ĐỀ CƯƠNG ANH VĂN 12 (BAN CƠ BẢN)

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ĐỀ CƯƠNG ANH VĂN 12 (BAN CƠ BẢN) UNIT 1: HOME LIFE A. Phonetics I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others 1. A. soups B. friends C. has D. Mary’s 2. A. comes B. hopes C. takes D. likes 3. A. leaves B. dishes C. hurries D. prepares 4. A. brothers B. magazines C. clothes D. makes 5. A. washes B. kisses C. oranges D. dates II. Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. support B. although C. pressure D. responsible 7. A. security B. project C. attempt D. hospitable 8. A. household B. confidence C. left-overs D. expenditure 9. A. solver B. parental C. nephew D. secrect 10. A. biological B. result C. familial D. together B. Vocabulary and Structures I .Choose the best answers 11. How much do men share household and take ................. of their children? A. attention B. care C. belief D. notice 12. Even where parents no longer live together, they each continue to be ................. for their children. A. available B. perfect C. good D. responsible 13. Susan’s family and friends have given her a lot of help in her hard life. A. responsibility B. effort C. support D. sympathy 14. When moving to a big city how can you enjoy the p ressu res o f city life? A. stresses B. difficulties C. problems D. influences 15. Both my father and my mother are office – workers in the post office. They have good jobs and secure incomes. A. high B. low C. reasonable D. certain 16. Parents should get their children to ................. in the housework. A. share B. do C. involve D. join 17. Everyone in the society has to act in ................. to the law. A. agreement B. equality C. obedience D. support 18. Our teacher wants us to feel ................. about asking questions when we don’t understand any lesson. A. confident B. confidence C. confidential D. confidently 19. Michael felt very disappointed because his mother decided to ................. from his hather after 20 years of living together. A. escape B. divide C. share D. separate 20. Although the children are rather mischievous, they always get good marks in their subjects at school. A. enjoy being rude to the others B. enjoy playing tricks and annoying people. C. enjoy meeting and helping the others. D. dislike playing games annoying people 21. I ................. in the cafe having in drink when the police arrived. A. sat B. was sat C. was sitting D. have sat 22. “How long ................. him?” – “We ................. in 1996, but we ................. each other since last autumn.” A. do you know / met / have not seen B. have you known / met / did not see C. have you known / have met / have not seen D. have you known / met / have not seen 23. When I was a boy , I ................. tea to coffee. A. prefer B. preferred C. was preferring D. have preferred 24. She came into the room while they ................. television. A. watched B. have watched C. are watching D. were watchig 25. I can’t go with you because I ................. my lessons yet. A. did not finish B. am not finishing C. have not finished D. am not finished 26. I used to swim in this river when I ................. young. A. am B. was C. wil be D. have been 1
27. While I ................. TV last night, a mouse ................. across the floor. A. watched / ran B. watched / was running C. was watching / ran D. was watching / was running 28. I’ve been in this city for a long time. I ................. here sixteen years ago. A. have come B. was coming C. came D. had come 29. She last came to visit me three years ago. A. She last came to visit me for three years. B. She hasn’t come to visit me for three years. C. She didn’t come to visit me three years ago. D. She hasn’t come to visit me since three years. 30. We built the house in 10 months. A. It takes us 10 months to build the house. B. It took us 10 months to built the house. C. It took us 10 months to build the house. D. It took us 10 months build the house. II. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting: 31. You and your sister went to the cinema last night, weren’t you? A B C D 32. Up to now Michael wrote five novels and o ver sixteen short stories. A B C D 33. Mark took many trips to Asia since he started his own import-export business. A B C D 34. Did you and your family at Jane’s birthday party yesterday evening? A B C D 35. Last Sunday while Sandy cleaned out the attic, she found her mother’s wedding dress A B C D III. Put the verb into the correct tense: 36. When I (phone) ................... Helen last night she (wash) ................... her hair. 37. Nobody (watch) ................... , so the little boy (take) ................... the packet of sweets from the shelf and (put) ................... it in his pocket. 38. Her husband (have) ................... agood position in that copany since last year. 39. Since when her mother (be) ................ a doctot? She (be) ................ a doctor since 1990. 40. last Fridaywas a holiday. It (be) ................... Independence Day, so I (not, have) ....... ............ to go to class. I (sleep) ................... a little later than usual. Around ten, my friend Tim (come) ................... over to my apartment. We (pack) ................... a picnic basket and then (take) ................... the bus to Forest Park. We (spend) ................... most of the day there. 41. They (start)................ building that school in 2004 but they (not, finish) .................. it yet. 42. They (not, meet) ................... each other since they (say) ................... goodbye. 43. So far, you (make) ................... no mistakes on this exercise. 44. While Bill (eat) ................... dinner, Alicia (come) ................... through the door. 45. She (go) ................... into the room, (take) ................... off the hat , and (lie) . .................. down on the bed. 46. Woody left his house at 8:00 a.m and began to walk to class. While he (walk) ................... to class, he (see) ................... Mrs. Smith. 47. Mary and John are neighbours. They (know) ................... each other for several years. Mary (move) ................... into her house in 1985, and John (live) ................... next door since he (come) ................... to the area in 1980. 48. Hai (come) ................... tomy house yesterday and (turn) ................... the TV loudly. My son (sleep) ................... then, so I (tell) ................... him to turn it off. 49. They (not, phone) ................... me when they were on holidays because they (not, have) ... ................ my address. 50. A few years ago I (learn) ................... that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn. This pub (be) ................... the centre of village life for centuries. It (stand) ................... at our crossroads for 500 years. It (be) ................... famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once (stay) ................... there, they say. I (live) ................... in Brickfield all my life. The villagers (know) ...................about the plans for less than a week and already there’s a “Save Our Pup” campaign. Last week we (be) ................... happy, but this week we’re angry. We will stop them, you’ll see. UNIT 2: CULTURAL DIVERSITY A. Phonetics I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others 2
1. A. kissed B. helped C. forced D. wanted 2. A. ticked B. checked C. booked D. naked 3. A. started B. looked C. decid ed D. coincided 4. A. agreed B. missed C. liked D. watched 5. A. imagined B. released C. rained D. followed II. Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. contract B. confide C. conduct D. contain 7. A. diversity B. maintain C. majority D. record 8. A. reject B. conical C. precede D. obliged 9. A. attitude B. survey C. symbol D. determine 10. A. ceremony B. banquet C. idea D. sacrifice B. Vocabulary and Structures I .Choose the best answers 11. Michael felt disappointed because he was ................. by all the universities he applied to. A. neglected B. criticized C. rejected D. blamed 12. Our parents are going to celebrate their silver wedding at the end of this month. A. the 20th anniversary of the wedding B. the 25th anniversary of the wedding nd C. the 2 marriage D. the day they first met 13. John and Mary were attracted to each other the first time they met. A. first loved each other romanticallyB. were first forced to get marriage C. loved each other at the first sight D. loved each other for the first time in their lives 14. A ring that man gives to a womwn when they agree to get married is called a(n) ................. ring. A. love B. engaging C. married D. important 15. My family have lived happilyin this house for ................. A. stages B. times C. periods D. generations 16. Are children taught to respect different ................. at school? A. fields B. laws C. cultures D. aspects 17. Julia and William broke with tradition and got married quietly. A. did things differently B. argued with their parents. C. opposed their parents D. kept their marriage secret 18. It is the ................. in that country for women to marry young. A. habit B. rule C. requirementD. custom 19. In spite of their parents’ strong opposition , they lived together as husband and wife. A. as if they were engaged B. as if they were married C. as if they were parents D. as if they were getting married 20. Do you think our parents ................. everything for our future? A. exchange B. sacrifice C. lose D. refuse 21. It ................. statistically that the unemployment rates ................. A. has proved – will increase B. has been proved – are increasing C. had been proved – increased D. is proved – are going to increase 22. The workers ................. on strike because they ................. their wages ................. low. A. are striking – ahve thought – have been B. were striking – thought – are C. went – thought – were D. will strike – thought – are 23. The project ................. any success just because most members ................. no determination of doing it well. A hasn’t made – showed B. won’t make – are showing C. didn’t make – haven’t showed D. hadn’t made – showed 24. Many people ................. smoking because they ................. afraid that it ............... .. bad for their health. A. have stopped – are – may be B. stopped – thought – might be C. are going to stop – will be – may be D. will stop – will be – will be 25. I ................. over and see you but there’s something wrong with the car. A. was going to drive B. will be driving C. will have driven D. have been driving 26. On arriving at the airport, I ............... very worried to find that no one ................. for me. A. was – had been waiting B. am – have been waiting C. was – was waiting D. will be – is waiting 27. This chess game is going to last ages. They ................. it until midnight. A. won’t finifh B. won’t have finished C. haven’t finishe D. are not going to finish 28. I ................. a cheque when I ................. that I .............. ... nothing in the bank. 3
A. am writing – remember – have B. was writing – remembered – had C. wrote – remembered – had had D. had written – remembered – had 29. When I ............ the lecture .............. and the professor ........... on the overhead projector. A. arrived – already started – wrote B. arrive – will start – will be writing C. arrive – have started – wrote D. arrived – had already started – was writing 30. Tom ................. to study yet. He ................. all his lesson by 11 tonight. A. hasn’t begun – won’t have learned B. isn’t going to begin – won’t learn C. hadn’t begun – wouldn’t learn D. won’t begin – won’t have learned II. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting: 31. Since the world began , nations have had d ifficulty to keep peace with their neighbours. A B C D 32. That’s my sister o ver there . She stands near the window. A B C D 33. The marathon runner has been running for almost two hours when he collapsed to the pavement A B C D 34. In a few years’ time we shall all live in houses heated b y solar enegy. A B C D 35. By the time he left the office, he have attended three meetings . A B C D III. Put the verb into the correct tense: 36. The walkers finally (arrive) ................. at their destination. They (walk) ................. all day and they certainly (need) ................. a rest. They (walk) ................. thirty miles. 37. That man (admit) ................. that he (hit) ................. the other car but (say) ................. that he (not, damage) ................. it. 38. I (do) ................. my homework when my mother (send) ................. me to the chemist’s with the prescription she (give) ................. by the door. 39. It (be) ................. three o’clock. Susan (be) ................. suddenly thoroughly awake. She (sit) ................. up in bed and (circle) ................. her knees with her arms. 40. That house (be)................. empty for a year. But they just (take) .................down the “For Sale” sign, so I suppose someone (buy) ................. it. 41. I (just, receive) ................. a letter from my brother, Tim. He (be) ................. in Astralia now. He (be) ................. there for six months. Tim (be) ................. an engineer. He (work) ................. for a big firm for 10 years and he (already , visit) ................. a great number of different places in Astralia. 42. I (have) ................. a letter from my sister yesterday. She (live) ................. in Nigenia. In her letter , she (say) ................. that she (come) ................. to England next year. If she (come) ................. , she will get a surprise. We now (live) ................. in a beautiful house in the country. She (not, see) ................ . us since she (move) ................. to Nigeria. 43. In Britain many people (be) ................. out of work today. Ann is 18, and she (leave) ................. school a year agobut she (not, be) ................. able to find a job yet. She will leave for London as soon as she (find) ................. a suitable job there. She (not, see) us since she (move) ................. to Nigeria. 44. I never (get)................. up early on Sundays. I sometimes (stay) ................. in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday, I (get) ................. up very late. I (look) ................. out of the window, it (rain) ................. heavily. Just then the telephone (ring) ................. . It was my aunt, Lucy. 45. Rob Fellow (come) ................. from England. He (come) ................. to P aris six months ago to learn French. He (start) ................. learning French at school in London when he was eleven, so he (learn) ................. it for nearly ten years. He (just, take) ................. an exam. If he passes , he (move) ......... ........ into the next class. He (be) ................. excited today because his parents (come) ................. tomorrow to sta y with him for a few days. 46. I (come) ................. in very late last night and unfortuately the dog (wake) ................. up and (start) ................. to bark. This (wake) ................. my mother who (come) ................. to the top of the stairs and (say) ................. , “Who is there?”. I (say) ................. “It’s me,” but she (not hear) ................. me because the dog (bark) ................. so loudly, so she (go)................. back to her room and (telephone) ................. the police. 47. I think he (answer) ................. the letter by this time. 48. By the end of the week he (finish) ................. the translation. 49. By May 2003 my mother (work)................. in a hospital for 15 years. 50 Mai (live) ................. with her grandmother for 2 years before she (move) ............... here. 4
UNIT 3: WAYS OF SOCIALISING A. Phonetics I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others 1. A. chemist B. chicken C. church D. chore 2. A. how B. town C. power D. slow 3. A. heat B. great C. b eat D. beak 4. A. university B. u nique C. u nit D. undo 5. A. mou se B. cou ld C. wou ld D. pu t II. Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. perfect B. discard C. reserve D. distinct 7. A. accept B. forget C. mistake D. object 8. A. whistle B. contrast C. signal D. handsome 9. A. noisy B. formal C. approach D. desert 10. A. indeed B. often C. sometimes D. later B. Vocabulary and Structures I .Choose the best answers 11. Mr. Johnson enjoys socializing with young people in the neighbourhood. A. meeting B. talking C. playing D. mixing 12. The requirement is that the applicant must have good .................... skills. A. verbal B. verbalized C. non-verbal D. verbally 13. We sent some flowers as a .................... of sympathy to the parents of the child. A. action B. gesture C. expression D. symbol 14. In an oral examination, candicates must be able to .................... effectively. A. say B. talk C. speak D. communicate 15. If an interview is too easy, it’s a sure .................... that you haven’t got the job. A. warning B. sign C. information D. prediction 16. I asked Johnny where the other classmates were and he .................... to the direction of the school garden. A. nodded B. guided C. told D. described 17. When the teacher wants to get someone's attention in class, .................... is perfectly acceptable A. speaking B. waving C. smiling D. pointing 18. .............. our hands to get the person’s attention is considered to be impolite or even rule. A. Raising B. Shaking C. Clapping D. Nodding 19. In informal situations, a brief raise of hand and a small .................... is fine. A. whistle B. talk C. laugh D. wave 20. American women usually don’t .................... when being introduced to each other. A. nod slightlyB. greet friendly C. shake hands D. use sign language 21. Peter said to them: “Don’t leave the room until I come back.” A. Peter told them not to leave the room until he came back. B. Peter told them not to leave the room until he comes back. C. Peter told them not to leave the room until they came back. D. Peter told them not to leave the room until they come back. 22. “Take my luggage to Room 145,” he said to the porter. A. He told the porter take his luggage to Room 145. B. He said the porter to take his luggage to Room 145. C. He told the porter to take his luggage to Room 145. D. He said to the porter to take his luggage to Room 145. 23. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. A. “Tom didn’t come to school yesterday.” They said to me. B. “Tom hadn’t come to school yesterday.” They said to me. C. “Tom hasn’t come to school yesterday.” They told to me. D. “Tom doesn’t come to school yesterday.” They said to me. 24. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side. A. “I had pain in my right side.” said the old man to the doctor. B. “He has pain in his right side.” said the old man to the doctor C. “I have pain in his right side.” said the old man to the doctor. D. “I have pain in m y right side.” said the old man to the doctor. 5
25. He saud to me: “Will you see you friends before leave Paris ?” A. He asked me if Iwill see my friends before I leave Paris. B. He asked me if I would see my friends before I left Paris. C. He asked me if I would see my friends before I leave Paris D. He asked me if I would see his friends before I left Paris. 26. “If I were you , I’d try to get a room on the top floor,” he said. A. He advised me to try to get a room on the top floor. B. He advised me to try getTING a room on the top floor. C. He offered me to try to get a room on the top floor. D. He suggested me to try to get a room on the top floor. 27. Father said to me: “Don’t stay there long.” A. Father told me not stay there long. B. Father told to me not to stay there long. C. Father told me not to stay there long. D. Father told to me not to stay there long. 28. He said to me: “Ring me up the tomorrow.’ A. He told me to ring him up the following day. B. he told me ring him up the following day. C. He said me to ring him up the foiiowing day. D. He told me to ring me up the following day. 29. “I don’t go to this shop very often.” she said. A. She said she didn’t go to that shop very often. B. She said I didn’t go to that shop very often. C. She said she wouldn’t go to that shop very often. D. She said I wouldn’t go to that shop very often. 30,”I am going to the theatre tonight” he said to me. A. He told me he was going to the theatre that night. B. He told me I was going to the theatre that night. C. He told me he is going to the theatre that night. D. He told me I am going to the theatre that night. 31. Mike said “I spoke to Mr Brownm this morning.” A. Mike said he spoke to Mr Brown that morning. B. Mike said he had spoken to Mr Brown that morning C. Mike said he has spken to Mr Brown that morning. D. Mike said I had spoken to Mr Brown that morning. 32. He said to her: “I shall do it today if I have time.” A. He told her he would do it that day if he had time. B. He told her he would do it that day if he has time. C. He told her I would do it that day if I had time. D. He told he would do it that day if he had time. 33. “You might check these figures for me,” he said. A. He asked me to check the figures for him. B. He told me to check the figures for him. C. He offered me to check the figures for him. D. A and B are correct. 34. “You’d better apologize for being late,”said my mother. A. My mother advised me to apologize for being late. B. My mother suggested me to apologize for being late. C. My mother suggested apologizing for being late. D. My mother warned me to apologize for being late. 35. “Could you translate this for me?” I asked the official. A. I asked the official to translate it for me. B. I asked the oficial translate it for me. C. I asked the oficial translating it for me. D. I asked the oficial he translated it for me. II. Rewrite the following sentences: 36. “I’ve fallen in love with a beautiful girl,” he said.  He said ..................................................................... 37. “I came back from the U.S.A three weeks ago,” she said.  He said ..................................................................... 38. “I’m studying at home today” they said.  They said ..................................................................... 39. “I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier,” Mary said.  Mary apologised for ..................................................... 40. “I’ve always wanted to be rich,” Bob said.  Bob has always dream .................................................. 41. “ You’d better not swim too far from the shore,” the lifeguard said to us.  The lifeguard advised .................................................... 42. “You should not drink too much beer.”  He advised ..................................................................... 43. “Please don’t smoke in my car.”  He asked ... ..................................................................... 44. “I will come to see you if I have free time,” the man said to her.  The man said ..................................................................... 45. “What would you do if you were a billianaire?” the man asked the woman. 6
 The man asked ................................................................... 46. “If you had asked me, I would have lent you my motorbike,” the man said to me.  The man said ..................................................................... 47. He said , “Don’t touch anything in this room ! “. He ordered........................................................................... 48. “ I feel very week. I don’t think I can go “ said she.  She said............................................................................... 49.”How old are you ? Can you read yet ? “.  I asked the child...... ............................................................. 50. Father said “Don’t forget to turn off the lights before you come upstairs !, Bill”.  Father asked........................................................................... UNIT 4: SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM A. Phonetics I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others 1. A. thin B. than C.they D. there 2. A. camp B. lamp C. cupboard D. apart 3. A. evening B. key C. envelope D. secret 4. A. nature B. pure C. picture D. culture 5. A. cotton B. bottle C. cold D. common II. Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. secondary B. happiness C. sacrifice D. romantic 7. A. parallel B. examine C. technical D. physicist 8. A. history B. requirementC. divided D. achiever 9. A. awarded B. commences C. favourite D. accessible 10. A. destruction B. movement C. important D. appearance B. Vocabulary and Structures I .Choose the best answers 11. In Astralia, a(n) ................. school is a free local school paid for by the government. A. public B. dependent C. independent D. state 12. In our curriculum, mathematics, physics, chmistry, literature and English are considered as core subjects. A. difficult B. main C. popular D. general 13. We have to do well ................. to get into medical school. A. academically B. successfully C. perfectly D. completely 14. In Britain, a secondary school for young people of all levels of ability is also called a ................. school. A. primary B. comprehensive C. independent D. public 15. The period of the year during which students go to school or university is called the ................. year. A. school B. educational C. studying D. academic 16. There are interesting parallels between the 1960s and the late 1990s A. close features B. particular features C. similar features D. All are correct 17. General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a British exam taken by students in England and Wales and some other countris ................. A. in any of a range of subjects B. usually around the age of 16 C. in a particular subject D. at the age of 18 18. It is said that students over twenty-five fall into a different category. A. group B. team C. class D. club 19. In the United States, an elementary school is a school for children between the age of about 6 and 12. A. grade school B. private school C. grammar school D. graduate school 20. Many students now have paid employme nt during .................... . A. semester B. semesters C. term D. terms 21. You’ll hardly recognize our house. It ................. since your last visit. A. was redecorated B. has been decorated C. has been redecorated D.has decorated 22. That book ................. by a famous author. A. wrote B. was written C. is writing D. has written 23. Last night a tornado swept through our village. It ................. everything in its path. A. destryed B. was destroyed C. was being destroyed D. had been destroyed 7
24. Someone was repainting the house when I arrived. A. The house was to be repainting when I arrived. B. The house has been repainted when I arrived. C. When I arrived the house is being repainted. D. When I arrived the house was being repainted 25. The teacger explained the rule to the students. A. The rule was explained to the students. B. The students were explained to the rule. C. The students were explained to the rules. D. A and B are correct. 26. I still cannot believe it! M y bicycle ................. some minutes ago. A. was stolen B. was stealing C. stolen D. stole 27. I will have answered all the business letters by noon. A. All the business letters will have answered by noon. B. All the business letters will have been answered by noon. C. All the business letters will have to be answered by noon. D. All the business letters will have been answering by noon. 28. The president of the board has signed the document. A. The document has been signed by the president of the board. B. The document has been signing by the president of the board. C. The document has been being signed by the president of the board. D. The document was signed by the president of the board. 29. They often laugh at him. A. He is often laughed at them. B. He is often laughing at. C. He is often laughed. D. He is often laughed at. 30. What will happen if the air ....................... ? A. was polluted B. be polluted C. is polluted D. has polluted II. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting: 31. The children were frightening b y the thunder and lightning. A B C D 32. The students helped b y the clear explanation that the teacher gave. A B C D 33. The winner of the race hasn’t b een announcing yet. A B C D 34. Progress is b een made every day in all parts of the world. A B C D 35. When, where and b y whom has the automobile invented ? III. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice: 36. Someone can’t make a cake without sugar.  A cake ......................................................................... 37. Dangerous driving causes many accidents.  Many accidents ............................................................ 38. I was making coffee when the light went out.  Coffee ........................................................................... 39. She hasn’t told us the news.  We ................................................................................ 40. The police haven’t arrested the man who stole your money.  The man ........................................................................ 41. People think that about million puppies are born each year. About a million puppies ................................................ 42.When did people build this hotel? When ............................................................................... 43. Someone cleans this room everyday.  This room ....................................................................... 44. Someone might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.  Your car ......................................................................... 45. Somebody has robbed the bank near our house.  The bank ......................................................................... 46. Nobody has invited her to the party.  She ................................................................................. 8
47.Somebody has driven them to the airport.  They ............................................................................... 48. People should send their complaints to the head office. Their complaints ........................................................... 49. They are introducing the game to students.  The game ....................................................................... 50. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.  Three men ...................................................................... UNIT 5: HIGHER EDUCATION Pronunciation: Stress in more than three-syllable words Grammar: Conditional sentences I. Key Vocabulary : 1. application form(n) 2. application(n) 3. higher education (n) 4. undergraduate(n) 5.veterinary science(n) 6. on the offer of 7. consist of 8. apply for 9. requirement for 10. fill in 11. identity card(n) 12. certification(n) 13. requirement(n) 14. full-time undergraduate course 15. socio -linguistics (n) 16. either … or … 17. as follows 18. act on behalf of 19. take a course on 20. make a decision on 21. take the entrance exam * Fill in each gap with a word from the box: b ehaft, decisive, submitted, course, open, undergraduate, tertiary, graduates, optional, entrance, requirement, preference. 1. An __________ is a university or college student who is studying for their first degree. 2. The wisest _________ would be to say nothing. 3. __________ college is a college that provides education for people aged 16 and o lder, but that is not a u niversity. 4. Mr.Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize on his __________. 5. Certain courses are compulsory, other are ____________ . 6. There are various options __________ to you. 7. The government must take ____________ action on gun control. 8. Let’s make a list of possible speakers, in order of __________. 9. ___________ to the golf club is by sponsorship only. 10. What is the minimum entrance ___________ for this course? 11. Completed projects must b e ___________ by 10 March. 12. At present the organization has to rely on young, inexperienced _________ . II. Pronunciation: * Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 1. A. secondary B. tertiary C. candidate D. requirement 2. A. maximum B. optional C. decision D. average 3. A. institution B. certificate C. application D. academic 4. A. university B. veterinary C. undergraduate D. geographical 5. A. preference B. severely C. insurance D. consider III. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES *Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. If I (continue) with my diet, I (lose) five kilos by the end of the month. 2. If I have enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon. 3. If I had enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon. 4. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) a screwdriver of the proper size. 5. If I (have) enough money, I would have gone with you. 6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go) to the zoo. 7. Linda wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be) at home yesterday, I (visit) her. 9
8. It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) here, she (know) what to do. 9. Fred failed the test because he didn’t study. However, if he (study) for the test, he (pass) it. 10. If I (have) my camera with me yesterday, I (take) a picture of Alex standing on his head. 11. I’m almost ready to plant my garden. I have a lot of seeds. Maybe I have more than I need. If I (have) more seeds than I need, I (give) some to Nellie. 12. I got wet because I didn’t take my umbrella. However, I (get,not) wet if I (remember) to take my u mbrella with me yesterday. 13. I (change) the present economic policy if I (be) the President of the United States. 14. George has only two pairs of socks. If he (have) more than two pairs of socks, he (have to, not) wash his socks so often. 15. That sounds like a good job offer. If I (be) you, I (accept) it. 16. The cowboy pulled his gun to shoot at the rattlesnake, but he was too late. If he (be) quicker to pull the trigger, the snake (bite, not) him on the ankle. It’s good thing he was wearing heavy leather boots. 17. I don’t have a pen, but if I (do), I would lend it to you. 18. He is busy right now, but if he (not, be), he would help us. 19. She didn’t come, but if she (come), she would have met my brother. 20. I wish I (know) you needed the dictionary, I (buy) it for you in London. * Choose the best answers. 21. We wanted to go out yesterday but te weather was terrible. If it ____ a nice day, we _____ for a picnic. A. was – would go B. had been – would have gone C. were – had gone D. had been – would go 22. Why don’t you explain everything to him? If you ________ him the truth, I am sure you _______ it one day. A. don’t tell – will regret B. don’t tell – would regret C. didn’t tell – would regret D. won’t tell – will regret 23. Jennifer was here not long ago. If you _________ round earlier, you _________ her. A. came – would saw B. had come – would have seen C. were coming – would see D. would come – saw 24. Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer games. I’m sure they _____ happier if they _________ more time playing outside. A. are – would spend B. will be - spend C. had been – would spend D. would be – spent 25. The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it _____, the Prime Minister ____ from politics. A. lost – would resign B. loses –resigns C. lost – will resign D. loses – will resign * Make conditional sentences for the following situations. 1. The war will spread everywhere if we don’t stop it. → Unless ……… 2. All our beautiful forests will be destroyed if we do nothing to preserve them. → Unless………. 3. If he hasn’t got a ticket, they won’t let him in. →Unless ……….. 4. If it doesn’t rain, we will have no water to use. →Unless ……… 5. These flowers will die if nobody waters them. →Unless ….. 6. Do your exercises or you will be punished. →Unless …. 7. The building is too high. He can’t climd up. →If …….. 8. That house is too expensive. I can’t buy it. →If ……. 9. He didn’t work hard last term, he lost his job. → If ……. 10. Mary didn’t have money with her. She couldn’t buy that present. →If …… 11. There was a test yesterday. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t study. → If I had known that ….. 12. Your friend was in the hospital. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t visit her. →If I had …. 13. I’ve never met your friend. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t introduce me. →If I had …. 14. It is raining now, so I will not go for a walk. → If it ………………… 15. I am not living in Chile. I’m not working at a bank. → If I ………………. 16. It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk. → If it …………….. 17. I am not at home now, so I can’t answer your phone. → If I ……………. 18. I can’t sing well, so she can’t sing that song beautifully. →If she …………….. 19. Ann didn’t pass the entrance examination, so she wasn’t admitted to the university. → If Ann ……….. 20. I had a problem. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t offer to help. → If I had known that ………………… 21. I can’t give you a lift because I don’t have a car. → 22. We won’t have a holiday because we won’t have enough money. → 23. There aren’t any eggs, so I won’t make an omelette. → 24. I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you. → 10
25. We have three children, so we won’t take a year off and travel around the world. → * What is the fact behind the following wishes? I wish the streets weren’t so dirty. → The streets are very dirty. Example: 1. I wish I wasn’t out of work. 2. I wish there was something good on TV tonight. 3. I wish I could lose weight. 4. I wish I had won the lottery. 5. I wish I had gone to university. UNIT 6: FUTURE JOBS Pronunciation: Weak / strong forms of some conjunctions & prepositions. Grammar: Relative clause I. Key Vocabulary : 1. letter of application (n) 2. letter of recommendation 3. resume (n) 4. enthusiasm (n) 5. keenness (n) 6. sense of responsibility (n) 7. stressful (a) 8. honest (n) 9. willing (a) 10. disappointed (a) 11.be called for (prep) 12. in addition (prep) 13. jot down (prep) 14. relate to (prep) 15. on time (prep) 16. concentrate on (prep) 17. be interested in 18. piece of advice (expre) 19. create a good impression on sb (expre) 20. as much … as … 21.make a real effort II. Pronunciation: * Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. job B. po ssible C. forget D. jot 2. A. polite B. advice C. pilot D. diploma 3. A. lawyer B. rewarding C. formally D. effort 4. A. keenness B. neatly C. create D. greeting 5. A. pressure B. enthusiasm C. congratulation D. reduce III. Grammar: Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs. 1. Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, where, when, that, of which, why (cách dùng của các đại từ liên hệ) CÁCH DÙNG CHỦ NGỮ TÂN NGỮ SỠ HỮU Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ WHO WHOM WHOSE người làm Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ WHICH WHICH OF WHICH / vật làm WHOSE Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ WHERE = IN WHICH nơi chốn Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ WHEN thời gian Dùng trong thể nhấn THAT mạnh và thay thế cho EX: It is the English that causes me a lot of difficulties. WHO, WHICH trong It is your father that helped me yesterday. mệnh đề không có dấu phẩy Được dùng đ ể thay cho WHY = FOR + WHICH cụm từ chỉ lý do We don’t know the reason why John gave up his part-time job. 2. Kinds of relative clauses. a. Restrictive (Defining) Relative clauses: + Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định: được sử dụng với tất cả các đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ. + Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là lo ại mệnh đề cần thiết vì danh từ đi trước chưa xác định, không có nó câu sau sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Ex: The man whom you met yesterday was my uncle. b. Non - Restrictive (Non - Defining) Relative clauses: 11
+ Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định: được sử dụng với tất cả các đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ ngoại trừ THAT. + Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì danh từ đi trước đã đ ược xác định, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Ex: Shakespeare, who wrote Hamlet, was a famous playwright. 3. Chú ý: a / Khi who, whom, which, that là tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ xác định thì ta có thể lượt bỏ đi. Ex: The student (whom/who) we met this morning has won the scholarship. The motorbike (which/ that) you lent me yesterday is a good one. b/ That không được sử dụng ở mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. c/ Không sử dụng who, that, where,when,why sau giới từ. Ex: We went shopping in the shopping center in which (that) we can buy almost everything. d/ which còn đ ược sử dụng để chỉ định cho cả một mệnh đề đi trước, which còn được gọi là từ nối (connector). Ex: Both of our children passed the exam with high marks, which made us very happy. * Choose the best answers. Only one is correct. 1. We went to different places _________ you find people ________ language was hard to understand. A. where – which B. where - whose C. that – whose D. which – whose 2. We came within sight of Everest, _______ has attracted so many climbers. A. the summit of which B. which the summit C. whose summit of D. of which the summit 3. The manager called in my new colleagues, _______ I had already met. A. one of who B. one or two of whom C. both of them D. all of them 4. Her mother and father – in – law, _________ were always exceptionally kind, were very upset ___________ the marriage broke down. A. who – that B. that – when C.who - 0 D. who – when 5.The laptop _______ was damaged in the car accident ________ happened last week while I was driving home fro m work. A. I lent you last month – which B. which I lent to you – that C. that you borrowed me – that D. from which you borrowed – that * Combine the two sentences into one. e.g. That man was Anna's brother. He just walked past. The man who just walked past was Anna's brother. 1. The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed. The plane ................................................................... twenty-five years old. 2. One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang. The day ...............................................................................ill in bed. 3. Our offices are in Queen Street. They are new. Our ..................................................................................... in Queen Street. 4. Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car. The documents..........................................................found. 5. That map is out of date. You were looking at it. The map out of date. 6. The King's Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896. The King's...........................................................................in the centre o f town. 7. A woman was terribly upset. Her dog was run over. The woman ................................................................. terribly upset. 8. Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else. Janet was.........................................................................the puzzle. 9. A man was standing outside the building. He was selling newspapers. A man .........................................................................outside the building. 10. The talk was very interesting. Judy gave it. The talk very interesting. 11. The house is empty now. I used to live there. The house ........................................................................is empty now. 12
* Combine these pairs of sentences, using WHERE, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT… 1. The girl is sitting by Jack. She is Mary. 2. Can you understand the question? He asked you the question last time. 3. Is that the girl? We saw her on T.V last night. 4. The farm produces milk. We visited it last Sunday. 5. At last he married the girl. He loved her. 6. The man is an engineer. We play with his daughter everyday. 7. He didn’t receive the letter. I sent him the letter last January. 8. He often tells me something about his village. He was born there. 9. My sister wants to speak to you. You met her at my birthday party. 10. The children like the funny stories. Their grandmother tells them those stories every evening. 11. Jack London is a famous American writer. He wrote “Iron heel”. 12. The boy is sitting next to Mary. He is Jack. 13. I didn’t receive the letter. My mother sent me the letter last month. 14. The factory makes exported furniture. We visited it yesterday. 15. The baby likes those songs. His grandmother sings those songs every evening. 16. The man is a postman. I love his daughter very much. 17. Is that the man? You talked about him several times. 18. He often tells me about his hometown. He spent his childhood there. 19. Have you met the girl? The girl’s birthday party was held in Omni hotel. 20. My sister wants to speak to you. You met her in the Youth Club the day before yesterday. 21. Mrs. Jackson is a businessman. She lives o n the second floor. 22. Michael Faraday was an English scientist. He is famous in the history of electricity UNIT 7: ECONOMIC REFORMS Pronunciation: Strong and weak forms of auxiliaries. Grammar: Averbial clauses of concession: Although/Though/Eve n though I. Key Vocabulary : 1. commitment (n) 2. drug (n) 3. drug-taker (n) 22. eliminate(v) 4. Enterprises Law (n) 5. guideline (n) 6. inflation (n) 23. expand(v) 7. inhabitant (n) 8. intervention (n) 9. investment (n) 24. reaffirm(v) 10. islander (n) 11.Land Law (n) 12. legal ground (n) 25. reform (v) 13. reform (n) 14. renovation (n) 15. sector (n) 26. eventually (adv) 16. subsidy (n) 17. domestic (a) 18. illegal (a) 27. to be in ruins 19. stagnant (a) 20. substantial (a) 21. dissolve (v) II. Pronunciation: * Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. should B. cou ld C. wou ld D. wool 2. A. agriculture B. produ ction C. suppose D. mu st 3. A. isolate B. escape C. island D. especial 4. A. absolute B. bamboo C. board D. climb ing 5. A. will B. med icine C. economic D. similar * Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. agricultural B. industrial C. commercial D. economy 7. A. stagnant B. reaffirm C. subsidy D. communist 8. A. priority B. export C. commitment D. reform 9. A. consumer B. domestic C. increase D. dissolve 10. A. subjective B. substantial C. subsidiary D. subsequent III. Grammar: Adverb clauses of Concession (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) 1. Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường đ ược giới thiệu bởi: Though, Although, Even though Although/ Though/ Even though + CLAUSE , CLAUSE. Ex: Although he works very hard, he can’t earn enough money for the family. Though he is poor, he is honest. 2. Cấu trúc khác của mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ: Ngo ài Although/ Though/ Even though , mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ còn có những cấu trúc khác: 13
a/ Từ hỏi + ever + S + (may) + V + O, clause. Eg: Whoever he may be, we don’t believe him. (Dù anh ấy là ai, chúng tôi cũng không tin anh ấy) Whatever he says, she can’t love him. b/ No matter + từ hỏi + S + (may) + V + O. Eg: No matter what/ how he says, no one believes him. (Dù anh ấy nói gì, không ai tin anh) c/ Adjective / Adverb + though / as + S + (may) + V, clause. Eg: Famous as he is, he leads a simple life. (Dù nổi tiếng, ông ấy có cuộc sống giản dị) Hard as he studied for the exam, he couldn’t pass it. (Dù học cần mẫn cho kì thi, anh ấ y không đậu đ ược) d/ However + adj / adv + S + (may) + V + O, clause. Ex: However rich this man is, he never gives a penny to the poor. (Dù giàu, người đàn ông này không cho người nghèo một xu). e/ Verb + Adv + as + S + may, clause. Ex: Work hard as he may, he can’t support his family. (Dù làm việc cần cù, anh ấy không nuôi sống nổi gia đ ình) f/ It doesn’t matter + từ hỏi + … + S + V, clause. Ex: It doesn’t matter what he says, he is always your brother. (Dù anh ấ y nói gì, anh ấ y vẫn là anh của anh). 3. Sự rút gọn của mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượngbộ: Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ có thể được rút gọn thành cụm từ chỉ nhượng bộ bởi một trong các giới từ: despite in spite of + gerund / cụm danh từ. regardless of Ex1: Although he is rich, he doesn’t live a happy life. Despite being rich, he doesn’t live a happy life. In spite of his richness, he doesn’t live a happy life. Ex2: Although he is poor, he always helps the needed. Despite being p oor, he… In spite of his poverty, he … Ex3: Although he is an intelligent student, he never appears to be that. Despite being an intelligent student, he… In spite of his intelligence/ being an intelligent student, he … Ex4: Although the test was very difficult, he was able to do it well. Despite the very difficult test, he… In spite of the difficilty of the test, he … Ex5: Though he studied hard, he couldn’t get good marks in the exams. Despite studying hard, he… In spite of his hard study , he … Ex6: Although he has practised driving a lot, he can’t pass the driving test. Despite having practised a lot, he … Ex7: Though his parents advised him, he didn’t change his wasteful lifestyle. Despite his parents’ advice, he didn’t change … EXERCISES * Choose the best answers. Only one is correct. 11. The government shifted economic priority from heavy industry to three major economic programmes. A. introduced B. reformed C. changed D. pushed 12. Ireland was one of the fasted -growing _______ in Western Europe in the 1990s. A. economic B. economics C. economy D. economies 13. Our Vietnamese Communist Party initiated an overall economic reform policy in December 1986. A. set up B. established C. set in motion D. provided 14. To reform the economy the government reduced state ________ in business. A. appearance B. intervention C. existence D. establishment 15. Since Doi Moi Vietnam has undergone substantial changes in every field. A. considerable B. continuous C. extraordinary D. wonderful 14
16. Our economy is in an ______ spiral of wage and price increases. A. inflatable B. inflated C. inflationary D. inflates 17. The government introduced some renovation measures to implement “Doi Moi”. A. carry out B. prove C. bring D. support 18. Nowadays, wage rates in most companies depend on levels of ________ A. production B. produce C. products D. productivity 19. There have been some remarkable reforms _________ education recently. A. on B. in C. at D. of 20. It’s true that the stagnant economy has existed for a long time. A. slow B. developing C. sound D. static * Choose the best answers. Only one is correct. 21. She walked home by herseft, ________ she knew that it was dangerous. A. if B. though C. because D. which 22. Dogs are good travelling companions. They will go ________ you take them. A. when B. where C. wherever D. whatever 23. “ Did you miss the bus yesterday? ” - “ Yes, _____ I ran very fast, _______ I couldn’t catch up with it.” A. Although – but B. 0 – however C. Even though – 0 D. 0 – though 24. Although John is very good at Maths, he couldn’t solve the problem. A. In spite of a good student B. Despite John’s good knowledge C. No matter how John is good at Maths D. However good at Maths John is 25. Hard _________ he works, he cannot earn money to support his family. A. like B. as C. as if D. as though * Choose the underlined part among A,B,C,D that needs correcting. 26. UNDP has been in Viet Nam since 1977, but there was a very limited donor presence in the country. A B C D 27. Seldom does m y parents agree with m y bad behaviour when they love me a lot. A B C D 28. The economy of Vietnam has been achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, A B C construction and housing, exports, and foreign investment. D 29. Vietnam is a relative new-comer to the oil business, although today it is the third-largest oil producer in A B C D Southeast Asia. 30. Although the social sciences d iffer agreat deal from o ne ano ther, they; however; share a common interest in human relationships. A B C D * Join two sentences into one, use “though, even though, although, despite, in spite of ” 31. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. Athough ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32. He tried a lot. He wasn’t successful. Though..................................................................................................................................................... 33. He is determined to study hard. His life is hard. Even though......................................................................................... .................................................... 34. He got good jobs, but he wasn’t satisfied. Athough.................................................................................................................................................. 35. Athough Tom was very tired, he agreed to take part in the game. Tom agreed to take part in the game in spite of ……………………………………………………. Tom Tom was very tired but ………………………………………………………………………… 36. Whatever difficulties in her life, my mother tries her best to support the family. Athough my mother has ……………………………………………………………………………… 37. Though the doctor has warned him, Jack keeps on smoking and drinking. Despite ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
38. Although I admire Henry’s talents, I don’t like to make friends with him. Much as I ……….……………………………………………………………………………………... 39. Linda told me the secret despite having promised not to do so. Even though Linda …………………………………………………………………………………… 40. Although that man denied having been in the neighbourhood at that time, we all knew that he was guilty. Despite that man’s denial of …………………………………………………………………………. 41. Mr. Brown has tried to repair the machine no matter how long it takes. It doesn’t matter ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 42. Driving at that speed is very dangerous, whether you are an experienced driver or not. However experienced ………………………………………………………………………………… * Make sentences from the given words or phrases. 43. Although / he/like music/not play/ musical instruments. 44. Even though/ he / strong/ not break down/ door. 45. I / still like/ her/ though / be rude. 46. Although/ wealthy/ he/ live/ that old house. 47. Plane/ took off/ time/ although / foggy. 48. He/ not pass/ driving test/ though/ tried/ keep calm. 49. Although / they / protest/ government / won’t / anything. 50. Although / she / very depressed / smiled / bravely. * Complete each sentence with a correct preposition: 1. These days everybody is aware _________ the danger of smoking. 2. It is terrible that some people are dying ________ hunger while others eat too much. 3. They fell _________ love ________ each other almost immediately and were married in a few weeks. 4. It was only _________ accident when I found out who the man really was. 5. That man is very honest. He isn’t capable _______ telling a lie. 6. Next month I’m going to Scotland ________ a short holiday. 7. Don’t worry _________ arranging our holiday. I’ll take care _________ it. 8. I don’t care ________ money. It is not important ________ me. UNIT 8: LIFE IN THE FUTURE Pronunciation: Contracted forms of auxiliaries. Grammar: Prepositions and Articles I. Key Vocabulary: 1. terrorist (n) 2. micro-technology (n) 3. telecommunications (n) 4. centenarian(n) 5. contribute to (v) 6. pessimistic (a) 7. optimistic (a) 8. labour - saving (a) 9. unexpected (a) 10. incredible (a) 11. eternal (a) 12. eradicated (a) II. Pronunciation: * Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. pretty B. get C. send D. well 2. A. environment B. applicance C. provide D. profile 3. A. table B. vegetable C. innovation D. stage 4. A. tells B. talks C. stays D. steals 5. A. some B. no ne C. no t D. nothing * Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others: 6. A. living B. future C. robot D. condition 7. A. stranger B. people C. replace D. factory 8. A. planet B. system C. scientist D. discover 9. A. engineer B. electricity C. surface D. atmosphere 10. A. spaceship B. begin C. intelligent D. machine III. Grammar: ARTICLES (MẠO TỪ or QUÁN TỪ) I. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE “A” & “AN” : 1. Hình thức: Mạo từ không xác định có hai hình thức “a” và “an”. 2. Cách dùng: 16
Mạo từ không xác định a, an có thể được dùng khi nói về một ng ười hay một vật mà người nghe/ ng ười đọc không xác định được người hay vật đang đ ược đề cập đến. + Mạo từ “a” được dùng trước danh từ số ít đếm được bắt đầu bằng các phụ âm. Eg: a book, a car , a chair , a hat ... + Mạo từ “an” được dùng trước danh từ số ít đếm được bắt đầu bằng các nguyên âm: a, e, i, o, u ... hoặc h câm. Eg: an arm-chair, an umbrella, an egg... * Lưu ý: an hour, an honest man, a uniform, a university, a union, a European man, a universal problem, an honor, an heir + Dùng A, An trong cấu trúc: There + be + a , an + danh từ số ít + … + Dùng A, AN để diễn đạt ý “mỗi” hay “mỗi một” trước danh từ được bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm hay nguyên âm. Ex: Three days a week, 26 miles a gallon. 600 kilometers an hour, 5 million VND an acre. + Dùng A, AN + Adj + danh từ số ít để miêu tả người hoặc vật Ex: Last Sunday was a lovely day. Da Lat is a wonderful city. My sister is a beautiful girl. + Sử dụng A, AN để phân loại, để chỉ ra đó là loại gì. Trường hợp này bao gồm cả nghề nghiệp, quốc tịch và tôn giáo của một người. Ex: The Sears Tower is a building in Chicago. My father is an engineer. Mr.William, a Catholic, was injured in an accident. 3. Những trường hợp không dùng mạo từ không xác định: + Không bao giờ dùng “a” hay “an” trước danh từ không đếm được. + Không bao giờ dùng “a” hay “an” trước danh từ trừu tượng. * THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” : Mạo từ xác định THE. 1. Hình thức: “The” là hình thức duy nhất đi trước danh từ không phân biệt số ít hay số nhiều, giống đực hay giống cái. 2. Những trường hợp dùng “The”. Quán từ xác định THE được dùng khi muốn ng ười nghe xác định rỏ chúng ta đang nói về ng ười hay vật đã được xác định. + Ta dùng “the” trước các danh từ xác định. Một danh từ được xác định khi: a. Danh từ ấy được xác định bởi một cụm giới từ. Eg: The love of his country , The gate of the house, The place of my love, the corner of this room, the day after tomorrow… b. Danh từ ấy đã được nói đến trước. Eg: I have a parrot. The parrot is talkative. c. Danh từ ấy chỉ một vật độc nhất: The sun , The moon, The Earth, The North Pole ... d. Danh từ chỉ các loại nhạc cụ: Piano, guitar, the violin... (trừ : drum: cái trống) e. Dùng THE + Adj = Ns để chỉ một nhóm người nào đó. Ex: The rich, the poor, the injured, the homeless, the old, the young, the blind, the deaf, the sick, the dead, the disabled, … f. Dùng THE + từ chỉ quốc tịch để chỉ những người của đất nước đó. Ex: The Irish, The English, The French,the Danish, the Swiss, the Spanish, the Finnish, the Turkish, the Dutch, the Welsh, the Polish , the Japanese, the Taiwanese, the Vietnamese, the Russians, the Americans, the Cambodians… g. Đôi khi có hay không có THE trong cùng một câu dẫn đến hay ý nghĩa khác nhau. Ex: I go to school. (I go there to study) I go to the school. (I go there as a visitor, not to study) Những từ tương tự: College, hospital, prison, jail, church… h. Dùng THE khi danh từ được xác định bởi một mệnh đề tính từ hay cụm tính từ. Ex: The man whom you met at the party last night is my teacher. The car destroyed in the accident was expensive. i. Dùng THE trong các cụm từ : vào bu ổi sáng, vào buổi chiều, vào buổi tối Ex: I always do my homework in the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening. j. Dùng THE trong so sánh bậc nhất. Ex: Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Nam is the best student in my class. k. Dùng THE trong phép so sánh kép hoặc khi tính từ đem so sánh được dùng như một danh từ. Ex: The harder they work, the more sucessful they are. Which is the better of the two students? l. Dùng THE với số thứ tự và những từ chỉ thứ hạng khác nh ư NEXT , LAST. EX: The third song in this album was a great song. The last day of his staying here is a memorable day. * Lưu ý rằng ta không dùng quán từ với các từ như Last, Next khi đề cập đến thời gian xác định như: tháng trước, năm tới… Ex: I will study in the United States next year. Last week, a student in my class gave me a poem. m. Dùng THE khi nói chung về một loài thú, một phát minh hoặc một bộ dụng cụ âm nhạc. Ex: The elephant is the biggest land animal. The computer has changed the whole world. n. Dùng THE với tên sông, núi, biển , đại dương và sa mạc. Ex: The Pacific Ocean, the Sahara desert, the Nil River, the Death sea, the Rocky mountain … o. Dùng THE với các tên số nhiều hoặc với họ người để chỉ một gia đình. Ex: The Beatles was the greatest band ever since. The Hawaiian Islands belong to the United States. The Browns are moving their house next week. The Rockefellers are a famous and wealthy family. 3. Những trường hợp không dùng “the”: + Danh từ cụ thể số nhiều nói chung chung. Eg: Books are necessary for students. Shoes are made of leather. + Danh từ trừu tượng. 17
Eg: Education is important for all. + Danh từ chỉ các môn chơi thể thao. Eg: Football is my favourite sport. Do you want to play basket ball. + Danh từ chỉ bửa ăn, đồ uống: Eg: What time do you have dinner? She never drinks wine. + Danh từ chỉ các ngày trong tuần: Eg: I go to the club on Sunday. Flowers bloom in Spring. + Tên của hồ, núi, đảo hay hẻm vực riêng lẻ. EX: Lake Xuan Huong, Red Mountain… + Tên của các hành tinh : Venus, Mars, Earth, Neptune, Mercury, … + Tên các lục địa: Europe, Asia, American, Australia, Africa. + Tên các con đường, đường cái, đại lộ, quảng trường … Ex: Fifth Avenue, Red Square, Michael Bouleva, Broadway + Tên của các quốc gia chỉ có một từ: England, China, Viet Nam, France… + Các môn học: Physics, mathematics, chemists, …. + Những ngày lễ: Easter, Thanksgiving Day, Valentine Day, Mother Day … + Các con số và ch ử cái khi liệt kê trong danh sách. EX: The correct answer is “A” . Question number 5 is difficult. + Tên các loại bệnh: Cancer, toothache, flu… + Một số thành ngữ đi với động từ “GO” : go to bed, go to school, go to hospital … Bảng dùng the và không dùng the trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt. Dùng the Không dùng the Trước các đại dương, sông ngòi, biển, vịnh và các Trước tên 1 hồ (hay các hồ ở số ít). hồ ở số nhiều. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. Trước tên các dãy núi. Trước tên 1 ngọn núi Ví dụ: Ví dụ: The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley Trước tên 1 vật thể duy nhất trên thế giới hoặc vũ Trước tên các hành tinh hoặc các chùm sao trụ. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion. The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Trước School/college/university + of + noun Trước tên các trường này khi trước nó là 1 tên Ví dụ: riêng. Ví dụ: The University of Florida. The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University. Trước các số thứ tự + noun. Trước các danh từ mà sau nó là 1 số đếm. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: The first world war. World war one The third chapter. chapter three. Trước các cuộc chiến tranh khu vực với điều kiện Không nên dùng trước tên các cu ộc chiến tranh tên các khu vực đó phải được tính từ hoá. khu vực nếu tên khu vực để nguyên. Ví dụ: The Korean war. Trước tên các nước có từ 2 từ trở lên. Ngoại trừ Trước tên các nước có 1 từ như : S weden, Great Britain. Venezuela và các nước được đứng trước bởi new hoặc tính từ chỉ phương hướng. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: New Zealand, South Africa. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic. Trước tên các nước được coi là 1 quần đảo. Ví dụ: The Philipin. Trước tên các lục địa, tiểu bang, tỉnh, thành phố, quận, huyện. Trước các tài liệu hoặc sự kiện mang tính lịch sử. Ví dụ: Europe, California. Ví dụ: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Trước tên bất cứ môn thể thao nào. Trước tên các nhóm dân tộc thiểu số. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Base ball, basket ball. Trước tên các danh từ mang tính trừu tượng trừ The Indians, the Aztecs. Nên dùng trước tên các nhạc cụ. những trường hợp đặc biệt. 18
Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Freedom, happiness. Trước tên các môn học chung. To play the piano. Trước tên các môn học cụ thể. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Mathematics, Sociology. Trước tên các ngày lễ, tết. The applied Math. Ví dụ: The theoretical Physics. Christmas, thanksgiving. GIỚI TỪ (PREPOSITIONS) I. Định nghĩa: Giới từ là từ được dùng để chỉ mối quan hệ giữa danh từ, cụm danh từ, hoặc từ tương đương danh từ được gọi là tân ngữ của giới từ. * Giới từ có thể được chia ra làm hai nhóm sau đây: + Giới từ đơn : on, in , at, into, of, by, for … + Giới từ phức hợp: according to, in spite of … II. Các loại giới từ: 1. Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: IN , ON , AT, ABOVE, BELOW, BEHIND, BETWEEN, IN FRONT OF, NEAR, NEXT TO, UNDER, OVER a. AT: + Dùng trước một địa điểm: Ex: He waits for her at the cinema for nearly an hour. + Dùng với thành phố, thị trấn và làng khi chúng được xem là những điễm đến trong một cuộc hành trình. Ex: On the way home, we stopped at San Francisco. They stayed at Toronto for two days when touring in Canada. + Đối với địa chỉ, chúng ta dùng AT khi có nói đến số nhà, và chúng ta dùng IN khi chỉ nói tên đường. Ex: My office is AT 32 West Street. My office is IN West Street. + Dùng trước thời gian: Ex: I always get up AT 5 o’clock. + Dùng trước các cụm từ, thành ngữ: at present, at the moment, at the same time, to be at work, stay at home… + Theo sau một số tính từ , động từ như: look at, amused at, amazed at, surprised at, to be good / bad at… b. IN: + Dùng trước danh từ chỉ nơi chốn: in the classroom, in the house, in Japan, in the bag… + Dùng trước các buổi trong ngày, các mùa trong năm, thế kỷ : in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. In spring, in summer, in autumn, in winter. In the 21st century. + Dùng trước tháng, năm không có ngày: in June, in september. In 2008, in 1999. + Dùng trước các cụm từ, thành ngữ, tính từ , động từ như: to be in time, in the future = in future, interested in, persit in … + Dùng để nói đến một khoảng thời gian trong tương lai: I shall finish it IN ten minutes. The man says that the train is leaving IN twenty minutes. + Dùng để nói một việc gì chiếm bao nhiêu thời gian. We can drive from uor hotel to the beach IN 30 minutes. They will repair and repaint your motorbike IN four days. c. ON: + Dùng trước các ngày trong tháng, các thứ trong tuần: on May 1st , on June 9th . On Monday , on Tuesday … + Được dùng khi nơi nói đến được xem là một mặt phẳng, đường vạch: Ex1 : There are some flowers on the floor. This poster will be stuck on the wall. Ex2: Is Hue on the Huong River? Is Brighton on the south coast of England? + Được dùng với các tầng trong một toà nhà: My office is ON the second floor. She lives in a flat ON the fifteenth floor. + Dùng trước các cụm từ, thành ngữ, động từ : to be on time, on the other hand, on the contrary, to hold on, depend on, to be keen on, to be on: đang trình chiếu (nói về phim ảnh ). d. above: ở phía trên (cao hơn) , below: ở phía dưới (thấp hơn) Above and Below được dùng khi vật này không ngay phía trên hay phía dưới vật kia theo chiều thẳng đứng e. Over and Under: diễn tả mối quan hệ theo chiều thẳng đứng. A is over B. B is under A. f. behind: sau, đằng sau. In front of : ở phía trước g. between: ở giửa hai người hai vật , among: giửa nhiều người nhiều vật. h. near: gần i. next to: bên cạnh, sát ngay 2. Giới từ chỉ sự chuyển động: a. across: từ bên này sang bên kia, băng qua b. along: dọc theo chiều dài của vật gì c. around: vòng quanh d. down: xuống , up: lên e. into: vào trong f. off: xuống hoặc ra khỏi mặt phẳng đang tựa g. out of: ra ngoài, ra khỏi h. past: (đi, chạy… ) ngang qua một người, vật … i. through: xuyên qua một vật gì 3. Giới từ chỉ phương tiện vận chuyển: BY, IN , ON a. BY; Được dùng để nói cách mà chúng ta đi lại Ex: by car , by bus, by coach, by bicycle, by air/ plane, by ship / sea, by road … nhưng ON FOOT: đi bộ Khi có a, an, the, my, his, … trước car, train , bus ta không thể dùng BY. Trong trường hợp này ta dùng IN với CAR , ON với bicycle, motorbike và các phương tiện vận tải công cộng như xe buýt , tàu lửa 19
Ex: He sometimes visits his parents IN his car. Last Saturday they went for a ride ON a motorbike. Are you going to travel ON the 7.00 train? 4. DURING, FOR ,IN . a. Cả IN và DURING có thể được dùng để chỉ một khoảng thời gian. We were on my uncle’s farm during / in the summer. It rained during / in the afternoon. Chúng ta thường dùng DURING để chỉ một việc xảy ra xuyên suốt thời gian nào đó. b. FOR: dùng để nói một việc nào đó kéo dài trong bao lâu. Ex: We were on my uncle’s farm FOR two weeks. III. Những lưu ý đặc biệt về giới từ: 1. IN và WITH: a. IN: có thể được dùng để nói quần áo, mũ, giày dép mà một người nào đó đang mặc, đội, mang. Ex: This morning he went to work IN a black suit. Who is that woman IN the white dress? b. WITH: Có thể được dùng để nói vật, đồ vật mà một ng ười nào đó hoặc một vật gì đó có. Ex: She is a good -looking girl WITH blond hair. This is a beautiful city WITH a population of two million. 2. IN THE END & AT THE END: a. IN THE END: Có nghĩa là cuối cùng hoặc sau cùng. Ex: In the end she came back to London with the first prize in the beauty contest. She had refused many times but in the end she accepted to go to the opera house with her colleagues. b. AT THE END: Có nghĩa là vào thời điểm, vào lúc cuối một việc gì đó kết thúc. EX: They are going to Korea at the end of this month. At the end of the meeting all of us felt disappointed. 3. IN TIME & ON TIME: In time : kịp lúc ; On time: đúng giờ quy định. 4. LIKE & AS: a. LIKE : dùng để nói về sự giống nhau, khi so sánh. Ex: His youngest brother is quite like him. She run like the wind in the race. Ngoài ra LIKE có thể được dùng khi nêu ví dụ: He can play some sports, like football, tennis and volleyball. b. AS : dùng để nói về nghề nghiệp của một người nào đó hoặc chức năng của một vật gì. Ex: She once worked AS a secretary for a big company. This stone can be used As a hammer. AS có thể được dùng như một liên từ trước một mệnh đề (có chủ ngữ và động từ). Ex: Why didn’t you type the letter as I told you? I bought the car as I had told you. IV. ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION: (Tính từ + Giới từ) 1. Angry, annoyed, nervous, worried about something: tức giận, khó chịu, sợ hãi, lo lắng về việc gì. 2. Good at/ bad at something: Giỏi , không giỏi về việc gì. 3. Amazed, astonished, shocked, surprised at / by something: lấy làm lạ, ngạc nhiên, sửng sốt, kinh ngạc về / bởi việc gì. 4. Famous/ well-known, responsible for something: nổi tiếng, chịu trách nhiệm về việc gì. 5. Interested in something: quan tâm đến, thích thú trong việc gì. 6. Afraid, ashamed, aware, capable, fond, jealous, proud, suspicious, tired of something: sợ hãy, xấu hổ về, có ý thức về, có năng lực để làm, rất thích, đố kị với, tự hào, nghi ngờ, nhàm chán về / với việc gì. 7. Nice, kind, polite, rude, stupid of somebody: người nào đó ân cần, tử tế, lịch sự, thô lỗ, ngớ ngẩn. Ex: + It is very nice of you to say so. + It was kind of Alice to lend you a grammar book. + It is polite of him to let the old woman sit in his seat. + It was so rude of her to leave without saying anything to the manager. + It was stupi d of you to sign the form without reading it. 8. Nice, kind, polite, rude to somebody: cần, tử tế, lịch sự, thô lổ với người nào đó. Ex: He was nice to us when we visited him last summer. 9. Keen on something: say mê việc gì 10. Engaged, married to somebody: đính hôn, kết hôn với người nào. 11. Similar to something: tương tự, giống như cái gì. 12. Pleased, bored, disappointed, happy with something/ somebody: Hài lòng, chán nản, thất vọng, hạnh phúc về việc gì / người nào. V. DANH TỪ + GIỚI TỪ: 1. difference between A and B : sự khác nhau giửa A và B. Ex: There is only one difference between my watch and yours. 2. relationship between A and B: mối liên hệ giửa A and B. Ex: The relationship between my company and his is very good. 3. demand, need for something: sự đòi hỏi về việc gì, nhu cầu về việc gì. Ex: They refused his demand for higher pay. There is a great need for new books in this library. 4. reason for something: lý do về việc gì. Ex: Tell me your reason for leaving this company. What is the reason for doing that. 5. increase/ rise, decrease / fall in something: sự gia tăng, sự giảm sút trong việc gì. Ex: There has been an increase / a rise IN the price of gas. There has been a decrease / fall IN the prices of motorbikes. 6. Difficulty in doing something; difficulty with something: khó khăn trong khi làm vi ệc gì đó; khó khăn với việc g ì đó. Ex: He has difficulty IN finding a good job. Do you have any difficulty WITH your homework? 7. Example, cause, picture, photograph of something: ví dụ về, nguyên nhân của, bức tranh vẽ, bức ảnh chụp cái gì. 20