. There is a high demand of FFS training by local cashew growers. 176
  2. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh on cashew orchards in Australia and Africa, 1. Introduction this project was proposed with the aim of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is an increasing cashew yield and improving nut important crop in Vietnam, and the quality. Specific objectives are (1) to conduct government has designated cashew TOT training in cashew IPM for TOT trainers development as a national priority. The area to conduct FFSs in their local region, (2) to growing cashew is about 430000 ha located in develop an IPM cashew curriculum and a Central Highlands, South Central Coast and series of illustrative posters based on the South East region. Cashew is planted mainly in cashew IPM programs developed in Australia inverse soils that are low in fertility and with that will work in Vietnamese conditions and low precipitation. For years, cashew plants (3) to assess the effectiveness of the FFS were considered as a forestry plant so that the model in increasing farmer knowledge and growers did not consider any intensive reducing pesticide use in cashew production. techniques such as fertilization or plant 2. Research contents and methods protection (David, 1999). When the decree of Prime Minister signed in 7 May 1999 on the 2.1. Research Contents development of cashew production was released, the growing area of this plant for A Start up workshop was held on 5 May 2006 exports expanded rapidly in Southern Vietnam. at the Institute of Agricultural Science of However, the productivity of cashew is low Southern Vietnam (IAS). A total of 38 experts because of serious damage from insect pests who are involved in Vietnam cashew and inadequate farm management. Insect pests production were invited, they came from plant of cashew plants has identified that protection departments, research institutions, lepidopterans and hemipterans are universities, non-government organizations, predominant (An, 2003; Lan et al., 2002). agricultural services and rural departments, an Generally the use of insecticides is a common insecticide company and media corporations. practice by farmers to control insect pests. In some cases the efficacy of insecticides was not Organization of Training of Trainees (TOT) proven due to misuse and farmer use of classes: Two TOT courses were organized. insecticides as a preventive tool. To achieve One TOT was held at the sub-PPD of Binh high yields most growers rely heavily on Phuoc province, and the other at the Hung Loc insecticides, resulting in increased costs, pest Agricultural Research Center belonging to IAS resistance, environmental pollution and the located in Dong Nai province. Two TOT reduction of natural enemies and pollinators. courses have resulted in 60 trainees (30 each), The suggestion of using a biological agent as who are currently IPM trainers in rice and weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) instead vegetables in provincial sub-PPD. Because of insecticides is not new but has potential as a cashew trees are perennial, the period from control measure. In the Mekong Delta the flowering to harvesting is more important than application of weaver ants can control insect other periods. The TOT courses ran from pests in citrus orchards and also give fruit with flowering to harvest. At each site, one few blemishes. The use of weaver ants as a demonstration cashew orchard was established biological control agent of insect pests is to enable trainees to practice. Each common in the Mekong Delta (Barzman et al., demonstration orchard is 1.2 ha, divided into 1999). Scientists from Charles Darwin two treatments. One treatment was managed University found that an IPM program that by the orchard owner with his current farming used weaver ants as a key element had been practices including insecticide sprays. The successfully used by cashew growers in other was managed by the IPM program. The Australia, Papua New Guinea and two TOTs of 1st year have been completed, the Mozambique (Peng and Duncan, 1999; Peng, two TOT of the 2nd year are currently running. 2000, 2001, 2002; Peng et al., 1999, 2004). A total of 120 cashew IPM trainers will be available at the end of the project. Based on the successful examples on citrus orchards in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) and 177
  3. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh Organization of Farmer Field School (FFS) insecticides before the FFS training, 24% classes: After finishing the course 60 TOT fewer farmers used insecticides after the FFS trainees will become cashew IPM trainers. The training (Table 1 and 2). In addition to this, 60 IPM trainers will be divided to 30 groups (2 over 92% of the farmers showed a full for each group), and each group will run one understanding of the principles and tactics of FFS. Each FFS will take 25 farmers. A total of conducting each of the above farming 30 FFSs will be completed in the 1st year and activities. a total of 750 cashew smallholders will be Table 1. Number of people who used trained in cashew IPM. In the 3rd year, each insecticides before and after the FFS training. group of “old trainees” (2 trainers) will run 2 Insecticide Before After Total FFSs, and each group of “new trainees” (2 spray FFS FFS Yes 180 133 313 each) will run one FFSs, No 17 64 81 A Base line survey was conducted in the target Total 197 197 394 provinces of this project Binh Phuoc, Dong Pearson Chi-square statistics χ2 = 34.329; P < Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Thuan, Ba Ria Vung 0.001; df = 1. Tau, Dak Lak and Dak Nong provinces. Table 2. Number of people who used 3. Research results and discussions insecticides and herbicides before and after the FFS training. 3.1 Baseline survey - Effectiveness of the Herbicide Before After Total FFS model in increasing farmer use FFS FFS Yes 152 147 299 knowledge and reducing pesticide use No 44 49 93 in cashew production Total 196 196 392 Pearson Chi-square statistics χ2 = 0.352; P = The effectiveness of the FFS training on 0.553; df = 1. farmers’ knowledge and farming skills has In the baseline survey, farmers, on average, been assessed against baseline data. Of 197 could only recognise < 1 insect pest species, questionnaires collected from the first year and 37% of them could not recognise any FFS farmers, over 95% of farmers were happy insect pests. After the FFS training, on with the FFS training contents, with the average, farmers could recognise 3.3 species. training methods, and with the results from More than 85% of the farmers could recognise FFS demonstration orchards. More that 80% of tea mosquito bugs, branch borers and stem- the farmers were sure that weaver ants could root borers, and over 20% of farmers could control the main cashew insect pests and recognise thrips, shoot borers, branch borers, would improve cashew yield and nut quality. red caterpillars and mealy bugs, which are the Over 80% of farmers knew how to use weaver major insect pests in cashew orchards. In our ants, would use weaver ants, and would tell baseline survey, farmers could only recognise their friends and other farmers to use the ants. < 1 disease, and 37% of them could not Farmers’ knowledge about insect pests, recognise any disease. Besides, farmers, on diseases and their natural enemies as well as average, could recognise 2 diseases. After the general farming skills has been significantly FFS, 92% of the farmers could recognise the improved (Peng et al., 2009). most important disease ‘anthracnose’. In the Farmers’ knowledge about the general farming baseline survey, a majority of farmers had no activities has been significantly improved. knowledge of the natural enemies of the pest Compared to the proportion of farmers species. After the FFS training, farmers could conducting each of these farming activities recognise an average of 2.2 species of natural before the FFS training, 35%, 49%, 28%, 31%, enemies, and 100% of the farmers knew and 18% more farmers conducted weeding, weaver ants very well. mulching, irrigation, pruning and fertilizer With regard to the reduction of insecticide use, application respectively after the FFS training. 91% of the farmers used insecticides before the Compared to the proportion of farmers using FFS training, but after the FFS training, only 178
  4. CARD 029/05 VIE – IPM for cashew using weaver ants 67% of the farmers used insecticides, resulting 3.2 TOT training in cashew IPM for TOT in a 24% reduction (Peng et al., 2009). This trainers to conduct FFSs in their local was because insect pest damage was greatly region reduced after using weaver ants in their A total of 113 TOT trainers have graduated orchards. However, with the application of the from our two-year TOT training (56 in the first ICI program, it would expect that the current year and 57 in the second year (Peng et al., level (67%) of farmers using insecticides will 2008e), and they are very competent in FFS decrease further when farmers get more and training (Peng et al., 2008c). These TOT more experience using weaver ants. Besides trainers have successfully conducted 98 FFSs this, 92% of the farmers demonstrated a full in their local regions, resulting in 2,448 understanding of when and how to use farmers having graduated with improved insecticides in their orchards (Peng et al., knowledge and farming skills in relation to the 2009). In contrast, in baseline survey, 80% of cashew ICI program (Peng et al., 2009). the farmers experienced various kinds of poison symptoms during or after the insecticide operations (Peng et al., 2006a). TOT Field work in cashew garden Opening a TOT course in Binh Phuoc During the period of pre-flowering flush to nut 3.3 Field experiments in the development (November to March), the demonstration orchards damage level of cashew flushing shoots, 3.3.1 Binh Phuoc orchard flowers or young nuts by tea mosquito bugs, shoot borers, leaf miners, aphids and leaf Based on the monitoring data, the common rollers was similar between the farmer’s plot insect pests in this orchard were tea mosquito and the IPM plot (P > 0.05; Table 3). bugs (Helopeltis antonii), shoot borers However, the average level of developmental (Alcidodes sp.), leaf miners (Acrocercops nuts damaged by the fruit-nut borer was lower syngramma), aphids, the apple-nut borer in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot (P = (Nephopteryx sp), leaf rollers and branch 0.018; Table 3). borer. Leaf miner Leaf rollers Red tea mosquito bug Blue shoot borer (Acrocercops syngramma) (Helopeltis antonii) (Alcidodes sp.) 179
  5. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh Table 3. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam. 2008. Pest name Treatment Mean % shoots Friedman two–way ANOVA damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic Xr2 = 0.400; df = 1; P Tea mosquito Farmer 6.5 + 3.8 14.0 bugs = 0.527 IPM 6.7 + 3.2 16.0 Xr2 = 0.400; df = 1; P Shoot borers Farmer 8.3 + 7.0 14.0 = 0.527 IPM 7.9 + 5.1 16.0 Xr2 = 0.111; df = 1; P The leaf miner Farmer 1.8 + 1.6 15.5 = 0.739 IPM 1.8 + 1.5 14.5 Xr2 = 0.111; df = 1; P Aphids Farmer 11.5 + 11.9 14.5 = 0.739 IPM 12.4 + 11.8 15.5 The fruit-nut Farmer 0.11 + 0.69 57608.0 U = 29405.0; df = 1; borer* P = 0.018 IPM 0.01 + 0.15 56395.0 Leaf rollers* Farmer 0.4 + 1.2 56575.5 U = 28372.5; df = 1; P = 0.933 IPM 0.7 + 3.4 57427.5 *, Mann-Whitney U test is used. During the cashew dormant or leaf flush period than in the farmer’s plot. However, the average (April to July), the damage on flushing shoots level of shoots with aphids was more in the by tea mosquito bugs, shoot borers and leaf IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot (Table 4). miners was significantly lower in the IPM plot Table 4. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot during the tree dormancy or leaf flush period at Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam. Pest name Treatment Mean % shoots Friedman two–way ANOVA damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic Xr2 = 8.000; df = 1; P Tea mosquito Farmer 6.5 + 11.2 16.0 bugs = 0.005 IPM 2.4 + 4.3 8.0 Xr2 = 8.000; df = 1; P Shoot borers Farmer 5.0 + 2.0 16.0 = 0.005 IPM 2.4 + 0.9 8.0 Xr2 = 4.500; df = 1; P The leaf miner Farmer 1.2 + 1.0 15.0 = 0.034 IPM 0.5 + 0.3 9.0 Xr2 = 8.000; df = 1; P Aphids Farmer 9.0 + 5.9 8.0 = 0.005 IPM 13.3 + 9.6 16.0 borers. The minor pests are shoot borers and 3.3.2 Hung Loc Centre orchard mealy bugs. The mean damage level on Based on regular monitoring, the main insect cashew flowers and young nuts by each of pests in this orchard are tea mosquito bugs, these pests was similar between the farmer’s leaf rollers, leaf miners, aphids and branch plot and the IPM plot (Table 5). 180
  6. CARD 029/05 VIE – IPM for cashew using weaver ants Brown aphids Damage on Mealy bug Weaver ants farm mealy shoots damage on nuts bugs Table 5. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, Dong Nai province, Vietnam. 2008 Pest name Treatment Mean % shoots Friedman two–way ANOVA damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic Xr2 = 3.000; df = Tea mosquito Farmer 1.25 + 2.64 6 bugs 1; P = 0.083 IPM 2.49 + 3.40 9 The shoot borer* Farmer 0.64 + 1.79 5273.5 U = 2788.5; df = 1; P = 0.135 IPM 0.26 + 1.06 5166.5 Xr2 = 0.333; df = Leaf rollers Farmer 3.13 + 3.85 7 1; P = 0.564 IPM 3.42 + 3.93 8 Xr2 = 2.000; df = The leaf miner Farmer 2.75 + 3.83 7 1; P = 0.157 IPM 2.65 + 4.49 5 Mealy bugs* Farmer 0.69 + 2.03 4780.5 U = 2295.5; df = 1; P = 0.088 IPM 1.96 + 5.49 5659.5 Xr2 = 1.000; df = Aphids Farmer 0.75 + 2.47 6.5 1; P = 0.317 IPM 1.96 + 4.33 8.5 *, Mann-Whitney U test is used. The average number of nuts per tree were shoot borers, leaf rollers, leaf miners, mealy similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM bugs and aphids. The mean damage level on plot (P = 0.206; Table 6). The nuts were cashew flushing shoots, flowers or young nuts cleaner and shinier in the IPM plot than in the by shoot borers, leaf rollers and leaf miners farmer’s plot. was similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot. Although tea mosquito damage was In the crop season 2008-2009, the higher in the IPM plot than in farmer’s plot, demonstration orchard at Hung Loc Centre of the damage caused by tea mosquito bugs was < the IAS has also been successfully completed. 5 %, which is lower than the control threshold The weaver ant abundance was over 50% from determined by Peng et al. (1997). The damage November 2008 to May 2009, the ant caused by mealy bugs and aphids was higher populations were stable during the period of in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot, but cashew flowering and fruiting (January – the average damage was
  7. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh Table 7. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, February 2008 – May 2009, Dong Nai province, Vietnam. Pest name Treatment Mean % shoots Friedman two–way ANOVA damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic Xr2 = 4.500; df = Tea mosquito Farmer 2.89 + 5.22 19.5 bugs 1; P = 0.034 IPM 4.28 + 5.82 25.5 Xr2 = 1.000; df = The shoot borer Farmer 1.51 + 3.84 18.5 1; P = 0.317 IPM 1.95 + 4.72 20.5 Xr2 = 0.333; df = Leaf rollers Farmer 3.25 + 7.19 19.0 1; P = 0.564 IPM 4.08 + 7.47 20.0 Xr2 = 1.000; df = The leaf miner Farmer 1.31 + 3.39 22.0 1; P = 0.317 IPM 2.10 + 4.88 23.0 Xr2 = 4.000; df = Mealy bugs Farmer 0.08 + 0.92 17.5 1; P = 0.046 IPM 0.34 + 2.37 21.5 Xr2 = 13.000; df = Aphids Farmer 0.18 + 1.17 17.5 1; P < 0.001 IPM 1.75 + 4.36 30.5 The average yield of cashew nuts per tree were shinier in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s similar between the IPM plot and the farmer’s plot. plot (Table 8), but the nuts were cleaner and Table 8. The average yield of cashew nuts per tree in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, 2009 Dong Nai, Vietnam. Plot (Treatment) Yield Rank sum (kg /tree + SD) Farmer (use insecticides) 3.8 + 1.4 15.5 IPM (use weaver ants only) 3.7 + 1.7 14.5 Xr2 = 0.111; df = 1; P = 0.739 Friedman two–way ANOVA forage on flushing shoots, flowers and 3.3.3 Trang Bom orchard developing nuts. No competition for food In Dong Nai demonstration orchard, the third between weaver ants and ghost ants was year experiment (crop season 2008-2009) has observed. The average number of flushing been successfully completed. After the ghost shoots and flowers was similar between the ant was identified as the major factor to be IPM plot and the farmer’s plot. responsible for the failure of the main insect pest control by weaver ants in the first and the The main insect pests in this orchard are tea second year (Peng et al. 2008d), to avoid a mosquito bugs, the shoot borer, leaf rollers, strong competition between ghost ants and leaf miners, mealy bugs and aphids (Table 9). weaver ants, existing weaver ants colonies on The mean damage level on cashew flowers or the orchard boundary were used, together with young nuts by each of these pests was similar the management of boundary trees. This between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot, method was successfully to keep weaver ant with the exception of aphids that the damage populations high and stable on cashew trees. level was higher in the IPM plot than in the The weaver ant abundance was over 60% from farmer’s plot. However, the average aphid November 2008 to May 2009, and the ant damage was < 2% (Table 9). populations were stable during the period of The average yield of cashew nuts per tree were cashew flowering and fruiting. higher in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot Regular field observations showed that, in (Table 10). Also, the nuts were cleaner and contrary to the results of the previous two shinier in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s years (Peng et al., 2008d), weaver ants plot. behaved normally, and they were active to 182
  8. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh Table 9. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Mr Bi’s orchard, 10 November 2008 – 10 April 2009, Dong Nai province, Vietnam. Pest name Treatment Mean % shoots Friedman two–way ANOVA damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic Xr2 = 3.000; df = Tea mosquito Farmer 3.70 + 6.09 18.0 bugs 1; P = 0.083 IPM 2.42 + 3.97 15.0 Xr2 = 1.000; df = The shoot borer Farmer 1.37 + 4.07 16.5 1; P = 0.999 IPM 0.89 + 2.63 16.5 Xr2 = 1.000; df = Leaf rollers Farmer 5.35 + 8.40 16.0 1; P = 0.317 IPM 5.12 + 7.82 17.0 Xr2 = 1.000; df = The leaf miner Farmer 1.75 + 4.33 16.5 1; P = 0.999 IPM 1.46 + 3.39 16.5 Xr2 = 2.000; df = Mealy bugs Farmer 0.01 + 0.15 15.5 1; P = 0.157 IPM 0.09 + 0.55 17.5 Xr2 = 10.000; df = Aphids Farmer 0.07 + 1.00 11.5 1; P = 0.002 IPM 1.68 + 6.30 21.5 Nuts in the IPM plot Nuts in farmer’s plot Table 10. The average yield of cashew nuts per tree in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Mr Bi’s orchard, 2009 Dong Nai, Vietnam. Plot (Treatment) Yield /tree (kg) + SD Group t test Farmer (use insecticides) 13.3 + 2.2 t = -2.068; df = 75; P = 0.042 IPM (use weaver ants only) 14.3 + 2.0 cashew harvest, a checklist of the ICI program 3.4 Development of an IPM cashew at different growing periods, and four curriculum and an IPM cashew photo book appendices of guidelines for TOT and FFS The cashew curriculum has been developed training and for monitoring pest damages and based on long-term field experiments and field surveys in major cashew growing provinces (Peng et al., 2008d). It is entitled “The integrated cashew improvement (ICI) program using weaver ants as a major component - Manual for ICI program trainers and extension officers in Vietnam”. As planned, the manual includes up-to-date information about cashew botany, breeding, culture practice, diseases and their control, insect pests and their damage, natural enemies, integrated pest control, the role of weaver ants, weaver ant keeping, 183
  9. Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh weaver ant abundance (Peng et al., 2008a). Reference This book was published in 500 copies. 1. An, Tran Thi Thien. 2003. Preliminary results An ICI cashew photo book has also been of study on the cashew pests in Binh Phuoc developed based on long-term field Province. Paper presented at the Workshop on experiments, field surveys and laboratory Plant protection serving to the policy of cultivation structure shifting in Central rearing (Peng et al., 2008d). The ICI photo Highland and Southern Region. Vung Tau, book covers cashew variety selection, 24-25 June 2003. advanced farming practice, major diseases, 2. Barzman, Marco S., Nick J. Mills, and major insect pests, the main natural enemies, Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc. 1999. Research on the the integrated pest control methods, role of effect of the yellow ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) on citrus fruit quality. In: Van weaver ants, weaver ant keeping techniques, Mele Paul and Nguyen Van Huynh (Eds) and the summary of the ICI programme (Peng Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Fruit et al., 2008b). This book was published in production in the Mekong Delta focusing on 3000 copies. integrated pest management. Vietnamese – Belgium IPM in Fruit Production Project. CanTho, Vietnam, 1999. 4. Conclusions and recommendations 3. Davis, Kristin. 1999. Cashew. ECHO Technical Note. http://www.echonet.org/. Total of 113 TOT trainers have graduated from 4. Lan, L.P., H.X. Quang, V.T.T. Hoan, N.V. our TOT training, and they are very competent Quoc, N.M. Hung and N.P.D. Huyen. 2002. in FFS training. These TOT trainers have Insect pests and diseases of cashew trees, populations dynamics, and some methods to successfully conducted 98 FFSs in their local control. Final report of the project KN regions, resulting in a total of 2,448 ICI 06.04.NN. program farmers with improved knowledge 5. Peng, R.K. 2000. The control of cashew insect and farming skills. pests in cashew plantations and small holder plantings using red ants, Oecophylla An ICI manual for TOT trainers and extension smaragdina. - The first stage of officers in Vietnam and an ICI photo book for implementation. A report to the Livestock cashew growers in Vietnam has been Development Corporation, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, August 2000, pp20. developed and used by our TOT trainers in the 6. Peng, R.K. and Duncan, I. 1999. The control FFS training. These manual were published in of cashew insect pests in cashew plantations 500 and 3000 copies, respectively. and small holder plantings using red ants, Oecophylla smaragdina. - Preliminary survey After the FFS training, the percentage of – Feasibility study of the utilization of red ants farmers who used insecticides, reduced to to control the main cashew insect pests. A 24%. The current level (67%) of farmers using report to the Livestock Development insecticides is expected to decrease further Corporation, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, August 1999, pp46. when farmers get more and more experience 7. Peng, R.K., 2001. The control of cashew using weaver ants. 92% of the farmers insect pests in cashew plantations and small demonstrated a full understanding of when and holder plantings using red ants, Oecophylla how to properly use insecticides in their smaragdina. – The second stage of orchards. implementation (Final). A report to the Livestock Development Corporation, Port Over 95% of farmers were happy with the FFS Moresby, Papua New Guinea, March, 2001, training programs, with the training methods, pp33. 8. Peng, R.K., 2002. Use of weaver ants, to and with the results of demonstration orchards. control the major cashew insect pests, There was high demand for the FFS training of Helopeltis and Pseudotheraptus, in the central the ICI program by cashew smallholders who Nursery and smallholder orchards in Maganja have not been trained because of the positive Da Costa, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. impact of the FFS farmers. A consultant report to ADRA Cashew Reforestation Project, Mozambique, September, 2002. 9. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Gibb, K. 1997. Control threshold analysis for the tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis pernicialis 184
  10. CARD 029/05 VIE – IPM for cashew using weaver ants (Hemiptera: Miridae) and preliminary results using weaver ants as a major component - of the control efficiency by the green ant, Manual for ICI program trainers and extension Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: officers in Vietnam”. Charles Darwin Formicidae) in northern Australia. University, Australia and Institute of International Journal of Pest Management, 43, Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, 233-237. Vietnam. October 2008, pp89. 10. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Gibb, K. 1999. 17. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Lan, L.P. and Binh, Utilisation of green ants, Oecophylla N.T. 2008b. Cashew nut ICI curriculum II smaragdina, to control cashew insect pests. pp “Integrated cashew improvement program 88, Rural Industries Research and using weaver ants as a major component – ICI Development Corporation, Canberra, Photo Book for cashew growers in Vietnam”. Australia. Charles Darwin University, Australia and 11. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Gibb, K. 2004. Institute of Agricultural Science for South Implementing ant technology in commercial Vietnam, Vietnam. October 2008, pp69. cashew plantations. RIRDC Publication No. 18. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008c. W04/088, May 2004, ISSN 1440-6845. Competency evaluation report to CARD. 12. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Bien, P.V. and Lan, Charles Darwin University, Australia and L.P. 2006a. Baseline survey report to CARD. Institute of Agricultural Science for South Charles Darwin University, Australia and Vietnam, Vietnam, December 2008, pp11. Institute of Agricultural Science for South 19. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Lan, L.P. and Binh, Vietnam, Vietnam, 28 August 2006, pp12. N.T. 2008d. Research and technical report to 13. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2006b. CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia First 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Vietnam, Vietnam, 31 July 2008, pp28. Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, 20. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008e. Vietnam, 28 August 2006, pp23. Fourth 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles 14. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2007a. Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Second 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Vietnam, 28 February 2008, pp22. Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, 21. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008f. Vietnam, 20 April 2007, pp28. Fifth 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles 15. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2007b. Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Third 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Vietnam, 7 November 2008, pp28. Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, 22. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2009. Vietnam, 7 September 2007, pp30. Project validation report to CARD. Charles 16. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Lan, L.P. and Binh, Darwin University, Australia and Institute of N.T. 2008a. Cashew nut ICI curriculum I Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, “Integrated cashew improvement program Vietnam, April 2009, pp16. 185
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