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Cẩm nang hướng dẫn tự ôn và luyện thi Sinh học: Phần 1

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Phần 1 tài liệu Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi Sinh học trình bày tóm tắt lí thuyết, câu hỏi tự luận và trắc nghiệm, bài tập tự luận và trắc nghiệm phần Cơ chế di truyền bao gồm: Cơ chế di truyền ở cấp độ phân tử, cơ chế di truyền ở cấp độ tế bào. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

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  1. Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ldl NOI DAU DC- C O t l i c d a l k c l q u a t o t t r o n g c a c k i t l i i T o t n g h i c p T H P T , t u y e n s i n l i v a o c a c Chu-orng 1. t r U f l n g C a o d a n g . D a i i i o c . h o c s i n h c a n n a m dUOc c h u a n k i c n ihiYc, k l n a n g ci'ia chUOng C O cut D I TRUYjfeN trinh T H P T . Cuthela: A. C d CHE DI TRUYEN 6 CAP DO PHAN TLf 1 - F h a i nh('(, n a m v i l n g , h i c u r o c a c k i c n thtfc c(J b a n t r o n g c h i r r i n g t r i n h , s a c i i g i a o I. TOM T A T NOI DUNG k h o a m o n S i n h h o c c a p T H P T , c h u y e u l a I d p 12. T r i f d c t i c n , h p c s i n h c a n n h d r d i he tho'ng l a i t o a n b o cac k i e ' n ihtJc da du'dc 2 - P h a i bie't \&n d u n g c a c k i c n thifc d a h o c d e t r a cac c a u h o i , gitii bai lap, l i i m thiTc hanh.... v a iJng d u n g v a o thifc t i e n , d t l i s o n g . h p c t r o n g chiTimg t r i n h T H P T v c CO sd VAT C H A T va C d C H E D I T R U Y E N d 3 - P h a i r e n luyC-n c a c l h a o t a c , tu' d u y : P l i a n t i c h diftfc c a c sU k i e n , d f f k i e n thCfa, C A P D O P H A N T O . C t i t h e n h u ' sau: thie'u h o a c d i i d e g i a i q u y e t d i M c c a c v a n d c c i i t h e . X a c d i n h d i W c m o i q u a n h e giiTa c a c 1. G e n la cd sd v a t c h a t di t r u y e n (If c a p do p h a n tijT b o p h a n t r o n g t o a n t h e ; c u t h e h o a d m i c nhiTng v a n d e t r i f u t i f d n g ; n h a n b i e t v i i h i c u difrtc D t ) la m o t d o a n a x i l n u c l e i c ( A D N hotic A R N ) d i f d c c a n t a o lii4 loai nucleotit cac b o p h a n c a u t h a n h ; k e t hOp du'dc n h i c u y c u t o t h a n h m o t t d n g t h e h o a n c h i ' n h ; k h a i A , T , G , X . C o m p l cht'fc n a n g d i t r u y e n nhii't d i n h n h i f m a h o a c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t , q u a t h o a dUOc nhiTng v a n d c r i e n g I c , c u t h e . S u y l u a n tiT nhCtng k i e ' n thiVc d a c 6 d e md r o n g k i c n thiJc, p h a t t r i e n n a n g liTc n h a n thiJc. h o a c p h i i n t i f A R N , d i e u h o a h o a l d p n g c u a gen,... ; ,, H i c n n a y , d e t h i t o t n g h i e p T H P T , t u y e n s i n h v a o c a c trufcing C a o d a n g , D a i h o c 2. G e n c a u t r u e c 6 3 vunj» t r i n h t\i n u c l e o t i t m o n S i n h h o c l a h i n h t h i f c t h i t r a c n g h i c m . D o l a h i n h thiJc k i e m t r a , m a t r o n g d o d c V i i n g d i e u h o a n a m d d i i u 3 ' c i i a m a c h m i i go'c m a n g t i n h i e u k h d i d p n g v i i k i e m I r a thirClng g o m n h i c u c a u h o i . M o i c a u n c u r a m o t v a n d e c i i n g v d i n h i f n g t h o n g t i n k i e m soat p h i e n m a . v u n g m i i hoa m a n g t h o n g t i n mix h o a cac a x i l a m i n , c 6 the c a n t h i c ' t , s a o c h o t h i s i n h c h i p h a i t r a I d i v a n t a t d o i v d i iCmg c a u h o i . l i e n l i i c ( d te b a o n h a n .sd) h o a c k h o n g h e n l i i c , tti'c l i i x e n k e c a c d o a n m a hoa D e l a m to't h i n h thiVc t h i t r a c n g h i e m , n g o a i v i c e o n t a p c 6 k e ' h o a c h , c h u a n h i n o i a x i l a m i n ( c x t ) n ) lit c i i c d o a n k h o n g m i i h o a a x i l a m i n ( i n t r o n ) ( d te' b i l o n h a n d u n g k l t h i h o c s i n h c a n p h a i l a m q u c n v d i h i n h thiJc t h i n a y . T u y n h i c n , k h o n g c a n p h a i l a m t h a t n h i c u , c h i c a n l i i m q u e n v d i m o t so c a u h o i t h e o t i f n g n p i d u n g , ti^ng p h a n h o c i h i f c ) ; v i i n g k e t i h u c n a m d d a u 5' c i i a m a c h goc m a n g t i n h i e u ke'l t h i i c p h i e n m a . nhif: C d c h c ' d i t r u y e n v i i bic'n d i , D i t r u y e n hoc q u d n t h e , D i I r u y e n hoc ngifdi,... dc n a m 3. G e n c h i f a t h o n ^ t i n di t r u y e n diftJi h i n h thufc m a hoa du'dc e a c h r a d e t h i , kT t h u a t l i i m b i i i t h i trii'c n g h i c m . Q u a n t r o n g nhii't l i t p h a i t r a n g b i M a d i t r u y e n l i i m a b p b a , life la 3 n u c l e o t i t dtJng h e n n h a u m a h o a m p l a x i l k i e n t h i f c d i i y d u , h e t h o n g , p h a i r e n l u y e n t o t ctic t h a o t a c tu" d u y i h i n i d i c d t h e d a t kc't a m i n . V i c6 4 n u c l e o t i t n e n c6 4^ = 6 4 b p ba m a h o a ( T r i p l e t ) t i f d n g I'fng v d i qua t o l trong cac k i t h i . 64 c o d o n t r e n m A R N . T r o n g do co 1 bp m d dau lii A U G m a hoa a x i l a m i n m d Vc ciiu h o i c d the chia thanh 2 loai; Ciiu hoi "thuoc b a i " v i i ciiu h o i " h i e u b a i " . dau ( M e l i o n i n h a y f o o c m i n M e t i o n i n ) 6 0 b p ba m a h o a c a c a x i t a m i n k h a c , va T r o n g c u o n sach nay c h i i n g t o i k h o n g de cap d e n cac c a u h o i " t h u p c b a i " , k h o n g p h a i v i c h i i n g k h o n g q u a n t r o n g , m a v i c h i i n g d i i difdc t r i n h bay d a y d u , r o r i i n g d S G K . C h i i n g ba b p ba k e t t h i i c l i i U A A , U A G , U G A k h o n g m a hoa a x i l a m i n nao. t o i c h i d e c a p c a u h o i " h i e u b i i i " tiJc l i i nhiTng c a u h o i g i t i p h o c p h a n t i c h , so s a n h , t d n g M i l d i t r u y e n c 6 d a c d i e m : K h o n g go'i l e n n h a u , c 6 l i n h p h d b i c ' n ( c h u n g cho h d p , s u y l u a n d c c d t h e h i c u b a i m o t e a c h s a u sac. TCf d o m d i d c t h u p c b a i m d i v i i v a n mpi l o a i ) l i n h d a c h i e u ( m o t b p ba c h i m a h o a 1 a x i t a m i n ) v a l i n h I h o a i h o a (c6 dung diidc b a i hpc. V I d u : C h i i n g t o i k h o n g h o i : Phien m a la gi? T r i n h bay d i e n bien va t h e n h i c u b p ba c i i n g m i i h o a m p l a x i l a m i n ) . kc't q u a c i i a q u a t r i n h p h i e n m i l n h u ' d S G K m a c h i i n g c h i d c r a c a c c i i u h o i b i i p c h p c s i n h p h a i siV d u n g c a c t h a o t a c tu" d u y d c t i m h i e u c a c k i c n thuTc c u a b i i i p h i e n m i l nhu": T r o n g Mai d i I r u y e n t r o n g A D N du'dc p h i e n m a sang A R N . ' ' ^ q u a t r i n h p h i e n nm c d su" t h a m g i a c u a c a c y e u t o n i l o ? V a i t r o c i i a m o i y c u t o d o ( k h u o n , 4. Phien ma n g u y c n l i e u , e n z i m x i i c t i i c ) p h i e n m i l b a t d a u v a c h i i ' m diJt d v i t r i n i i o t r e n k h u o n , c h i c u S i f I r u y e n t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n p h a n Ivi A D N mach kep .sang p h a n tijf ARN c u a m a c h k h u o n , c h i e u t d n g h d p v a n g u y c n t a c t d n g h d p . H i c n t i f d n g x a y r a k h i kc't t h i i c m a c h d d n ( m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) la q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a ( h a y l i i qua trinh long p h i e n m a ? Q u a d d c h o bic'l c d c h e ' p h i e n m a l i i gi? m A R N difdc t a o t h i i n h sau p h i e n m a d te b a o n h i i n s d v a t e b a o n h a n thiTc k h a c n h a u d d i e m n a o ? ... hdp ARN). O te b a o n h a n i h i f c , p h i e n m a d i e n r a t r o n g n h i i n te b i i o , 0 k i I r u n g g i a n g i i f a V e b a i tiip cung c d the chia thanh 2 loai: B i i i tap t i f luan v i i b a i tap trac n g h i c m . C h i i n g t o i c h u y n h i c u h d n d d i v d i b i i i t a p t i f l u a n . V i t i f l u a n toi se trac n g h i c m t o t v a q u a t i f l u a n 2 Ian p h a n biio, liic N S T d d a n g sdi m a n h . c d t h e r e n l u y e n t i f d u y t o t h d n , d a n h g i a du'dc d i i y d u h d n v e k e t q u i i h p c t a p c u a h p c s i n h . Q u a t r i n h p h i e n ma h i n h thiinh m A R N d i e n b i e n n h U sau: Tru'dc l i e n , ARN K i n h m o n g cac thay giao, cac bac p h u h u y n h v i i cac e m hpc sinh d d n g g d p t h e m y polimeraza nhan biet trinh l i f cac n u c l e o t i t dac b i e t t r e n A D N (lai viing dieu k i e n d c c d the b d sung, h o i i n t h i e n d i i n c u d n sach niiy. hoa) de b a m vao v u n g d i e u h o a , l a m g e n t h a o x o S n d c Ip r a m a c h m a g d c cd Tac gid chicu 3' -> 5'. A R N polimeraza trifdl t r e n m a c h goc, x u c lac l o n g h d p mARN
  2. Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang \\J 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng Iheo nguycn lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) . K h i gap tin hieu ke'l Ihi'ic (d vung kc't Dieu hoa boat dong ciia gen lai cac operon dien ra nhu' sau: K h i moi tru'dng thuc) till dtrng phicn ma, A R N du'Oc giai phong. Viing nao phien ma xong thi hai noi bao khong c6 chat cam u'ng, gen dieu hoa tdng hdp chat ifc che', gan vao mach ddn cua gen dong xoan ngay. viing van hanh (O) ngiin can phien ma cua nhom gen ca'u true (operon d trang O te bao nhan scf m A R N dtfrtc diing de dich ma ngay con d te' bao nhiin Ihifc thai vie che). K h i m o i tru'dng ndi bao c6 chat cam u'ng thi chat cam u'ng lien ke'l thi dirdc cat bo intron noi cac cxon lai thanh m A R N iriidng lhanh, m(1i diing de vdi chat (ic che' lam cho no khdng the lien ke'l difdc v d i viing van hiinh, nhom djch ma. gen ca'u true chuyen sang Irang thai hoat ddng, qua trinh phien ma, dich ma xay ra. 5. Djch ma 7. Sil" bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen La giai doan ke tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf m A R N (Ban Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa trong gen du'dc bic'u hien lhanh tinh trang cua cd the ma sao) sang chuoi polipeptit. Tij" do quy dinh cac tinh Irang. thong qua c(< che phien ma tif gen sang m A R N rdi dich ma tCr m A R N sang Qua tnnh dich md fidin 2 iiiai doan: protein va lif protein bieu hien lhanh tinh trang. a) Hoat hoa axit amin M d i te bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd cac gen quy dinh ca'u triic tat ca cac loai Trong to bao chat, nhd cac enzim dac tru'ng va nang lu'dng A T P , mdi axit protein cua cd the. Nhifng trong qua trinh phat trien ca the, tuy tifng te'bao trong amin du'dc hoat hoa va gan vdi l A R N lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc he aa - l A R N . liYng loai mo, tijy lifng giai doan phat trien ma chi mdt so' gen trong do boat b) Toiig lufp chuoi polipeptit ddng, life la te'bao chi long hdp loai prdtcin can ihic't vao liic can thiet thdng qua M o i riboxom gdm 2 lieu phan, binh Ihu'dng nam Uich nhau, k h i c6 mat m A R N cd che dieu hoa hoat ddng gen. chung lien ke'l v('Ji m A R N l a i codon m 5 dau. Tren r i b o x o m c6 2 v i I r i la P Sif bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen con chiu sir tifdng lac giiTa cac gen, lu'dng tac (peplil) va A (amin). M o i v i I r i tiTdng tfng vdti mot bo ba. N h d do r i b o x o m giiJ vai giu'a kieu gen v d i mdi tru'dng va con phu thudc vao v i tri ciia gen nam tren NST tro nhu" mot khung del giiJa m A R N v d i aa.lARN va giffa codon - anticodon. thu'dng hay NST gidi tinh, nam trong nhan hay ngoiii nhan. vao sir phan l i ciia N h d CO bo ba doi ma (anticodon) ma aa - l A R N c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng gen (phan l i ddc lap, phan li cung nhau). vao sir lien ke'l cua cac gen (lien ke'l iJng do mang axit amin den diing v i tri va khdp bd sung vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren hoan loan, lien ket khdng hoan loan). , ,. mARN. '. Tinh cha't ciia gen ^ Dau tien l A R N mang axit amin met dau la M e t i o n i n ( d te' bao nhan sd la V) CO can tao da phan nen: foocmin M e t i o n i n ) den dung vi tri cua codon m d dau. Tiep theo l A R N mang axil - Gen cd tinh da dang va tinh dac thii, do lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap amin thu' nhat (aai - t A R N ) den v i i r i codon thiJ nhat. L i e n ke'l peplil giffa xe'p ciic bo ba trong gen quy dinh. M e t i o n i n va a x i l ihii' nhat du'dc lao lhanh (nhd xiic lac ciia enzim), l A R N rdi khoi - Gen cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau. ribdxdm. Sau do r i b o x o m bat dau chuyen dich tijfng na'c, m d i nac u'ng vdi mot - Gen cd khii nang tai ban (qua sir nhan ddi ciia A D N ) cd kha nang phan l i codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xay ra lu'dng liT. K h i gap codon ke'l thuc thi diifng phien ma. R i b o x o m tach khdi m A R N , chudi polipeptit du'dc giai phong, axit va i d hdp (qua sir phan li va i d hdp ciia NST) qua do truyen thdng tin d i truyen amin m d dau du'dc cat bd, chudi polipeptit tiep tuc hinh lhanh cac cii'u true bac cho cac the he sau. cao hdn, Ird lhanh protein hoan chinh. 9. Q u a trinh nhan ddi ciia A D N Dien ra ngay tru'dc khi te'bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia Tren m d i phan tu" m A R N thu'dng c6 mot so'ribdxdm hoiit ddng (poHribdxdm). + O sinh vat nhan sd: Nhtf vay, m d i phan tii' m A R N cd the long hdp liT mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit cung loai. Sau k h i tdng hdp, m A R N du'dc enzim phan giai, con ribdxdm du'dc sij" Nhd enzim thao xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? A D N dirdc tach dung qua vai the'he te'bao. ra tao lhanh chac chCr Y (ddn v i lai biin). M d i mach ciia A D N deu dirdc lam 6. D i e u hoa boat dong cua gen khudn de long hdp mach A D N mdi. V i mach 3' 5' phat trien ihuan vdi chieu La dieu hoa lu'dng san pham cua gen du'dc lao ra. 6 sinh vat phan sd, dieu thao xoan (T 5 ' ) nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn 3' 5' du'dc tdng hoa hoat dong cua gen chu ye'u dien ra d giai doan phien ma trong cac opcron. 6 hdp lien tuc theo chieu 5' 3' tao lhanh phan luT A D N con cd 2 mach chieu sinh vat nhan thifc, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen dien ra qua nhieu giai doan nhU: ngirdc nhau. Con mach mdi long hdp tren mach khudn 5' —)• 3' phai tdng hdp NST thao xoan, dieu hoa phien ma va sau phien ma, dieu hoa dich ma va sau tirng doan ngan (doan Okazaki) ( v i ngu'dc vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac Y ) . Sau dich ma.
  3. Cty TMHH lyJTV D W H Khang Vi^t d m nang tij fin va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Odng HU('/ng ddn do ciic doan nay diroc no'i lai vcfi nhau (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao thanh phan Ta't cii cac cau trcn chi diing trong nhiirng dieu kien nha't dinh. Vi gen cd cau tu' ADN con hoan chinh. Trong qua trinh nhan doi ADN c6 nhieu cnzim lham true mach ddn (mpl sd chiing virut) mach thang, mach vdng.. Khdng phai gen gia, trong do enzim chinh la ADN polimeraza, lam nhicm vu xiic tac siTkien ket nao Cling mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac dinh, khdng phai mpi gen gii?a cac nucleotit tiT do vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khuoii iheo nguyen tiic bd deu cd chifc nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal,... sung (A - T, G - X). Cudi ciing tuf 1 phan lif ADN sau nhan doi tao thanh 2 phan - Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan tii". tur A D N gio'ng het ADN ban dau. Trong moi phan tuf ADN du^dc tao thanh thi mot Dd la mot doan axil nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't dinh, hoac bift hoal, mach la mdi dm^c long help con mach kia la cua ADN ban dau (nguycn tac ban gay chet,... bao ton). Nhu'vay, qua trinh nhan doi ADN da dien ra Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va Cau 2: Cau tao, chiJc nang, tinh chat ciia gen? Giai ihich vi sao gen cd nhffng ban bao ton vdi sir xiic lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd do da tao ra 2 ADN con tinh chaldd. gidng het ADN me, bao dam cho siTdi truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot each HUoiigddit chinh xac. - Gen cd nhieu loai, mdi loai cd cau tao va cMc nang khac nhau. SGK chi + O sinh vat nhan thi/c: trinh bay cau true chung ciia gen cau Iriic. ' Vi CO nhieu nhan lu" ADN kich thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi A D N x;iy ra lai - Gen cd linh da dang, tinh dac thii (do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai nhieu diem trong mdi phan lit ADN tao ra nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va biin (VI gen la mot doan ciia ADN, nen khi ADN lai ban gen cijng du'dc lai ban) du'dc nhan doi ddng thdi. cd kha niing phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa trong nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the II. C A UH O IT U L U A N nen khi chiing phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan l i va id hdp cua gen). Gen cd Ve cdu hoi tu luan chuiii^ toi chia thanh 2 lout: khii nang dpthien do sifket cap khdng dung trong nhan doi hoac do tac nhan dot bien. 1. Cau hoi phan tich bai hpc thanh tiTng phan, tiTng y mot each he thong dc Cau 3: Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy ra li'ic nao? Cd siT lham gia ciia cac yeu hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16). id' nao? Vai trd ciia cac yeu id' dd? Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN dien ra theo 2. Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de giiip cac em biet phat trien va van nguyen tac nao? Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu long hdp? dung kien thitc (cac cau con lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38). HUdiig ddn Cau 1: Gen la gi? Co cac each trii Idi sau: - Qua Irmh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy ra d ki trung gian ngay tru'dc khi le bao A. Gen la mot doan ciia phan tii' ADN, mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia te bao. polipeptit hay mpl phan lu" ARN. - Ccic yen i d lham gia: 2 mach ddn ciia gen (liim khudn); cac nucleotit tif do B. Gen la mot doan cua phan tu* ADN mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san (nguyen lieu de idng hPp mach mdi); enzim xiic lac: hclicaza (lach 2 mach ddn); pham Xiic dinh. ADN polimeraza (xiic lac si; lien ket giffa cac nucleotit tiT do vdi cac nucleotit C. Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy ciia mach khudn); ligaza (ndi Ccic doan dkazaki vdi nhau). dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu - Nguyen tac: Nguyen lac bd sung (A - T, G - X) vii nguyen lac ban biio dieu hda, khdi ddng... Ion (giu" lai mot mach). D. Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan tij". - Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan ciia phan lu" ADN (lir phiii sang trai). E. Gen la mot doan phan tii' axil nucleic, du'dc cau tao tij" cac ddn phan - Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu ciia mdi mach khudn. nucleotit (A, T, G, X). - Y ngliTa: Tao dieu kien cho nhidm sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va G. Gen la mot doan ciia phan tu" ADN cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat dinh. suf truyen 1 each chinh xac cac gen qua cac the'he ADN, the'he tc bao. Hay danh gia (dung luyct doi, dung tUdng doi, sai, Ihieu chinh xac, chifa Cau 4: Hay giai thich vi sao tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach ciia phan tuf ciia ADN du'dc tdng hdp lien tuc, mach con lai difdc tdng hdp mot each gian doan. dii,...) va du"a ra y kien ciia minh. Co mot sd each gicii Ihich nhUsau: Dung tu-png doi la dung trong mot dieu kien nhat dinh. V i du: Nu'dc sdi d a) V i ADN polimeraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3' —> 3'. ' 1(X)"C chi diing tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu kien nhiet dp va ap suat binh thirdng). h) VI ADN polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH. • • , • • 7
  4. Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt c) V i A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- O H d dau mach khuon. - Tai sao co the xay ra hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa m p l a x i l amin? Thco c m tra Uli nhifcac each trcn c(3 dung khong? V I sao? Hay giai thich theo Neu so loai axit amin bang hoac Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu nay co the xay suy nghi cua c m . ra khong? HU(htg dan - Tijf ccic dac diem ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra: T r i n h tu" siip xep cac bp - Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi long hdp mach m d i theo chieu 5' —> 3' i h i se ba trong gen khong go'i Icn nhau mdi co the quy dinh Irinh tif sitp xep cac axit khong dung khi thao xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc. amin trong chuoi polipeplit. TiT do m6i co the co tinh dac tru'ng ciia A D N , ciia - Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi c6 the bo sung nucleotit vao nhom 3' - O H protein. Tir dac tinh phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong thi khong giiii thich difdc gi vl mach niio cung c6 nhom 3' - O H . nhcft cua sinh gidi cf miJc phan luT va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64. - Neu V I A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - O H nhu'ng thao xoan C a u 7: V i sao A D N co kha nang tai ban va lai ban m p l each chinh xac. bat dau ttjf dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi sao? Co dung nvtii khong? Do do nguyen HU(fngddn nhan chii yeu la each thao xoan. - V i A D N CO cau true mach kcp. lien ket giifa cac nucicotit Iren hai mach dcfn la lien kc'l hidro (lien ket yeu). Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn lien ket vdi Co the gicii thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng nhusau: nhau theo nguyen lac bo sung. Qua trinh lai ban dicn ra theo nguyen lac bd sung Do thao xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc v d i chieu va ban bao ton. xoan ciia phan tii" A D N nen mach A D N mdi, long hcfp til' khuon la mach ma goc C a u 8: l i n g \6\l amin m d dau la M e l i o n i n co may bp ba ma hoa? (3' - > 5') se phat trien thuan vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac chu" Y nen du'c.^c long Co 2 each trii Idi sau: • > help lien luc. con mach A D N mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo sung v6i mach a) Co 1 bp ba ma hoa ,. b) Co 3 bp ba ma hoa •l • ma goc ( 5 ' ^ 3") phiii du'cfc long hdp tifng doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu phat trien cua Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting? chac chi? Y. Nhu" vay mc'-fi lao thanh phan tu" A D N mcfi co 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau. Hiidng dan Gia sit thao xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc i h i ke't qua se ngu'cfc l a i , nghla la - Ne'u noi M e l i o n i n co 1 bp ba mii hoa co nghia la trong 64 bp ba ma hoa thi mach A D N dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' - > 5' phai bi long hdp ngat quang. M e l i o n i n chi co 1 bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co 2 loai la M e l i o n i n Do do nguyen nhan la do each thao xoitn va dac diem cau lao cua phan lii' A D N va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, con lai deu co 2 hoac nhieu bp ba ma la CO 2 mach ngu'dc chieu nhau. hoa, nhieu nha't la A e g i m i n co den 6 bp ba ma hoa). C a u 5: V I sao ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba. Ne'u trong phan tii' A D N c(3 cho 2 hoac - Neu noi M e l i o n i n co 3 bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng vdi M e l i o n i n Ihi co 3 3 loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa du'dc bao nhieu loai axit amin? bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: T A X nam tren A D N , A U G nam Iren m A R N va U A X Hid'fng dan nam tren l A R N . N o i each khac la: M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma goc (Triplet) la T A X , V i CO 4 loai nucleotit ( A , T, G, X ) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = 4 to bp ba ma sao (codon) la A U G va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la U A X . • hcfp, neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh 4 ' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20 lo;ii Noi chinh xac thi A irii Idi dung hPn B v i T A X , A U G , U A X deu la m p l trong axit amin. 64 bp ba ma hoa. Ma hoa bo ba se du'Pc 4 ' = 64 to hdp ihijfa de ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin khong C a u 9: Nguyen lac trong ccJ c h e n h a n doi A D N la gi? can phai ma hoa bo bon. HiiAng dan Neu trong phan tir c6 3 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa. - A D N CO khii niing nhan doi de lao thanh 2 phan tu" A D N con gidng nhau Neu CO 2 loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = 8 bp ba ma hoa. ThiTc te cung co the xay va gio'ng vdti A D N mc. ra d ciic doan gen, cac doan m A R N , t A R N , r A R N chi co 2 hoac 3 loai nucleotit. - Qua irinh nhan doi A D N d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va C a u 6: T i f ciic dac d i e m cua mii di truycn co the suy ra dieu gi? V i sao ma di A D N ciia virul (dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd sung va ban bao ton. Iruyen co cac diem do? C a u 10: Phicn mii lii gi? D i c n ra d dau? Co nhiJng yeu i d niio tham gia? ChiJc HU('fng dan niing ciia cac yeu i d do? H i c n lu'png gi xiiy ra khi k c l ihiic phicn mii? - Neu ma di iruyen goi len nhau thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin HUifng dan ' trong chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the" nao?) + Phicn mii lii sif idng hpp A R N . 6 sinh vat nhan thifc, qua trinh long hpp - Neu ma di truyen khong cx) tinh dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong? mARN dicn ra trong nhan tc biio, cf ki U-ung gian, liic nhicm sac the cf dang dan xoan. 8 9
  5. Ca'm nang ti; fin va luy§n thi S i n h hgc - Phung Duy D6ng Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang VIM + Cat- yen lo' tham gia: C a u 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhSng hien lu'dng gi? - Mach ma goc 3' -> 5' ciia gen lam khuon. HU('iiigddn i: i ^ - Enzim A R N polimcraza xiic tac qua trinh long hctp bang each: Bam Dau lien: vao VLing dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin, tri/dt doc iheo mach ma goc lit diem khdi - Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l. dau den diem k e l ihiic cua mach ma goc theo chicu 3 ' - > 5 ' de long hrip nen - Enzim xiic Uic lien k e l peptil giCa a x i l amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin m A R N Iheo nguyen lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) iheo chieu 5 ' 3'. m d dau ( M e l i o n i n ) . + Sau phien ma: - l A R N (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom. r - Phan lii" m A R N du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, m A R N ra le'bao chal Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac iJng vdi mot codon va qua de l a m khuon dich ma ngay (d le bao nhan s d ) hoac cal bo cac intron, no'i cac trinh dich ma lai xiiy ra Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia phiJc hdp aa - l A R N khdp exon lai Ihiinh m A R N Iru'dng lhanh m d i roi mdi ra te bao chat lam khuon djch bd sung vdi codon liA^ng irtig, enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, l A R N rdi khdi riboxom). nifi (te b a o nhan Ihi/c). C a u 14: (5 giai doan k e l thiic da xay ra nhifng hien Wdng gi? C a u 11: O giai doan hoat hoa trong qua trinh dich ma da xay ra nhiJng hicn Huong ddn :( Milng nao? Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham gia? V a i tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham - Qua trinh djch ma diJng lai khi riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc ciia giai doan nay la gi? - A x i t amin m d dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu) Hiidng ddn - Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein + Co 2 hicn tu'c^ng xay ra la: hoiin chinh. - Float hoa axil amin. C a u 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the nao? Y nghia ciia no? ? - L i e n ket giiJa t A R N vc'li axit amin tU'dng iJng da difdc hoat hoa tao - RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc 5 0 - I O O A " thi r i b o x o m IhiJ hai gan lhanh phiVc he aa - l A R N . vao m A R N , liep theo la riboxom ihir 3 , thi? 4,... (thifdng cd l i i 5 - 2 0 riboxom) + Yeu lo' tham gia: chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit m A R N . - A T P cung cap niing lifcfng de hoat hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi l A R N . - Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam J - Cac enzim tham gia gdm: tang hieu sua't long hdp. Enzim xuc lac lien k e l giffa axit amin vdi A T P de lhanh axit amin hoat dong Gin chil: De de nhd cac em nen chia ra nhu' sau: Enzim xuc lac lien kel giiJa l A R N vCl\t amin tiTdng iJng da du'dc hoat hoa 1 . Riboxom giin vao m A R N lai codon m d da xay ra nhiJng sir kien gi? de tao lhanh phiJc he aa - l A R N . Da xiiy ra 3 su' kien: + San pham ciia giai doan nay la cac axil amin da dUdc hoat hoa va phiJc he - Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin ihii' nhal (^(tog ling vdi 2 vi \xi P v;i A) aa - l A R N . - Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa 2 a x i l amin. C a u 12: O giai doan m d dau trong long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay ra nhiJng - l A R N (da tach khdi aa m d dau) rdi khdi riboxom. hien lu'dng nao? 2 . Riboxom chuyen dich lifng nac, 1 codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren. HUdng ddn 3. Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin m d dau bi ciil bd va Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 3 hien tifdng xay ra: chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn. - T i e u phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien k e l vdi m A R N d vi i r i dac C a u 16: Qua Irinh djch ma xay ra d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia, hieu, gdm codon m& dau. vai Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh lhanh? Y nghia ciia qua trinh dich ma? - Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi eodon m d dau. HUdng ddn - Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn sang long - Xay ra trong t e b a o chat, lai cac riboxom, ngay sau khi phien ma, liic c6 hdp chuoi polipeplit (Theo SGK Sinh hoc Idp 1 2 - Chu'dng trinh chuan) mat m A R N . (Thirc ra riboxom g a n vdi codon m d dau vii bat dau dich ma lai v i tri P rdi - Ciic yeu td^ tham gia: dich ma lai v i tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil giiJa 2 a x i l amin du'dc lhanh lap, + m A R N : Lam khuon long hdp protcm . ' ' l A R N (da Uich khoi a x i l amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen + Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur do. i,. • • sang codon liep Iheo de liep Uic dich ma). + A T P : Cung cap nang iifdng. „ 10 , 1 1
  6. Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt + C a c c n z i m l h a m g i a e n z i m : x i i c Uic l a o l h a n h phiJc h d p aa - lARN; 1. V e c a l l t a o : c n z i m x i l c Uic l i e n k e l giffa a x i l a m i n vCl'i A T P . c n z i m x i i c t a c l a o l h a n h l i e n k e t - C o g e n phan m a n h , g e n khong phan miinh. ' ' ' p e p l i l ; e n z i m x i i c l a c q u a I r i n h c a t b o a x i l a m i n md d a u k h o i c h u o i p o l i p c p l i l . - T h a n h p h a n , s d l i f t i n g v a I r i n h l i f sap x e p c a c n u c l c o l i l k h a c n h a u da t a o ra + R i b o x o m : C a n v d i m A R N l a i v i t r i dac h i e u d e l A R N b a t d a u d i c h m a ; v 6 so' l o a i g e n . M d i l o a i g e n c 6 l h a n h p h a n , sd^ lu'dng v a t r i n h tu" sa'p x e p cac lam khung d d m A R N . n u c l e o l i l d a c iru'ng. + Phtfc help aa - l A R N v a k h u n g dO c o d o n - a n t i c o d o n ; c h u y e n d i c h I r e n - C a n true k h o n g g i a n ciia g e n c i i n g khac n h a u n e n c u n g l a o r a n h i e u l o a i g e n m A R N de k e o dai dich ma. khac n h a u : nhu" g e n m o t s d c h i i n g v i r u l ( g i d n g ca'u true A R N ) , g e n sinh v a t n h a n + P o l i r i b o x o m : T a n g h i e u suat l o n g hcfp p r o t e i n . Ihifc (eo cii'u true x o a n k e p ) , g e n I r o n g n h a n ( t r e n N S T ) , g e n n g o a i n h a n ( t r o n g l a p + l A R N : m a n g a x i l a m i n d e n r i b o x o m v a tie'n h ; m h d i c h m a ( a n t i c o d o n thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u t r i k m a c h x o a n k e p , t h a n g hocic v o n g . khc'lp b d sung \xfi c o d o n l i f t i n g vCng). S a n p h a m la m a c h p o l i p e p t i l . 2. V e chufc n a n g : Y nghTa: M a d i I r u y e n diftjc dich lhanh trinh tiTcac a x i l a m i n trong m a c h p o l i p e p t i l - C o v 6 s d l o a i p d t e i n n e n c 6 v 6 s d l o a i g e n c a u true k h a c n h a u . C a u 17: M o ' i l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n v('1i q u a I r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a . - C o r a t n h i e u cMc n a n g d i I r u y e n k h a c n h a u n e n c u n g c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n Hitc'fng dan k h a c n h a u nhu" g e n ca'u I r i l c ( t d n g help p r o t e i n , m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) , g e n d i e u - G e n m a n g t h o n g t i n c a u triic p r o t e i n ( t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n ) . T h o n g t i n d i h o a , g e n k h d i d o n g , g e n t a n g ciTcIng, g e n bii'l h o a l , g e n g a y c h e l , g e n nhiiy,... I r u y e n dift.lc m a h o a t r o n g g e n b i i n g m a h o a b o ba. C a u 19: C a c p h a n tu" m A R N c 6 g i g i d n g n h a u , v a k h a c n h a u ? T a i sao? - M a d i I r u y e n t r o n g g e n dUdc p h i e n m a .sang m A R N i h e o n g u y e n ta'c b d HUdngd&n 1 1 ^ / sung. D o d o l h a n h p h a n , so lu'dng va t r a l l i r sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n - V e cii'u t r i i c : C a c p h a n tu" m A R N d e u g d m d i e m k h d i d a u , d o a n chiJa i h o n g ( t r i p l e t ) q u y d i n h l h a n h p h a n , so k r o n g va Irat lu" sap x e p cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N . t i n m a h o a a x i l a m i n v a d i e m k e t t h i j c d o q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a du'dc l i e n h a n h tir - K e t i e p sau q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a la q u a I r i n h d i c h m a v a m i i d i I r u y e n t r o n g d i e m k h d i d a u v i i eha'm dift d d i e m k e t i h i i c ciia g e n . Ci d a u 3 ' d e u c o m d i I r i n h m A R N du'dc d i c h ra l h a n h p h a n , so lUcing v a trat t i f sap x e p c a c a x i t a m i n t r o n g liT n u c l e o l i l d a c h i e u ( k h o n g dUcIc d i c h m a ) d e r i b o x o m n h a n b i e t v a ga'n v a o . c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l . D o d o siT g i f i i m a m A R N c h i n h la g i a i m a g e n . Nhu" v a y m d i Cac m A R N d e u du'ilc ca'u l a o b d i cac r i b o n u c l e o t i l , du'cle p h i e n m a l i f cac n u c l e o l i l . l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n vc'Ji q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a c h i n h la m d i l i e n q u a n giiJa N h U n g d o l h a n h p h a n , s d lu'cing, t r a t tu" sap x e p c a c n u e l e o l i l c o ra't n h i e u each gen - m A R N - p r o t e i n m a b a n chat l a : T h a n h p h a n , so iu'dng, t r i n h t i f sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n q u y d i n h t h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r i n h tif sap x e p k h a c n h a u , n e n c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n ca'u true l o n g help r a r a t n h i e u l o a i m A R N cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N t i f d o q u y d j n h l h a n h p h a n , s d lu-dng v i l t r i n h tir sap x e p khac nhau. cac a x i l a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l . - V e ehii'c n a n g : M o i p h a n tu" m A R N d e u du'cle d u n g l a m k h u o n d e t d n g help C t i u 18: C o b a o n h i e u l o a i g e n ? ra pre')tein. pre'nein ce'i n h i e u ehii'c n a n g nhu'ng khc^ng t h e ne)i m A R N ce) n h i e u C o cac e a c h Irii \^^\' : chiJc n a n g . a) G e n c 6 n h i e u l o a i n h u ' g e n c a u t r i i c , g e n d i e u hoa,... cau 2 0 : So s i i n h q u a t r i n h n h a n d o i ciia A D N v a p h i e n m a t d n g help r a m A R N e^ ' b) V e chifc n a n g c 6 g e n c a u Iriic, g e n d i e u hoa, g e n tang cu'dng, g e n ba't hoal,... s i n h v a t n h a n thufc. , , , ^ c) C o v 6 s d l o a i g e n . HUOngddn H a y p h a n t i c h x e m c a c each Ira Ifli t r e n da thoa m a n v d i y e u c a u ciia c a u h o i 1. G i o n g n h a u : ;. k h o n g ? C o t h e Ira I d i n h i f the n i i o c h o d a y d i i , c h i n h x a c . - D i e u x a y ra d k i trung gian. HU(hig dan - C h i e u t d n g help d e u ngifelc c h i c u ve'li c h i e u m a c h k h u o n . - T h e o e a c h c ) life la c a n cu" v a o ca'u t a o da p h a n ciia g e n d e suy ra l i n h da - D e u l i e n k e l c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g mc)i triTdng diTa t r e n c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g dang ciia g e n . m a c h khu(')n t h e o n g u y e n l a c b d sung. .. - - T h e o a ) v a b ) li'rc la c a n cir v a o chi?c n a n g d e k e ra v a i l o a i g e n . - N g u y e n l i e u d e u l a cac n u c l e o l i l t i f d o . - C o t h e tra Uii c a n h o i t r e n n h i f sau: - D e u p h a i C O e n z i m d a c Iru'ng x i i c l a c . ijv J , ' 12
  7. Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t 2. Khac nhaii; Hoc sinh tuphdt trien kien thi'fc theo f^(/i v sau: - m A R N difdc diing lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6 cii'u tao mach - V c nguycn lieu siV dung khac nhau nhu" the' nao? thang, C O v i tri dac hieu niim gan codon m d dau de r i b o x o m nhan biet vil Hen ket - V c e n / i m xiic tac khac nhau the'nao? vdi m A R N . c6 bo ba m d diiu de t A R N nhan bic't va mang axit m d dau den dung - V e nguyen tac bd sung C O khac nhau khong? " , . f^'H:- vj trI. Vil C O bo ba ket thuc de riboxom nhan biet va difng dich m i i . - V e c(l che khac nhau nhu" the niio? - t A R N liim nhicm vu van chuyen axit amin den r i b o x o m vii lam nhiem - V e ket qua c6 gi khac nhau? vii dich mii nen mot dau ciia no c6 trinh lif nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng C a u 21: Hay giiii thich v i sao phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep, itng nhiln biet va lien ket vdi t A R N . mot d;tu c6 bo ba doi mii (anticodon) de va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den khi Irifdng thanh lai c6 rau, t A R N nhiln biet va lien ket bd sung vdi codon tu'dng iJng. ria (Can ci'r vao chifc nang cua gen, dicu hoa hoal dong gen de tra Icli). - r A R N lii thiinh phjln chii ye'u ca'u tao ra r i b d x d m nen chung c6 ca'u tao C a u 22: V I sao noi: Giai mii m A R N cung chinh la giai ma A D N (Can ctJ" vao dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice lien ket vdi protein de tao thanh r i b o x o m . moi quan he giifa A D N - m A R N de trii Idi). + V i giiJ ciic chu'c nang quan trong khac nhau nen ddi song cua cac loai C a u 23: V i sao phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao ra m A R N chu'a siJ'dung djch ma A R N Cling khac nhau: Sau khi tdng hdp xong protein, m A R N Ihu'dng du'dc cac ngay difdc, con m A R N du'Oc tao ra tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma ngay enzim phan hiiy, con t A R N vii cac r A R N difdc sufdung qua vai the he te bao. du'Oc (Can ciV vao viing ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra IfJi). C a u 28: Hay suy luan xem sif nhiin doi cua A D N c6 lien quan nhu' the' niio vdi C a u 24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu chu'a day dii ca 4 loai nuclcotit la A , T, G, X sV tcii ban ciia gen, v d i sir phan chia te bao, vdi dot bie'n gen, v d i dot bie'n nhiem khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 2 loai nucleolit ihi mii hoa du'c.^c may loai axit amin. sac the? Giil sijfmARN chi c6 3 loai ribonuclcotil thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu loai axit amin,... HU(fngddn H If (fug dan Sir nhan'ddi cua A D N dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir nhiin ddi ciia - V i gen chi la 1 doan ma cua phiin tii" axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij A D N tao d i c u kien cho nhiem sac the nhan doi, chuan bi cho su" phan bao. Cac ca 4 loai nuclcotit. tac nhan dot bien tac dong viio qua trinh nhan doi cua A D N c6 the gay dot bie'n - Ciin ci? viio cong ihiJc to hdp de tim ra c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba tijr 2 loai gen. Dot bien ca'u triic nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can bang gen. nuclcotit, tir3 loai nuclcotit, tir4 loiii nuclcotit... C a u 29: K h i tien hanh nhiin ddi A D N trong d'ng nghiem phuc vu cho nghien ciTu C a u 25: Hiiy giai thich tai sao m A R N thifdng bi cac enzim phan hiiy sau khi va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan A D N ngiin khoang vai tram long hdp xong protein ( v i de khuon luon m d i , khong bi hif hong do SIJT dung lau cap nuclcotit. H i e n tu'dng niiy du'dc giai thich nhu? the nao? hay do tac nhiin khac giiy ra). Hi((fng ddn C a u 26: V i sao gen khong diTdc su' dung liim khuon trifc tie'p tdng hdp protein? Do sir tdng hdp mach A D N Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3' xiiy ra ngat quang tao (vi thong tin di truyen ciTc k i quan trong, du'dc bao quiin to't trong NST, ti the,..., ra cac dojin ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng du'dc du-dc gicr gin ciin thiin. No la ban ma gdc c6 the dilng ban ma sao ( m A R N ) thay ndi lai v d i nhau tao thanh mot mach hoan chinh. the. Bcln sao cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de diim bao ti'nh chinh xac cua Cfiu 30: N h d dau enzim A R N polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac chu'c nang cua no thong tin di truyen. trong phien ma tdng hdp m A R N . C a u 27: Co bao nhieu loai A R N . Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi khac nhau? HUifng ddn T a i sao? Trong qua trinh phien mti, enzim m A R N polimeraza c6 cac chu'c nang sau: Hi((fng dan - B a m vao viing dieu hoa liim gen thao xoan va bat dau phien ma A R N + V I deu du'dc tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac loai A R N nhu' m A R N , polimeraza t h i r c h i e n chu'c nang nay lit nhd trong viing dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true t A R N , r A R N deu c6 cii'u triic mach ddn, deu du'dc cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil. C O mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la viing k h d i dong. N h d trinh tir nay ma Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu do gen quy dinh. enzim A R N polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp m A R N + Qua trinh tdng hdp cac loai A R N deu theo cd chc tu'dng t i / nhau. tai diem khcfi dau. + Chudi ribonucleotit hinh thanh xong se bien ddi ca'u hinh, hinh thiinh ca'u - Tdng hdp phiin tuT m A R N : Sd d l A R N polimeraza thiTc hien chu'c nang nay true dac tru'ng cua tiTng loai, phu hdp chifc nang cua m o i loai. V i vay cau true la nhd nguyen tac bd sung. cua chilng khiic nhau. - Dirng phien ma: N h d vijng ke't thiic cua gen mang tin hieu ke'l thiic.
  8. Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt dm nang lu 6n Iuy6n thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng CSu 35: S a c h i i i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 ~ N a n g c a o c o g h i : " Q u a t r i n h p h i c n m a C S u 3 1 : N o i r a n g : p h i c n m a l i i q u a t n n h l o n g h d p m A R N d u n g h a y sai? ( d u n g t i e n h a n h tCr d i e m k h d i d a u v a c h a m d i ? l d d i e m k e l t h i i c c i i a g e n t r e n ADN". nhu'ng chu'a di'i v i p h i c n m a c o n t a o r a t A R N v a r A R N niJa). Hay cho bicl diem kh(":fi dau, diem k c l t h i i c c o p h a i la m o t d i e m khong? C a u 3 2 : B o b a m i i h o a v a m a h o a b p ba c o gio'ng n h a u k h o n g ? T a i sao? B o b a C h u n g CO tu'(ing I'rng v d i m a mc'^ d a u va m a k c t t h i i c t r e n g e n k h o n g ? C h u n g n a m m a h o a c 6 h e n q u a n d e n t i n h da d a n g c i i a s i n h v a t k h o n g ? vi tri nao tren gen? HU(fng dan HUOngddn - K h o n g gio'ng n h a u : - D i e m k h d i d a u k h o n g t i f d n g i f n g v d i m a nu'-f d a u v i i d i e m khcii d a u n a m d M a h o a b o b a l a e a c h m a h o a , c o n b o ba m a h o a la m o t t o hcfp cija e a c h m a v u n g k h d i d p n g t r o n g v i m g d i e u h o a c i i a g e n . D o l a m o t t r i n h tu" n u c l e o t i t d a c h o a b o ba tii" nhfJug yc'u t o ' c h o bie't. h i e u g i i i p en/.im A R N pohmera/.a n h a n bie't v i i h e n k e l d e k h d i d p n g q u a t r i n h V i d u : N e u eo 4 n u c l c o t i t , se c 6 4^ = 6 4 b o ba m a h o a , (tiJc l a 6 4 t o h d p b p b a p h i c n m a tii" d i e m k h d i d a u ciia g e n , c o n m a m d d a u n a m d v i t r i d a u l i e n t r o n g tiT 4 l o a i n u c l e o t i t ) . N e u c 6 3 l o a i n u c l c o t i t t h i so' to' h d p b p b a (so' b p b a m a h o a ) v i m g ma hoa ciia g e n . se l a 3 ' - 2 7 (ixic la 2 7 b p ba m a h o a ) , . . . - Diem k c l t h i i c c u n g k h o n g tifcing I'fng v d i m a ke't t h u c , v i n e u q u a t r i n h -'• T h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r a t t i f sap xe'p c i i a c a c b p b a m a h o a t r o n g p h a n phicMi m a c h a m d i H d m a ke't t h u c t h i m A R N se k h o n g c o c o d o n ke't t h u c . NhU' tu" A D N C O r a t n h i e u e a c h k h a c n h a u n e n da t a o ra v 6 so' l o a i A D N k h a c n h a u . v i i y d i e m k e t i h i i c p h a i la d i e m cud'i c u n g c i i a g e n . D o l a c d s d p h a n tu" v e t i n h d a d a n g c u a s i n h g i d i . C a u 3 6 : S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - N a n g c a o c h o bie't: " r i b o x o m l i e n k c t v d i m A R N t a i c o d o n m d d a u va q u a I r i n h d i c h m a du'dc b a t d a u " . CAu 33: C h i c 6 - 64 bp ba m a hoa, trong do c6 3 b p ba k e t thuc k h o n g m a S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - C h u a n c h o bie't: " l i e u p h a n b e r i b o x o m g ^ n h o a a x i t a m i n n a o . L a m sao c 6 t h e m a h o a c h o v 6 s o ' l o a i p r o t e i n c i i a tat ca m p i vdi m A R N d v i t r i dac hieu n;lm gan codon m d dau, t A R N m a n g M c l i o n i n b d loai sinh vat. sung c h i n h x a c v d i c o d o n m d d a u . T i c u d d n v i I d n c i i a r i b o x o m k c t h d p tao Hiiiiiigddn t h a n h r i b o x o m h o a n c h i n h san sang l o n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t " . 61 b p b a m a h o a m a h o a du'dc 6 1 l o a i a x i t a m i n . T a t ca c a c l o a i s i n h v a t NhU' v a y 2 c u o n sach g i a o k h o a c o sir k h a c n h a u . k h o n g C O l o a i n a o c 6 so' l o a i a x i t a m i n I d n h d n 6 1 ( s u y r a tij" d i l c d i e m t i n h p h d H a y p h a n l i c h n h i J n g k i e n IhiJc t r e n va c h o bie't y kie'n c i i a m i n h . bie'n c u a m a d i t r u y e n ) . Ta't ca cac s i n h v a t , p r o t e i n du'dc c a u t a o t i f 2 0 l o a i a x i t
  9. Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang tu 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy D6'ng C a u 3: A D N CO mach xoan kep gap cf dang sinh vat nao? ,, v Gen ( A D N ) la vat chat di truyen d cap do phan tu", chiJa thong tin quy dinh A ) Sinh vat nhsin thiTc B ) Dong vat, thi/c vat cau true cua protein (thong tin di truyen) thong tin di truyen diTdc ma trong gen C) V i r u t , v i khuan D ) Dap an A la dung nha't bang ma hoa bo ba. , ^ ( ton tai). D) C a A , B v i i C . L i e n ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u vSng chac thi phan tu" A D N khong the C a u 1 1 : V i i n g ke't thiic CO cbtJc nang gi? ' M K duoi, xoan tach nhau ra k h i can thiet (linh boat). M a t khac so' lu'dng lien ke't A ) Ket tbue phien ma B ) Ket tbiie dieb ma ' ' , i' hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho A D N vffng chac. C ) M a n g tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D ) CbiJa ma ke't thuc ' • >, ' III. CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CSu 12: D i e m k b d i dau cua gen nam 5 dau? .< i CSu 1 : A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap 5 dang sinh vat nao sau day: A ) d ma md dau B) d codon ibiJ nha't A)Tbeankhuan B ) Virut C ) V i khuan D ) Ca A va B C) D i e m dau lien cua gen D ) (J viing k b d i dong C f i u 2: M o t so virut vat chat di truyen la A R N . Sir t ^ i sinh cua A R N theo nguyen CSu 13: D i e m ket tbue ciia gen nam d dau? • *; tac nao? . i^ A ) d vimg ke't tbue f B ) 6 sinh vat nhan tbirc A ) Nhan doi A R N C) d diem cudi cung cua gen D ) 6 virut ;v., / , , B ) Sao ma ngiTdc CSu 14: Gen phan manh c6 d sinh vat nao? C) Tong hdp A D N r o i tir do long hdp A R N A ) 6 sinh vat nhan sd B ) 6 sinh vat nhan thirc D ) Bao loan C)6vikbuan D ) 6 virut 19 18
  10. Cam n a n g til fin vS luyen t h j _ ^ n h _ h Q C - Phiing Uiiy D n i i g Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang ViSt C S u 15: Ma di iruyen la gi? C S u 24: V i sao dau 5' c6 mot trinh tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma? A ) La bo ba ma hoa. B) La ma hoa bo ba. A ) V i khong chufa thong tin di truyen. C ) La thong tin di Iruyen du'dc ma hoa. D) Ca A , B, C. B) V i dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien trong viing C a u 16: V i sao thong tin di truycn phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba? ma hoa. A ) V i CO 4 loai nuclcotit. C ) V I qua trinh phien ma bat dau t i f d i e m khdi dau nam tru'dc codon m d dau. B) V i CO 20 loai axit amin. . > * D) Ca B va C. C ) V I ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin. C a u 25: Sir k i c n cat bo cac intron va ndi cac cxon lai xay ra luc nao 6 sinh vat D) Ca A , B , C . nhan thyc? C a u 17: M a hoa bo ba va bp ba ma hoa c6 giong nhau khong? Cciu Irii Idi nao A ) Liic phien ma B) Lilc bat dau dich ma dung nhii't? C ) Sau phien ma D) Liic dich ma. A ) Gio'ng nhau C S u 26: Qua trinh phien ma xay ra theo chieu nao? ' B) Khac nhau A ) Chieu 3' - > 5' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 5" 3' ciia mach ma gdc C ) Giong nhau vi dcu la each ma hoa C ) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach bd sung. D) Khac nhau v i ma hoa bo ba la each ma hoa con bo ba ma hoa la mot to C a u 27: Chieu ciia m A R N diWc tdng hdp • hdp cua cac ma hoa bp ba. A ) Chieu 5' 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma gdc C a u 18: O viing d i c u hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen khong? C ) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach ma sao D) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma sao. A ) Khong chiJa v i khong ma hoa axit amin. B) Khong chila v i mang tin hieu khdi dpng va k i e m soat qua trinh phien ma. C a u 28: V i sao can c6 giai doan hoat hoa ciia axit amin: C ) Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong chu'a axit amin. A ) V i axit amin tiT do khong 5 Irang thai hoat dpng. D) CaAvaB. ^ B) V i axit amin tU do chu'a lien ket vdi t A R N tUdng u'ng. C a u 19: V u n g ke't thiic c6 chu'a ma di truyen khong? ' C ) V i can tao ra phiJc he aa - t A R N de van chuyen axit amin den v i t r i tu'dng A ) Khong chu'a v i khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin. m u'ng tren m A R N . B) Khong chu'a v i khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin. 1 D) V i cii A , B, C. C ) Khong chu'a v i mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma. Cfiu 29: Riboxom c6 chiJc nang g i : D) Co chu'a ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin. A ) N d i dich ma. C a u 20: M a ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6 chiJc nang gi? B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa. m A R N - aa - l A R N va giiJa A ) DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma • codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma. C ) M a n g tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) M a n g tin hieu diifng dich ma • C ) Chuyen dich tren m A R N de t A R N dich ma. C a u 21: Ma md dau c6 chtfc nang? P D ) C a A , B, C. A ) Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma C a u 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT dau? K c l thiic d dau? B) M a n g tin hieu md dau dich ma A ) Bat dau d d i e m khdi dau va cham dirt d diem ket thiic. C ) Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin thu" nhat B) Bat dau tiTcodon md dau va kcl thiic khi riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic. D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau C ) Ba't dau d vimg khdi dpng, ket thiic d viing ke't thiic. C a u 22: Ma di truyen trong A D N du'cic phien ma sang m A R N nhd cd che'nao? D) Ca A v a C d e u d i i n g . A ) N h d cd che phien ma B) N h d cd che tdng hdp m A R N Cfiu 31: Qua trinh dich ma diTng lai k h i : :/; ; s 'h C ) N h d cd che djch ma D) N h d cd che tong hdp A R N A ) Dot bien lam xuiit hien ma kcl thuc , „. -i " i : C S u 23: M a di truyen trong A D N du'cic giai ma nhd cd che' nao? B) K h i riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic A ) N h d cd che dich ma. B) N h d cd che tdng hdp protein. C ) K h i riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba U A A hoac U A G hoac U G A C ) N h d t A R N van ehuyen. D) Ca A , B deu dung. D) Ca A , B , C d e u d i i n g . >; - 20
  11. Cty T N H H ' M T V DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang tg fln va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng C S u 40: A D N c6 tinh on dinh qua cac the' he la nhd C a u 32: Trong qua trinh dich ma, dau lien riboxom gan v6i m A R N d vung nao? A ) O v i Iri dac hieu nam gan codon md dau A ) sao ma. 'i B ) O codon m d dau _ nsv r >t':' B ) dich ma. -: .S'. Mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' - > 3' C ) Gop phan dn dinh tinh Irang ciia loai qua cac the he. ; C ) Ca 2 mach xoan deu quanh mot true thco chieu tiif Inii sang phai D ) Ca A , B , C d e u d u n g . D) C a B , C d c u d u n g . C a u 44: Cau nao sai k h i noi ve chieu lac dong ciia cn/.im? C a u 36: A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap d dang sinh vat nao? A ) A D N polimcra/a chi Uic dong theo chieu 3' 5' cvia mach khuon. A)Theankhuan B ) Virut B ) A D N polimcraza tac dong thco nhieu ndi nhu^ng van theo chieu 3' - > 5' C ) Dong vat nguycn sinh D ) Ca A va B. ciia mach khuon. C a u 37: Mach danh dau chieu 5' - > 3' nghia la: C ) D c i p an A sai. ';' ^ A ) L i e n ket hoa tri ba't dau tiT cacbon so 5' ciia nucleotil Ihu- nha't, k c l Ihiic d D ) Cii A va B deu sai. " cacbon so 3' trong nucleotit cuoi cijng ciia mach do. C a u 45: K h i noi de'n doan okazaki dieu nao sau day la sai? ''• B ) L i e n ket hoa tri bat dau tir cacbon so' 3' ciia nucleotit thi? nha't, k c l Ihiic d A ) DuWc tdng hdp difa vao mach khuon 3' - > 5'. ./i ^ K ( ' ! / i > l i . cacbon so 5' trong nucleotit cuoi cung ciia mach do. B ) Dirdc tdng hdp ngiWc chieu vi'ii mach khuon. C ) Ca A , B deu ,sai. C ) Dufdc tdng hdp tiVng doan ngiin difa vao nhieu diem ciia mot mach ddn. . D ) Ca A , B deu dung. '* D ) DiTdc tdng h d p difa vao mach khuon 5' - > 3'. C a u 38: Nguyen lac bd sung c6 tam quan trong vt'li crt che di truyen: C a u 46: C d che tai sinh ciia A D N co y nghia gi? 1. Nhan doi A N D 2. Hinh thanh mach ddn A ) La cd sd de N S T nhan d o i . ' ' 3. Phien ma , • 4. Dich ma. B) Dam bao cho A D N difdc 6n dinh ve cau true ham liTdng qua cac the he te bao Cau trii Icli dung la: C ) Gop phan dn dinh ciic tinh trang qua cac the he cua k x i i . ,,. .;, A) 1 , 2 , 3 . B) 1 , 3 , 4 . ' C) 1,2,3. D) 1 , 2 , 4 . D ) C i i A , B, C deu dung. , ' ' C a u 39: TCr nguycn tic bd sung c6 the suy ra dicu g i : C a u 47: T i n h dac ihu ciia A D N bieu hicn ct: A) A + G = T + X B) A + X = so nucleotil ciia mot mach A) So lifdng, thanh phan, trinh tif sap xcp cac nucleotil. C ) -77—^ = ^ D)CaA,BvaC. B ) H a m lifdng A D N . 23
  12. Ca'm nang tij On va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Dfl'ng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t OTHc A±l. C ) La enzim xiic tac sif lien ke'l giffa nucleotil tu* do vt'ti nucleotil ciia mach G +X khuon de tao lhanh mach A D N mdi, theo nguyen tSc bo sung A - T, G - X. D) Ca A , B, C. D ) La enzim khong phiii lam nhiem v i i long hdp mach md^i ma chi xiic lac C a u 48: N h d diic diem nho A D N c6 tinh cha't viTa vi?ng chac vi/a Hnh hoat, c6 phiin i^ng tao lhanh mach A D N mt'li. the dong xoan, thao xoa'n, tach nhaii la Ichi can Ihict? C 3 u 54: NhSng dac diem nao cua ma di truyen the hicn linh thong nhat va da A ) So lien kct h i d i o la lien ket yen va nhicu. dang sinh gic'ti'.' B ) Hai mach lien ket vc'Ji nhau theo ngiiycn tiic bo sung. A ) M a di iruycn c6 tinh phd bien. B ) M a di truyen khong gdi len nhau C ) L i e n ket hoa trj rat ben. C ) Ma di truyen c6 linh dac hieu. D ) Ca A va B . D ) Ca A , B, C dung. C a u 55: A R N CO mat ('
  13. Ca'm nang ti; fln luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phiing Duy Dting f Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi6t C a u 61: NhiTng diem khac nhau ci1 ban ve cau iriic giffa A D N va A R N : C S u 67: Y e u to nao sau day chi phdi Idn nhal den tinh dac ihil ciia protein? A ) So lUWng mach vii so luWng ddn phan. rs';? < - A ) So lu-dng a x i l amin trong phan tii" protein do. B ) Trong A D N c6 T , khong c6 U , con trong A R N i h i ngiWc l a i , trong A D N co B ) Thiinh phan a x i l amin trong phan tiir protein do. ? 1 , diTfJng C , H | o 0 4 , trong A R N co du-dng C ^ H H I O , . C) T r i n h tu" sap xep cac axil amin trong phan tuT protein do. C) A D N la khuon, con A R N la stin pham du'dc tdng hdp lu" khuon A D N . D) Cau triic khong gian cua phan liV protein do. ,A D ) Ca A , B, C dcu diing. C a u 68: Qua trinh tdng hdp prdlein qua cac giai doan nao sau day? • Cflu 62: V I dac diem nao trong cd che sao ma mil cau true A R N khac vdi doan A ) Phien ma idng hdp ra m A R N rdi djch ma thanh chudi polipeptil. :; A D N da tdng hdp ra no: : ; ,1; - ••'•)•/: . B ) Hoat hoa axit amin va tdng hdp chudi polipeptil. ' A) V I A R N chi diiilc tdng hdp lit mol mach dcJn cua A D N . C ) Nhan d o i A D N (liT sao) tdng hdp m A R N (sao ma) va tdng hdp chuoi B ) V i nguyen lieu ciia qua trinh sao ma (phien ma) la ribonucleotit. polipeptil (dich mii hay giai ma). ^ji?!•;;),?;;f,'4, d 4 > C ) V i tdng hdp theo nguyen tac bd sung A - U , G - X . D) Ca A va B deu dung. , .^^ 'uh^'-'fua u • D ) Ca A , B, C deu dung. C a u 69: Protein co tinh dac trifng va dn dinh la nhd: , > ^ C a u 63: D i e m giong nhau giiTa ed che tdng hdp A R N (sao ma, phien ma) va c d A ) A D N ed tinh dac tru'ng va dn dinh. , che tu" nhan doi ci'ia A D N (tir sao ma, ti/ tai ban): B ) A D N nhan ddi theo nguyen life bd sung va ban bao ton. A ) Deu diTa vao A D N lam khuon. C ) T r i n h tir cac bo ba trong mach gde (Triplet) quy dinh trinh tif cac codon B ) Deu tdng hdp theo nguyen lac bd sung. trong m A R N (qua c d che phien ma), trinh tu" cac codon trong m A R N quy C ) Deu CO siTxiic tiic ci'ia e n / i m polimera/a va mach mdi deu du'dc tdng hdp dinh trinh tiTcac axit amin trong chudi polipeptil (qua cd che dich mil). theo chieu ngu'dc lai vdi mach khuon. D) N h d cii ba diJ kien tren, D) Ca A , B, C deu dung. C a u 70: N o i dung niio sau day khong dung? ' C a u 64: D i e m khac hiet giiTa cd che nhan ddi A D N vil c(t che phien ma: A ) Cac r i b o x d m chuyen dich trcn m A R N theo chieu 5 ' - > 3 ' tiTng bd ba, . A ) Khtic nhau ve khuon (hai mach, mot mach). liTdng i?ng v d i 1 0 , 2 A " . B ) Khac nhau ve nguyen lieu do moi Irirdng cung cap (loai ddn phan, so B ) Cac anticodon eiia l A R N dich ma sao tren m A R N theo nguyen tiic bd sung krdng ddn phan). vdi tifng codon ihco liTng bifdc chuyen dich ciia riboxdm. C ) Khac nhau enzim xuc lac va nguyen lac bd sung. C ) M i l ket thiie khong du'dc l A R N dich ma. J D ) Ca A , B va C deu dung. D) Cd bao nhieu ribdxdm tham gia giiii ma se cd bii'y nhieu phan tuf protein C a u 65: Cac a x i l amin giong nhau va khac nhau i1 thanh phan nao trong cau true du'dc tdng hdp. r- ,^ ciia no? . C S u 71: Y e u i d niio giu" vai tro dicu hoa tdng hdp protein? , A ) Gen dieu hoa s;in xual ra prdlein lYc che. , ,, A ) Giong nhau d nhom amin, nhom cacboxyl khac nhau d go'c R. B ) V i i n g khdi ddng de A R N polimera/.a bam viio de phien ma. B ) Giong nhau d axil, difdng, khac nhau ("t nhom amin. C ) V i i n g viin hilnh do protein u'e che bam vao ngan can phien ma. C ) Ca A va B deu dung. , , D) Cci 3 yeu i d A , B vii C. , , '[ . , ^ D) C h i c 6 A d i i n g . ^.^^ C S u 72: Cau niio sau day khong diing? C a u 66: N o i dung nao sau day khong dung? A ) M i l m d dau co chiJc nang khdi dau dich ma. A) Lien ket peplil la lien ket giiTa cac axil amin. B ) Bo ba m d diiu co chuTc niing ma hoa axil amin m d d;1u. B ) Thi/c chat ciia HCMI ket peplil \h lien ket hoa I r i . C ) B d ba m d dau co chiJc niing khdi ditu phien mii. . C ) LiC-n ket peptit difdc thifc hien giiTa nhom - C O O H ciia axil amin nay vdi D) Dich ma bill diiu iCr bo ba m d ditu tren m A R N . nhom - NH2 ciia a x i l amin ben canh (loai irCr mot phan liV H . O ) . C a u 73: Cau niio sau day khong dung? ,'' ' D) So lien kel peptit bang sd^ axil amin ciia chudi polipeptil. A ) M a ket thiic quy djnh tin hicu ket thuc dich ma. B ) M i i ket thuc la cac bo ba: U A A , U A G , UGA. 26 . 27,
  14. Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t Ca'm nang t i / fin va luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy D6'ng Lo^i 2: Xac dinh ca'u Iriic ciia phan tuf i C) Ma kct thuc quy djnh tin hieu ket thi'ic phicn ma. TiT mo'i quan he giiTa cac qua trinh phien ma va giai ma c6 the xac dinh cau true D) Ma kc'l thiic nam d vung kct thuc ciia gen cau true. ,. - , ciia gen, ciia m A R N , ciia chudi polipcptit do gen do tdng hdp. Loai nay c6 rat C a u 74: V i t r i ciia bo ba mc'f dau nam ("J vung nhieu bai, chiing toi chi difa ra mot loai, chifa lha'y gap trong cac sach bai tap. A) khc'-fi dgng ciia gen. B ) dieu hoa ciia gen. V i d i i : M o t gen rat ngiin du'dc tdng h(
  15. Cam nang ttj 6n luygn thi Sinh lioc - I'liung Duy D6ng Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi?t M(j,en) Hoac so'nucleotit c u a mot m a c h la 1500. C > M ( C h u o i polipcpltl) < \ Suy r a : A + X = 1500 ( p h U d n g t r i n h thi? h a i ) i Chia Nhan Chia Nhan • , Chia Nhan A + X = 1500l A = 600=T > 300 300 300 300 110 120 - Giai h e phu'dng trinh A=600 J X=900 = G N(gcn) yidu 2: Tim so' nucle6tit cua gen bie't so' lien kct hidro ciia g e n do la 3900. Va N{mARN) l-'(Chuoi poiipcptil) < . • s6' lien ke't hoa trj giiJa cac nucleotit trong mot mach ddn lii 1499. Chia 2 Chia 3, 4 Nhan Chia Nhan HUihig ddn nhan 3,4 nhan 2 3,4 3,4 3 Chia 3 A Doc de ta tha'y ngay 2 dieu kien, can ci'r vao mot dieu kien ta lap mot phi/dng ¥ T trinh. Giai he phu'dng trinh bac nha't 2 an so ta c6 ngay dap an. , . , ^(gcn) MmARN) L(Chiioi IDlipcplil) Bie't so hen kct hidro bang 3900 ^ 2A + 3G = 3900 (1) Theo s d do tren khi dau bai cho bie't ba't ki mot yeu to niio Irong bang ta c6 Bie't so hen ke't hoa tri bang 1499 -> A + G = 1500 (2) ,, / ' the suy ra ta't ca cac yeu to khac trong bang. Giai he phuTdng trinh niiy ta du'dc: X =: G = 900 va A = T = 600 , c) Can cu" vao mo'i quan he giiJa gen va mARN Loai 5: Tim so' % moi loai ddn phan A, T, G, X, Cach giai nhu'ng bai toan thuoc loai nay cung tiTdng ti; nhiT each giai toan loai gen 4 da de cap tren. ' ' >• T . A2 X2 G2 Can luu y: mARN •A(m) U ( m ) X(m) ^(m)(m) + De bai khong can cho biet 2 dieu kien nhiT d dang toan loai 4 ma chi can cho bie't mot dieu kien la du, vi mot dieu kien tat yeu da bie't la tong so % cac loai Til" mo'i quan he tren suy ra: nucleotit bang 100% ^ A % + X % = A % +G % = T % + G = T % + X % = 50% A = T = A(n,) + U ( | „ ) . G = X = G(n,) + X(m). (c6 nghia la to'ng % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau bang 50%) A | = T 2 = A(m). T i = A 2 = U ( m ) . G| = X 2 G(m). X| = G 2 = X(m). Loai 4: Tim so l i f d n g moi loai ddn phan - Vi du: Bai loan cho bie't A = 20%. ta c6 ngay he phu'dng t r i n h : - Co 4 loai nucleotil nhu'ng vi A = T, G = X nen ta chi can tim so" lu'dng cua A + X=50%1 A = T = 20% 2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung vdi nhau se bie't du'dc so lu'dng cua 4 loai. A=20% J^X=G=30% - Nhu" vay nhflng bai toiin ihuoc loai nay c6 2 an so, buoc de phiii c6 2 dieu kien. Dieu kien cho bie't c6 the la mot trong 9 yeu to Irong bang he tho'ng (2) da - Can cH vao moi dieu kien trong de bai ta lap mot phu'dng trinh bac nha't trinh bay d tren. Tijr dieu kien do co suy dieu kien la can. mot an so'. Giai he phu'dng trinh bac nhii't 2 an so ta se tim ngay ra dap an. + Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian khi tim so' lifdng moi loai nucleotit vdi so % Vidu 1: Bie't chicu dai cua gen la 0,51|jm gen co .so'nucleotit loai A - 600. Tim m6i loai khi cho bie't so lieu trong moi mach ddn. so'nucleotit moi loai cua gen do. A =3001 ' i Vidu: ' = > A = A , + A , - 3 0 0 + 200=500 HU('mg ddn • A2=200j ' ^ - Theo de bai ta CO ngay phuTdng trinh 1 la: A = 600 A|=iO%l _ A | % + A 2 % 10+30 - Bie't A = 600 T = 600. Nhu- vay an so thiJ hai phai tim la so loai Nhu'ng ^=>A%=—! ^ =—-—=20% >' nucleotil khong bo sung vdi A. Do la G hoac X. ^A2=30%j 2 2 - Dieu kien thi? hai trong de bai khong noi ro so' nucleotit nhu'ng can cu" vao ChiJ khong phai A % = 10% + 30% = 40% (vi so vdi so Idn gap doi thi so %' mo'i lien he giffa chicu dai gen (L gen) vdi so nucleotit ciia gen (N gen) trong giam21an). bang he thong d muc 2 ta bie't ngay so'nucleotit cua gen la: Loai 6: Toan ve c d che nhan doi cua A D N \ 0,51x10^ A Muo'n giai loai loan nay can nam vilng: = 1500x2. 3,4 1. Mot vongxoan dai 34A" CO 10 cap nucleotil. , 30 31
  16. Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy DO'ng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt 2. Phan tu" ADN c6 2 mach ngiMc chieu nhau, mach ma goc c6 chicii 3' —> 5' d) Co bao nhieu lu'dl lARN du'dc dieu den de giai ma cho mARN? va mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' 3'. Mach 5' ^ 3' la mach c6 lien ke'l hoa lri bill e) Co bao nhieu axil amin duTdc lien ket vao cac phan luT protein de thifc hien dau liY C so 5 (5') ciia nucleolil ihi? nha'l va kel ihi'ic cJ' C so 3 (3') ciia nucleolil chiltnang? _ a'>;i;'f''v cuo'i Cling. Hiidng dan 3. Ci? moi nucleolil c6 mol lien kel hoa lri giiJa diftJng c) vi tri C so'5 vdi axit - Tir chieu dai cua gen la 0,51 jam c6 the tinh diTdc so nucleotit cua gen la: pholphoric ciia nucleolil do (5' - P). ^ : ^ x 2 = 3000 ' • 4. Ciic nucleolil ke liep nhau trong moi mach ddn lien ket vcli nhau bhng lien 3,4 kel hoa tri (con goi la lien ke'l phosphodiesle) gii^a C so 3 (3' - OH) cua A = 28% 1 A=T=28% nucleolil nay vd\l ciia nucleolil ben canh. - Giai he phiTdng trinh: ^=> _ 5. Ciic nucleolil giiJa 2 mach dOn lien kel vcfi nhau bang lien kel hidro iheo ^ A + X=50%J G = X = 22% •, , . nguyen utc bo sung. Do do: Tiir do suy ra so'nucleotit moi loai: \< i . • - So lien kel hoa tri giffa cac nucleotit trong ADN biing N - 2 (N: long so 98 22 A = T = 3000x—=840; G = X = 3000x -660 nucleolil trong ADN). 100 100 - So lien ket hoa lri giiJa axil pholphoric va difc^ng deoxiribozd Irong ca - 'Sau 5 ddt nhan doi lien tiep so lifdng nucleotit moi loai can cung ca'p la: phan liVla 2N - 2. A = T = (2' - 1) X 840 = 26040 nucleolil r ,r - So lien ket hidro trong ADN la: 2A + 3G = 2A + 3X = 2T + 3G = 2T + 3X G = X = (2^ - 1) X 660 = 20460 nucleolil - Sau moi Ian tai sinh so lien ket hidro bi pha hi'iy bang 1/2 so hen ket hidro - So lien ket hidro bj pha v3: (2' - 1)[( 840 x 2) + (660 x 3)] = 113460 du'dc tai lap, so lien kel hoa tri du"* lhanh lap bang so lien ket hoa lri cua ADN me. - So' lien ket hoa tri diTdc hinh thanh (phan tu" A D N dau lien khong phai - Sau n Ian Uii sinh lien tiep ciia mot phan tiJ ADN se lao thanh 2" phan tufhinh thanh): (2' - 1)(3000 - 2) = 92938 ADN nhiTng nguyen lieu chi can cung cap cho 2" - 1 phan ti;'!" ADN difc/c lao - So lu-dng mARN du'dc long hdp tir cac gen con: 2^x3 = 96 mARN ^^^^^^^ lhanh (suy tii" nguyen tile bitn bao ton). - Tong so'ribonucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p: 96x1500 = 144000 9 Logi 7: Toiin ve dich mil. - So' lu'dt lARN can du'dc dieu de to'ng hdp mot chuoi polipeplit la: • i ^ - 1 = 4 9 9 liTdt (VI ma ket thuc khong can tARN) '* 1. So niiich polipeplit diMc tiio ihiinh phu Ihuoc so'Ian sao mil (so mARN) va so riboxom irirdt Iren mot philn tu" mARN. Bai 2: Mot gen c6 chieu dai 0,408|jm. Hieu so nucleotit loai A vdi loai nucleotit 2. Xiic dinh thcfi gian long hrip chuoi polipeplit: khac la 240. Khi gen nhan doi, thdi gian tiep nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai A Th(ti gian long hilp 1 chuoi polipeplit bang Mli gian litp riip moi axil amin mat 15 giay. nhan vdi so axil amin du^dc lap rap. Hoac bang do dai phan tu" mARN chia cho a) Tinh thdi gian can thiet de gen tif nhan doi mot Ian, biet rang thdi gian van toe cua riboxom. tiep nhan va lap rap moi nucleotit deu nhu' nhau. 3. Xac dinh van toe riboxom: Viin toe cua riboxom bang do dai phan HJ" b) Ne'u thdi gian hoan thanh long hdp 1 mARN tren gen mat 30 giay, tinh mARN chia cho thcii gian riboxom Iru'Ot Iron mARN. van to'c sao ma (theo ribonucleotil/giay) 4. Xiic dinh chieu diii cua mARN, ciia gen bang lich Viin toe ciia riboxom vdi c) Ne'u tren moi mARN c6 6 riboxom trUdt qua thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin thdi gian tr^dt ciia no Iren mARN,... tna:'t 0,2 giay. Khoang each thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom ke tiep nhau 1,4 giay. Cac B A I T A P VAN D V N G riboxom chuyen dpng deu va each deu nhau. ^ .iv Bai 1: Mot gen eo chieu dai (),51|jm. Co A = 28% so' nucleotit cua gen. Gen - Tim van to'c cua riboxom? • nhan doi 5 liin lien tiep Ifio ra cac gen con. Moi gen sao mii 3 liin, moi m;~i sao - Thdi gian cua qua trinh long hdp protein? ^, ^ cho 5 riboxom Iru'dl qua khong Ird h i . HUcfng dan a) Tinh so lu'dng moi loiii nucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p cho gen nhan doi? • Tir chieu dai cua gen bang 0,408 \im -> so" nucleotit cua gen la 2400 b) Trong qua Irinh nhan doi do gen can phii vd bao nhieu lien kel hidro, hinh => A + G = 1200. A--G = 240 1 A = T = 7 2 0 thanh them bao nhieu lien ke'l hoa trj givta ciic nucleolil? Giai he phifdng trinh: c) Tong so'ribonucleolil moi lru"cfng ciin cung cap cho cttc gen con sao ma? A + G = 1200j G=X=480 32 ^3
  17. Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Thdi gian ticp nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai G (hay X) vao mach mdi bang: 1. So'lUdng nucleotit cua gen va cua tijrng mach ddn cua gen. , 480x15 2. SdlUdng va ti le % tijfng loai ribonucleotit. ^ •* 3. So' lu'dng axit amin can cung cap cho qua trinh tdng hdp protein. Ne'u gen Thdi gian can thie't de gen tiT nhan doi 1 Ian: 10 giay + 15 giay = 25 giay sao ma 4 Ian, trung binh moi mARN c6 8 riboxom trufdt khong lap lai. , ^ _ 1200rib6nucle6tit ... 4. Tinh khoang each deu giiJa cac riboxom (theo A"). Ne'u bie't thdi gian de tdng hdp xong mot phan tiir protein la 125 giay, thdi gian tiep xuc ciia mARN vdi Van toe sao ma: = 40 ribonucleotit/giay 8 riboxom het 153 giay, cac riboxom each deu nhau khi trU'dt tren mARN. 30giay Dap so: . .....i . ,„.:v,...„^:''^';-v.i..„ t-.. Thdi gian Ccin thiet de tdng help 1 chuoi polipeptit: - Sdnucleotit cua gen: 1500 . . 1200 - So liTdng nucleotit tiifng loai: A = T = 600. G = X = 150 — ^ X 0,2 giay = 8 giay - So liTdng ribonucleotit tren mARN: G(m) = 45. X(m) = 150. U(m) = 450. A(m) = 150 - Van toe trifdt cua riboxom: (1200 x 3,4 A") : 80 giay = 51 A"/giay. - So'axit amin cung cap: 7968 - Thdi gian tiep xuc cham cua riboxom tren mARN: 1,4 giay x 5 = 7 giay - Khoang each giffa cac riboxom: 81,6 A" - Thdi gian ca qua trinh tdng hdp protein: 80 giay + 7 giay = 87 giay Bai 6: Khi cho tdng hdp mot phan tijT mARN gen pha di?t 3600 lien ket hidro. Moi tru'dng te'bao cung cap 155G va 445X. Gen do sao ma khong vu'dt qua 4 Ian Bai 3: Ba doan gen deu c6 600 nucleotit: da can tdi 1500 ribonucleotit loai U. Sau do do nhu cau can tdng hdp them, , . AG + TX 1 protein gen lai tiep luc sao ma (tdng hdp mARN) va tao nen cac mARN mdi lai 1 CO 3:ti le A + T=—. Doan gen 2 cantdi2625U. G+X 3 1. Chieu dai cua gen v^ so lu'dng nucleotit cua gen. G+X 2 Cho biet trong 3Adoan + T=gen , . do thi moi doan c6 bao nhieu Hen ke't hidro. 2. So' lu'dng tiJCng loai ribonucleotit tren moi phan tuC mARN. Doan gen Dap so': 2: 1 3. Vdi gia thie't neu tren ma so ma sao tao ra td'i da, moi ma sao (mARN) cho Doan gen 1: 800 lien ke't hidro. 5 riboxom tnfdt mot Ian thi moi tnldng npi bao phai cung cap cho bao nhieu axit amin. ' Doan ge.n 2: 750 lien ket hidro. Co bao nhieu lU'dt tARN mang axit amin tdi giai ma? Doan gen 3: 780 hen ket hidro. Dap so': A+T - Chieu dai gen: 5 lOOA". Bai 4: Neu 2 gen c6 cung so lien ket hidro la 1300, gen c6 ti le = 1, con G+X - So liTdng nucleotit moi loai: A = T = 900. G = X = 600. ;' gen 2 CO ti le A—+ Tc 2h o bie't gen nao c6 so liTdng nucleotit nhieu hdn va - G„, = 155, Xn, = 445, A„ = 525, = 375. , , ^ .^JM^Q^ - So axit amin cung ca'p: 27445. ' s"' ^ Z CO 11 ~• G + X ^ 3 ; - So' liTdt tARN tiTdng i^ng vdi so axit amin cung cap: 27445. ' nhieu hdn bao nhieu? Dap so': Bai 7: Mot gen c6 hieu so % nucleotit loai G vdi nucleotit khong bd sung vdi no b^ng 20% va G = 1050 nucleotit. Tren mach ddn thii'nha't cua gen c6 A, + Gi = 600. - Sdlufdng nucleotit cua gen 1: 1040 Xi - Ti = 300. Khi tdng hdp mARN moi triTdng da cung cap 1350 ribonucleotit - So liTdng nucleotit cua gen 2: 1000 loai X. Moi phan tuf mARN c6 6 riboxom trU'dt qua mot Ian de tdng hdp protein. - So liTdng nucleotit gen 1 nhieu hdn gen 2 la 40. 1. Tinh khdi liTdng phan til cua gen? Bai 5: Mot gen c6 chicu dai 0,255|jm, c6 hieu sdgiiJa T vdi loai nucleotit khong 2. Chieu dai gen? - bd sung bang 30% so nucleotit cua gen: mARN diTdc tdng hdp tijf gen do c6 U = 3. So Irfdng va ti le % moi loai ribonucleotit cua mARN. ' 60% so ribonucleotit tren mot mach ddn cua gen c6 G = 14% so nucleotit cua 4. Tdng so axit amin diTdc lien ke't tren cac phan tuT protein de thifc hi6n chtfc mach va A b^ng 450 nucleotit. iiang sinh hoc.
  18. ca'm nang t\) 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - PhCing Duy flB'ng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi?t 5. Thdi gian cua qua trinh tong hOp protein va khoang each deu ve do dai Bai todn nay c6 2 each ^idi: giu"a cac riboxom tren mARN? , Cdch nidi tM nhcit: Can ciJ vao dieu kien cua bai loan ta lap he phUdng trinh Bie't rang thdi gian tong hdp protein deu ma't 1 phiit 40 giay. Khoang each ve bac nha't CO 2 an so': thdi gian giffa 2 riboxom la 1,4 giay. . T + X=50%' >A=T-13,7%; G-X=36,3% Dap so': T = 13,7% - Kho'i lu'dng phan tuf cua gen 9.10'dvc • Cdch fiidi tM hai: Khong can giai ma loai bo cac dap an khong dung vdi dieu - Chieu dai gen: 0,51 |Lim ; kien cua bai toan: . A = T = 15% = 450. G = X = 35% = 1050 •-•-M^ Bai toan tim ti le phan tram ti^ng loai nucleotit bao gid cung phai phii hdp vdi - A„ = 300. Un, = 150. Gn, = 600. X^, = 450. ' ' ' "• dieu kien: < ^ - So'axit amin: 8964 A % + X % = A % + G %) = T % + X %. = T % + G % = = 50%) - Thdi gian cua qua trinh to'ng hdp protein: 107 giay; khoang each giiJa cac 2 riboxom la 71,4 A". Ta tha'y ngay cac dap an A , C, D deu khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien nay. Do Bai 8: Mot gen khi tong hdp 1 phan tij" mARN da lam dut 3450 hen ket hidro. do dap an phai la B. Trong gen hieu so' % loai A vdi loai khong bo sung vdi no bang 20% tong so Bai 2: Gen dai 3005,6A", C6 hieu giffa nucleotit loai T vdi loai nucleotit khac la nucleotit cua gen. Tren mARN so'ribonucleotit loai 0 = 300, loai A = 600. 272. So'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai ciia gen tren la: 1. Tinh so'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai cua gen? A) A = T = 289;G = X - 1 5 3 B) A = T = 153; G = X =: 289 - 2. Chieu dai gen va kho'i lu'dng phan tu" cua gen? C) A = T=:578;G = X = 306 D) A = T = 306; G = X = 578 3. So lu'dng ribonucleotit moi loai tren mARN? HUdng ddn 4. Neu gen noi tren nhan doi lien ticp 5 ddt thi moi tru'dng noi bao da cung V i A = T va G = X nen chi can tim 2 loai nucleotit khong bo' sung nhau, nghla cap them moi loai nucleotit la bao nhieu? Trong qua trinh do c6 bao nhieu lien la bai toan chi c6 2 an so'. Do do can giai he phu'dng trinh bac nha't c6 2 an so'. ket hidro bi pha huy? Bao nhieu lien ket hoa tri difdc hinh thanh giiJa cac nucleotit? Phu'dng trinh thiJ nha't c6 the tha'y ngay la T - X = 272 con phu'dng trinh thiJ hai 5. Ne'u moi gen con tao ra sao ma 3 Ian, moi ma sao (mARN) cho 5 riboxom khong CO trong de bai toan. De chi cho biet chieu dai gen la 3005,6 A " vay thi tru'dt qua khong trd lai thi moi tru'dng da cung cap bao nhieu axit amin? Trong so' phu'dng trinh thiJ hai chac chan phai suy ra tCf dieu kien nay. That vay, chieu dai do CO bao nhieu axit amin du'dc lien ket vao cac phan tuf protein. Khi chung thi/c cua gen la 3005,6 A " ma moi nucleotit dai 3,4 A " . Nen so' nucleotit moi mach hien cac chut nang sinh hoc. Ne'u cho biet moi phan ttJf protein la mot chuoi polipeptit. ddn la: ^ ^^^' ^ = 884 nucleotit. So' nucleotit trong mach bang tong so' Dap so': - A = T = 1050; G = X = 450 nucleotit cua gen. Do do: T + X = 884 - 5100 A". 9x10'dvC. T - X = 272l A - T = 578 • - Gm = 300; X „ = 150; An, = 600; U „ = 450. Giai he phi/dne trinh: •' ^ T + X = 884j G = X = 306 ^ - ; - A = T = 32550. G = X = 13950; 106950 hen ket hidro, 92938 hen ket hoa tri. Vdi bai toan nay chi can can ciJ vao dieu kien hieu giifa T vdi loai nucleotit - So axit amin cung cap: 239520, so' lu'dng axit amin lien ke't thiTc hien chiJc khac la 272 (T - X = 272) ta tha'y ngay dap so' la C vi tat ca cac dap so khac deu nang: 239040. khong phii hdp vdi dieu kien cua de bai. V. B A I T A P T R A C N G H I E M Bai 3: Mot gen c6 tich giiJa 2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung bang 6%, ti le tifng Bai 1: Gen c6 so' nucleotit loai Timin bang 13,7% to'ng so' nucleotit, ti le phan loai nucleotit cua gen la: tram tijfng loai nucleotit ciia gen tren la: A) A = T = 30%. G = X = 20%. B) A = T = 35%.. G = X = 15%. A) A = T = 13,7%. G = X = 8,73% B) A = T = 13,7%. G = X = 36,3% C) A = T = 40%. G = X = 15%. D) A = T = 15%. G = X = 40%. C ) A = T = G = X = 13,7% D ) A = T = G = X = 36,3% 37
  19. Cam nang tg 6n va luyen Ihi S i n h hoc - Phung Duy Ddng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t Hudng ddn HUdng ddn Vi tdng so % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau phai bang 50% nen chi Ta thay ngay de bai khong the giai du^dc bang each giai phu-Ong trinh (vi thieu CO 2 dap an A va B la phu hOp (loai dtfOc 2 dap an) tie'p tuc xet den dieu kien dieu kien). Nhtf vay chi c6 the giai bang phiTdng phap loai trif. Vi T > X nen ca 3 tich giffa 2 loai khong bd sung bang 6% ta loai them dtfOc dap an B. Vay con lai d^p an B, C, D deu sai. Vay con lai dap an A la dung. De khang dinh A la dung dap an A la dung. ta thay ke't qua phii hdp vdi nguyen tac bd sung: A + G = T + X = 50%. Bai 4: Mot gen c6 ti le giffa cac loai nucleotit la tirong quan ve gia tri Bai 7: Gen c6 96 chu ki xoan va ti le giiJa cac loai nucleotit la A = - G. So G+X 7 Wdng ti^ng loai nucleotit cua gen la: giffa cac loai nucleotit tinh theo ti le phan tram la: i A) A = T = 120; G = X = 360. B) A = T = 240; G = X = 720. , A) A = T = 35%;G = X = 15% \ C) A = T = 360; G = X = 120. D) A = T = 720; G = X = 240. B) (G + T ) % = (A + X ) % = 50% ,^ , v,,^ , HUdng ddn C) A G = A X = T G = T X = 5,25% X X X X De bai co 2 dieu kien, du de lap he phu-dng trinh bac nhat 2 an so. Nhtfug khong can thiet, ta thay ngay dap an C va D khong dung vi khong phii hdp vdi D) Ca A, B va C deu dung. dieu kien A = G. Con dap an A khong diing vi khong hdp vdi dieu kien con lai HUclngddn Yi bai toan tim ti le % moi loai nucleotit chi can biet mot dieu kien la du, vi cua de bai la gen c6 96 chu ki xoan. Vay B la dap an cua bai toan. tdng ti le % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung bao gid cQng bang 50%. NhiT vay Bai 8: Gen dai 4080A", so lien ket hidro trong doan tiT (2700 - 3000) va c6 tich ta thay ngay dap an B la dung. giii-a 2 loai nucleotit khong bd sung la 5,25%. Ti le phan tram va so lien ket Can ci? vao dieu kien de bai phai c6 ^^-5^1=1. Tu" dieu kien nay ta biet them hidrd cua gen la: A) A = T = 35%; G = X = 15% va 2700. G+X 7 B) A = T = 15%; G = X = 35% va 2760. ' dap an A ciing dung. C) A = T = 35%; G = X = 15% va 3240. Tir dap an A ta CO the suy ra ngay dap an C ciing dung. Nhu" vay c6 3 dap an diing. D) A - T = 35%; G = X = 15% va 2760. Bai 5: Mot gen c6 tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90%. Ti le phan tram tifng loai HUdng ddn nucleotit cua gen tren la: - Vi ca 4 dap an deu dung vdi dieu kien tich giffa 2 loai nucleotit khong bo A) A = T = 45%; G = X = 5% B) A = T = 5%; G = X = 45% sung la 5,25% va dung vdi nguyen tac bd sung. NhiT vay chi con mot each giai duy nha't la can ciJ vao dieu kien gen dai 4080A" de suy luan tiep. Nhu^ng tir C) A = T = 40%; G = X = 50% D) A va B diing. chieu dai ciia gen de suy ra tdng so 2 loai nucleotit, khong the suy du"dc so lien HUdng ddn ket hidrd. Vi vay, khong the suy luan bang phtfdng phap loai trij", ma phai giai Ddi chieu vdi dieu kien cua bai toan la tdng so 2 loai nucleotit la 90% thi dap bkng phu"dng phap lap he phu'dng trinh nhU sau: an D va C la sai, 2 dap an con lai A, B deu diing. Gen dai 4080A" ^ A + X = 1200 (1) Khi xet den dieu kien tat ye'u phai c6 la tdng so % 2 loai nucleotit khong bd Theo de bai lai c6: A x X = 5,25% (2) ^ So lien ket hidro la 2760. sung vcti nhau la 50% (dieu kien nay khong can c6 trong de bai) thi dap an D va Nhu" vay dap an A va D dung (vi deu c6 lien ket hidrd 2760) nhifng giai C cung sai, con dap an A va B deu dung. Tai sao nhu^ vay? Vi dieu kien de bai PhiTdng trinh cho thay A > X. Do do chi D dung. cho biet tdng 2 loai nucleotit chicm 90% thi c6 the xay ra 2 tru^dng hc^p A + T = 90% BAITAP VANDVNG hoac G + X = 90%. Mgt mach ddn cua gen c6 1799 lien ket hoa tri giffa axit vd dUifng vd gen c6 Do do bai toan c6 2 dap so: tog v6i tru-dng hdp A + T = 90% thi c6 dap so la A. 2030 lien kit hidro. Lfng vdi tru-dng hop G + X = 90% thi c6 dap an B. Hay suf dung cac di?kien tren tra Idi cac bai trac nghiem so 9, 10. Bai 6: Gen c6 T > X va T ' + X' = 0,065. Gia tri nao la diing? fiai 9: Gen c6 khdi lu-dng: A) A = T = 10%; G = X = 40% B) T^ = 5%; X^ = 1,5% A) 540300 dvC B) 1080600 dvC C) 540000 dvc D) 1080000 dvC 38 C) A^ = 0,04; G-^ = 0,025 D) G^ = 3,5%; T^ = 3% : 39
  20. Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t ca'm nang ti; 6n va luyjn thi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy D6ng Bai 10: So' li/dng tiifng loai nucleotit cua gen la: C) A^ = 300; U „ = 200; G^ = 240; X „ = 260. ::i " A ) A = T = 270. G = X = 630 B) A = T = 670. G = X = 230 a::^ D) A^ = 240; U„, = 120; G„, = 600; X„, = 240. C) A = T = 230. G = X = 670 D ) A = T = 1340. G = X = 460 Bai 19: So'liTdng m o i loai nucleotit trong mot mach cua gen la: MQtgen chvta 1755 lien ket hidro va c6 hieu so'giffa nucleotit loai X vdi mot A) A, = 240; T, = 600; G| = 240; X| = 120. loai nucleotit khdc Id 10%. B) A, = 200; T , = 500; G, = 300; X , = 200. • - S u r d u n g d f f k i e n t r a I d i c a c b a i 11, 12. ,. C) A, = 300; T i = 200; G, = 300; X , = 400. ' Bai 11: Chicu dai cua g e n t r e n la: D ) A i = 400; T, = 300; G, = 200; X , = 300. " • " ' : A ) 1147,5 A " B) 4590 A " C ) 2295 A " D)9180A". Mgt gen c6 khdi lU0ig phdn tiC 9.10^ dvC, trong d6A = 1050 nucleotit. Bai 12: So'lu'cfng tilfng loai nucleotit cua gen tren la: Hay surdung d i ^ k i e n tren tra Idi cac bai so 20, 2 1 , 22, 23. , , A ) A = T = 270. G - X = 405 B) A = T = 405. G = X = 270 Bai 20: So lU'dng m o i loai nucleotit cua gen: C) A = T = 540. G = X = 810 D ) A = T - 810. G - X = 540 A) A = T = 1050; G = X = 450 B) A = T = 1050; G = X = 500 Tdng so'lien ket hidro cua gen vdi lien ket hoa tri trong niQt mach dcfn cua C) A = T = 1050; G = X = 480 D) A = T - 1050; G = X = 405 gen Id 5549. Trong do lien ket hoa tri trong mgt match dm it hm so lien ket Bai 21: Chieu dai cua gen la: hidro cua gen la 2551. A)0,51|jm. B)0,48|jm. C ) 0,498Mm. D ) 0,480|jm. Surdung cac d i ^ k i e n tren, tra 151 cac bai tap 13, 14. Bai 22: So liTdng ribonucleotit tren m A R N l a : Bai 13: So lien ket hidro va lien ke'l hoa tri giffa axit va diTdng trong gen tren la: A) 1500. B) 1200. 0 2400. D) 1800. A ) 4050 va 2998 B) 4050 va 5998 C ) 5998 va 4050 D ) 4050 va 5998 Bai 23: Gen tren m a hoa du'dc mot chuoi polipeptit gom bao nhieu axit amin? Bai 14: T i le % tiTng loai nucleotit cua gen la: A ) 498. B)500. C ) 600. D) 400. A) A = T = 3 0 % ; G = X = 20% B) A = T = 2 0 % ; G = X = 15% Bai 24: M o t gen c6 A^ - G^ = 5% gia t r i nao sau day dung? ' '^ ' C) A = T = 15%; G = X = 3 5 % D) A = T = 3 5 % ; G = X = 15% A) A' = 2 5 % . G^ = 2 0 % . B) A - G = 10%. Mot gen CO 120 chu ki xoan. Hieu so % nucleotit loai A v6i nucleotit khong C) A = T = 3 0 % . C = X = 2 0 % . D)Ca3dapandeudi]ng. bo sung v&i no bang 20%. Tren phdn tv[ mARN tdng hcfp tU gen do c6 X,„ = 120 Bai 25: M o t gen c6 A > G v a A H G^ = 17%. Gia t r i nao sau day diing? ^ ribonucledtit. A) A = T = 4 0 % . G = X = 10% B) T + X = A + G = 5 0 % . Hay su-dung cac d f f k i e n tren tra Idi cac bai so 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. C) A^ = 10%. G^ = 7%. D ) Ca 2 cau A v a B deu dtlng. Bai 15: T i le % m o i loai nucleotit cua gen la: Mach thii nhat ciia gen dai 0,2448 |im. d mach dm tint hai c6 ti le cac loai fi A ) A = T = 3 5 % ; G = X = 15% B) A = T = 4 0 % ; G = X = 10% nucleotit A, T, G, X idn iMt la 1: 7: 4: 8. C) A = T = 3 0 % ; G = X = 2 0 % D ) A = T = 25%; G = X = 40% SuT dung cac du" k i e n tren de l a m bai so" 26, 27, 28. Bai 16: So'liTcing m o i loai nucleotit cua gen do la: Bai 26: T i le % tufng loai nucleotit A, T, G, X tren mach dcfn thtf nhat Ian liTdt la: A ) A = T = 8 4 0 ; G = X = 360 B) A = T = 800; G = X = 400 A ) 5%, 2 0 % , 3 5 % , 4 0 % . B) 4 0 % , 3 5 % , 2 0 % , 5%. C) A = T = 6 0 0 ; G = X = 400 D ) A = T = 700; G = X = 500 C) 4 0 % , 2 0 % , 3 5 % , 5%. D ) 3 5 % , 5%, 4 0 % , 2 0 % . Bai 17: T i le m oi loai ribonucleotit tren m A R N la: Bai 27: So liTdng tufng loai nucleotit A, T , G, X tren mach thu" h a i Ian lifdt la: * A ) A „ = 2 0 % ; G „ = 2 0 % ; X^, = 10%; U „ = 5 0 % . A ) 36, 252, 288, 140 B) 288, 144, 252, 36 B) A „ = 10%; G^ = 2 0 % ; Xn, = 3 0 % ; U „ = 4 0 % . 0 252,36,288,144 ' " D ) 3 6 , 2 5 2 , 144,288. ,. C) A „ = 3 0 % ; G „ = 10%; X„, = 2 0 % ; U^, = 4 0 % . Bai 28: T i le % v a so liTdng tiTng loai nucleotit trong gen tren la: • D ) A „ = 2 0 % ; Gn, = 3 0 % ; X,„ = 15%; U „ = 35%. A > A = T = 3 0 % = 4 3 2 v a G = X = 2 0 % = 288 Bai 18: So lifdng m o i loai ribonucleotit tren m A R N la: B) A = T = 2 0 % = 288 v a G = X = 30% = 432 A ) A „ = 240; = 600; G„, 240; X^, = 120. C) A = T = 1 2 , 5 % = 1 8 0 v a G = X = 37,5% = 540 ,, . ' B) A „ = 200; U „ = 500; G „ = 400; X ^ = 100. , , D ) A = T = G = X = 2 5 % = 360. 41 ,40.,, , , , , '
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