Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " THE TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROWING AND CARING OF CITRUS IN VIETNAM "

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " THE TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROWING AND CARING OF CITRUS IN VIETNAM "

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development THE SOUTHERN FRUIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE -------------- --------------- THE TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROWING AND CARING OF CITRUS IN VIETNAM VO HUU THOAI
I. SITE SELECTION Establishment of an orchard is a long term investment and hence needs the complete planning. Any mistake committed during selection of site, plant density, choice of varieties, quality of seedling… reflects greatly on the orchard performance. For got management and sustained yields, it is very important to select a good site for orchard. Climate: Temperature: It should be remembered that the optimum temperature range for tropical trees is between 23-30oC, if temperature is low at 10oC can damage tropical trees.
Rainfall: In general, a climate with low rainfall and plenty sunshine in good for tropical trees. High rainfall areas are less suitable for fruit trees because of pressures of pests and diseases, lower yield and poor fruit quality. Soil: Fruit trees can grow and produce well in a wide variety of soil types, except very light, sandy soils and heavy clay soils. In general, most fruit trees prefer the soil pH between 5.5 and 6.5. The water table should be no higher than one meter below the soil surface. Other important factors Day length, the amount of sunshine, the level of relative humidity, latitude, altitude and slope of land may all affect fruit tree growth, fruit yield and quality.
Selected site for citrus planting, , it is isolated from HLB disease areas.
II. ESTABLISHMENT OF ORCHARD Aspect for planting Being evergreen, fruit tree perfom best in site that are warm and sunny. The mounding is at right angles to the sunrise is recommended. Each tree on the mounding will receive more sunlight from sun.
Windbreak Windbrerak should be estalished before planting commance, the benefits of windbreak include reduction in wind damage to trees and fruit, reduction in evaporative stress to trees and an improved microclimate for crop pollination in Mekong delta, Hibiscus plant is recommanded and Cusuarina for highland.
To establish the wind- break in order to prevent flower and fruit falling from storm
The layout of orchard There are 2 popular planting systems are being practiced, theye are: Square system: Is simplest and ubiquitous system of planting adopted for a number of fruit crops, as it provides ease in cultivation and irrigation. The trees are planted in 4 corners of the square in straight lines. (suitable for the southeast areas). Quincunx system: it is similar to square system except that a fifth plant is located at the centre of each square (suitable for mekong delta with high density). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The disease - free seedlings should be planted in selected orchard
Planting density and distance(spacing) Planting density depending on factors such as the species of tree, cultivar, the type of rootstock, the environment and planting zone. Table: Commonly planting distance in citrus crops Crops Mekong delta South –East Kinh mandarin 2 x 3m 3 x 4m Tieu manarin 4 x 5m 4 x 5m Pummmelo 4 x 5m 5 x 6m Lemon 3 x 4m 4 x 5m
Mounding The depth of topsoil can be increased, which is rich in nutrient and oganic matter, by moving topsoil from between the rows into the tree lines. Mounding can help overcome site limitations such as shallow topsoil, poor drainage and have beneficial effects by increasing the nutrient supply under the tree line and improving aeration in the root zone. Irrigation systems recommanded to install on the moundings.
Mekong delta: usually have got acid sulfat soil layer under topsoil, high water table level and shallow topsoil. Therefore mouding is recommanded in this soil type. For fruit tree cultivation in the Mekong Delta, land is specially made into alternative canal-beds in order to increase the deepth of topsoil. Then fruit trees planted on small mounds of the bed. The mound size is about 50-60cm height and 80-100cm in diameter.
South-East : The mounding is suitable with upland (highland) of the eastern part of south Vietnam. If growers are unable to carry out the mounding for the whole site, similar mound in Mekong Delta are recommended with 30-40cm height and 60-80cm in diameter.
Prepare for planting holes Planting holes of 60cm x 100cm x 100cm are dug and allowed to weather for about two weeks prior to planting. Then, organic manure, lime and phosphate fertilizer can be mixed with topsoil and subsoil (incorporated) to be used to fill the planting holes.
The time of planting The optimum time for planting fruit trees varies according to the species, water sources. It is best planted at the beginning of the raining. Growers should avoid transplanting seedling during hot summer weather .
Irrigation system There are three main source of irrigation water for orchards: Well, river, stream, and ponds. Irrigation system should be established when the orchard is being laid out. In the Mekong delta is furrow irrigation or over canopy can be used because of abundant water.
Drip irrigation can be used if water is limited such as highland area.
Ground cover and mulching The use of grass cover and plant residue is recommended to reduce water loss from the soil and increase soil organic matter and structure. During 4-6 months of dry season the tree basins are mulched with weed residue, banana leaves, coconut fiber, straw…
Between the row of tree, grass is recommended to sow such as Commelina diffusa(rau trai),Setaria palmifolia(cỏ lá tre), Kradun thong...