Giáo dục Hà Nội thời Pháp thuộc qua tài liệu lưu trữ

«LIO DIJC IL4 XOI TIKHI PHAP THUOC<br /> QUA TAILl£ULUV TRO<br /> <br /> DAO THI DI^N*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T rong sud't thdi ky thdng tri Ddng<br /> DUdng, chinh quyen thupc dia Phap<br /> da tien hanh hai cupc cai each giao due,<br /> 1867, sau khi danh chiem dUde toan bd<br /> Nam Ky lue tinh, eiing vdi vipe thiet lap hp<br /> thdng chinh quyen cai tri d Nam Ky, thUe<br /> trong dd moi cupc cai each dUde gin lien vdi dan Phap b i t d i u tien hanh cdng cupc<br /> ten tudi ciia mdt vien Toan quyen, dd la "binh dinh" xU Bic Ky.<br /> Paul Beau (1) va Albert Sarraut (2). Thang 6-1886, Paul Bert dUde eii gifl<br /> Chiu anh hUdng ciia hai cude cai each ehUe Td'ng Tni sU Trung-Bic Ky. Vdn la<br /> giao due cua chinh quyen thupe dia, hp mpt nha giao due ndi tieng eua Phap nen<br /> thdng giao due ciia Vipt Nam da ed nhflng ngay sau khi dat chan tdi Ha Npi, ciing vdi<br /> thay ddi quan trpng. Va Ha Npi cung khdng ldi tuyen bd; "Ngiidi Phdp den ddy Id di<br /> n i m ngoai pham vi anh hUdng dd. ndng cao ddi sd'ng ndng nghiep, cdng<br /> DUdc chinh quyen thude dia ehu trpng nghiep, kinh te vd cbn ndng cao ddi sd'ng<br /> xay dung de trd thanh 'Thu dd cua Bac Ky", tinh thdn bdng giao due" (3), Paul Bert da<br /> '"Thu dd cua Lien bang Ddng Diicfng" nen tu tay ddn ddc vipe xay dUng trUdng sd va<br /> dudi thdi Phap thupc. Ha Npi da hpi ty r i t ra nhflng chi thi eu t h i dl ehi dao cdng tae<br /> nhieu yeu to, t h i hipn rd ket qua eiia vipe giao dye. Chi trong mpt thdi gian ngin,<br /> thUe hipn cac ehinh sach ciia chinh quyen Paul Bert da td chUc dUpe mpt so trUdng<br /> thudc dia ve mpi mat, trong dd cd ehinh sach hpc gpi la trUdng Phap-Vipt (hay cdn gpi la<br /> ve giao dye. Dieu dd dUdc t h i hipn qua td trUdng Phap-ban xU) d Bic Ky va Trung<br /> chUc va boat dpng eiia hp thd'ng cac trUdng Ky. Vi khdng tan thanh vipe b i t ngUdi Vipt<br /> cdng va tu trong sud't thdi ky tU 1898 den Nam bd b i n chfl Han de hpe chfl Phap va<br /> 1945. Bai viet se de cap mpt each khdi quat chfl qudc ngfl nhU cac Dd ddc da lam d Nam<br /> tinh hinh giao due d Ha Npi qua hai cupc cai Ky nen Paul Bert v i n eho hpe sinh hpc chfl<br /> each giao due ciia Phap d Vipt Nam. Han. Ngoai ra, tren dia ban Bic Ky, Paul<br /> Bert cdn td chUe dUde mdt sd trUdng tieu<br /> I. GIAO DVC 6 HA NOI TRUdC N A M 1906<br /> hpe eon trai va tieu hpe con gai, chUdng<br /> 1. Tinh hinh giao due d Bac Ky trufdc trinh hpe gid'ng nhU cac trUdng tieu hpc cl<br /> ndm 1906 Nam Ky. Sau khi Paul Bert chet dot ngdt<br /> Nam 1858, thUe dan Phap nd sung xam (cudi nam 1886), tinh hinh giao due d Bie<br /> lUde Vipt Nam d ciia biln Da Ning. Nam Ky it cd sU thay ddi, p h i n vi khong ed ai<br /> <br /> ' TS. Trung tam Luu trfl Quo'c gia I<br /> 40 Rghien cuu Lich siir, s6 9-fl0.2008<br /> <br /> tiep tue sU nghiep ciia Paul Bert, p h i n vi - Mdt trUdng sd cip (ecole elementaire)<br /> chinh quyen thupc dia cdn phai lo tien vdi 120 hpc sinh, 4 giao vien ngUdi Vipt.<br /> hanh cac cupc hanh quan chiem ddng Bic<br /> - Mpt trUdng t i l u hpc danh cho con trai<br /> Ky.<br /> ngudi Au (ecole primaire pour les<br /> Nam 1897, sau khi dan ap xong phong europeens) vdi 15 hpc sinh (trong dd hpc<br /> trao C i n vUdng, ve cd ban, thUc dan Phap sinh ngUdi ban xU nhieu hdn hpc sinh<br /> da hoan thanh cdng cupc "binh dinh" Bic ngUdi Au) va 1 giao vien ngUdi Phap sdng<br /> Ky va b i t tay vao cdng cupc khai thac tai Ha Npi.<br /> thupc dia l i n thU n h i t . De dap Ung nhu<br /> - Mpt trUdng tieu hpc con gai ban xU va<br /> ciu ve nhan luc phuc vu cdng cupc khai<br /> ngUdi Au (ecole primaire pour les ftlles<br /> thac thudc dia, ehinh quyen P h i p da md<br /> indigenes et europeens), nhUng thUc chit co<br /> mdt so' trUdng dao tao dpi ngu cdng chUe,<br /> ca con trai ngUdi Au va eon lai tU 7 tudi.<br /> tri thUe Tay hpc s i n sang phuc vu, cdng tac<br /> TrUdng cd 40 hpc sinh, 2 giao vien ngUdi<br /> vdi Phap. Tuy nhien, cho den trUdc nam<br /> Phap va 1 giao vien ngUdi Viet.<br /> 1906 la nam Phap tien hanh cai each giao<br /> due, nen giao due d Vipt Nam ndi ehung va - Mdt trUdng tieu hpc da md dUqtc 5 nam<br /> b Bie Ky ndi rieng v i n ehUa thUe sU dap (tUe la vao khoang nam 1885, trUdc khi<br /> Ung dUdc yeu c i u ciia cdng cupc khai thac Paul Bert den Ha Npi) danh cho ngUdi ban<br /> thupe dia. Thdi ky nay cd hai loai hinh giao xU vdi 230 hpc sinh va 6 giao vien ngUdi<br /> due tdn tai d Viet Nam; mdt loai gdm giao Viet.<br /> due qudc gia truyen tbd'ng vdi cac trUdng<br /> - Hai trUdng tU, do cac cha dao b Phap to<br /> day chfl Han va mdt loai khae gdm cac<br /> chUc dudi sU giam sat ciia chinh phii chinh<br /> trudng Phap - ban xU day chfl Phap va chfl<br /> qudc va dat dudi sU kilm tra cua dao luat<br /> qud'e ngfl vdi nhflng yeu to' giao due ciia<br /> ngay 15-3-1890. Mpt trUdng danh cho hpc<br /> phUdng tay.<br /> sinh ban xU (hpc sinh khdng phai ddng tien<br /> hpe) va mpt trUdng danh cho hpc sinh ngUdi<br /> 2. Giao d u e d Ha Noi trUoc n a m 1906<br /> Au (hpc sinh phai ddng tien hpc).<br /> Nam 1888, Ha Npi chinh thUc trd thanh<br /> Ngoai ra cdn cd trUdng Hau bd Ha Npi<br /> "nhugng dia" ciia Phap, k l tU ngay 3 t h i n g<br /> (Ecole dAdministration die Hanot) thanh lap<br /> 10, sau khi Du ngay 1 thang 10 cua Vua<br /> nam 1897 de dao tao tri phii, tri huypn,<br /> Ddng Khanh dUdc Toan quyen Richaud phe<br /> h u i n dao, giao thu; trUdng Day nghe Ha Npi<br /> chuin. Den nam 1890, Ha Npi da cd mpt sd<br /> (Ecole professionnelle de Hanoi) do Phdng<br /> trUdng Phap-Vipt dUdc thanh lap tU thdi<br /> ThUdng mai Ha Npi td chUe nam 1898;<br /> Paul Bert. Dd la cae trudng sau (4):<br /> TrUdng Y khoa Ha Ndi (Ecole de Medecine<br /> - Mpt trUdng thdng ngdn ban xU vdi 30 de Hanot) dUdc thanh lap nam 1902; TrUdng<br /> hpc sinh, 2 giao vien ngUdi Phap va 2 giao Trung hpc Paul Bert d u ^ thanh lap theo<br /> vien ngUdi Viet. Nghi dinh so 2084 ngay 20-7-1904...<br /> - Mdt trUdng phu (ecole annexe du II. GIAO DVC 6 HA NQI THOl KY<br /> college) danh cho hpe sinh tieu hpe cua cac 1906-1916<br /> khu thupc ngoai d phia Bic Ha Ndi vdi 70 1. Cuoc eai e a c h giao d u e l a n thii nhat<br /> hpc sinh, 4 giao vien ngUdi Viet. 1906-1916<br /> Siao due Tta R^i fhdri Ph6p thuijc. 41<br /> <br /> Cd the ndi ring, cupc cai each giao due NhQng nghi dinh tren da xac dinh<br /> l i n thu nha't gin lien vdi ten tudi cua Paul nhflng ndt ldn trong td ehflc giao due hp<br /> Beau, Toan quyen thU 13 cua P h i p d Ddng Phap-ban xU, chia giao due ra lam hai bac;<br /> DUdng. La mpt trong nhflng vien Toan giao due tilu hpc (enseignement primaire)<br /> quyen dae bipt quan tam den sU nghiep vk giao due bd tuc (enseignement<br /> giao due. Vdi ngUdi ban xU, ngay tU khi dat complementaire). Mue dich eua giao due<br /> chan den Ddng DUdng, Paul Beau da vach ban xU la chuin bi dao tao nen nhflng nhan<br /> ra mpt ehUdng trinh hanh dpng eho chinh vien phu ta cho cac bac trung binh trong hp<br /> phu, trong dd viec thanh lap eUu trd y te va thdng ngach bac hanh chinh va b i t diu<br /> td ehUe giao due cdng la nhflng dilm ed trang bi eho hpc sinh mpt nen van hda dich<br /> ban. Cupc cai each giao due do Paul Beau thUe, nen van hda phUdng Tay mdi, vUa<br /> td ehUe la mpt cupc cai each cd phUdng van hpc lai vUa khoa hpc, khae b i n van boa<br /> phap va hoan chinh, b i t d i u bing vipe ban truyen thd'ng Trung Hoa hoan toan mang<br /> hanh mpt sdnghi dinh; tinh chit van hoc.<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 8-3-1906 thanh lap Cupc cai each nay da xda bd vipe giang<br /> Hpi ddng Hoan thipn nen giao due ban xU day hoan toan bing chfl Han va lap ra each<br /> (Conseil de Perfectionnement de giang day mdi; d cip met, hpc sinh hpe ca<br /> I'Enseignement indigene). Mpt trong chfl Han va chfl Qud'e ngfl; len cip hai chi<br /> nhflng nhipm vu eua Hpi ddng la siia ddi cdn lai chfl Han, chfl Qudc ngfl va mdt phin<br /> lai ehUdng trinh thi hUdng d Bic Ky va tieng Phap khdng b i t bude nhUng d cip ba<br /> Trung Ky, n h i m dUa mdn tieng Phap va thi chfl Han, chfl Qudc ngfl va tieng Phap<br /> khoa hpe sd d i n g vao chUdng trinh, vk dac deu b i t bude nhU nhau. Ket qua ldn n h i t<br /> bipt la "cd trdch nhiem nghien eiiu nhiing eua cupc cai each lin nay chinh la vipe<br /> diiu kien de thdnh lap vd hogt dgng cua thanh lap Dai hpe Ddng DUdng, mpt trung<br /> mot trUdng dgi hgc gdm cdc mdn gidng tam giao due dai hpc theo md hinh hipn dai<br /> dgy d bac dgi hgc ddnh cho ngUdi bdn xii nha't lue dd, cd ket hdp gifla dao tao va<br /> vd ngUdi chdu A" (5). Tai phien hpp thU nghien cUu khoa hpc (6).<br /> n h i t ngay 11-4-1906, Hdi ddng da n h i t tri<br /> 2. Giao d u e d Ha Noi thc^i ky 1906-1916<br /> de nghi len Toan quyen mpt ban bao cao<br /> trong dd ed de nghi thanh lap TrUdng Dai Giao due Ha Npi thdi ky nay tiep tue<br /> hpc Ddng DUdng. p h i t triln theo md hinh da eo tfl trUdc, bao<br /> gdm he thd'ng cac trUdng cdng va tu.<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 16-5-1906 thanh lap<br /> tai moi xU trong Ddng DUdng mpt Hpi ddng a. He thdng trUdng cong:<br /> Hoan thipn nen giao due ban xii de nghien Cd the chia hp tho'ng giao due cdng ciia<br /> cUu cac v i n de giao due cd lien quan den Ha Npi ra lam 3 loai: TrUdng hanh chinh,<br /> rieng tiing ndi mot. Hpi ddng nay truc tiep trUdng ky thuat va trUdng van hda.<br /> lam vipe vdi Uy ban thUdng trUc eua Hpi<br /> - TrUdng hdnh chinh: Thdi ky dd chi cd<br /> ddng Hoan thipn giao due toan Ddng<br /> duy nha't mpt trUdng hanh chinh d Ha Ndi,<br /> Dudng.<br /> dd la TrUdng Hau bd dUde thanh lap theo<br /> - Nghi djnh ngay 16-11-1906 td chUc lai thong tu ngay 9-2-1897 cua Phd Toan<br /> giao dye ban xU d Bic Ky... quyen Ddng DUdng va theo de nghi cua<br /> 42 R g h i ^ cuu Lich sJr. sg 9-t-10.2008<br /> <br /> Kinh lUdc Bic Ky Hoing Cao Khai, n h i m nghe ma hp da dUde dao tao d trUdng b i t<br /> mue dieh dao tao tri phii, tri huyen, huan d i u xua't hien va ngay eang gia tang. Vi the<br /> dao, giao thu va mpt so' thanh phan khic nen nam 1911, trUdng Day nghe Ha Npi<br /> nhu Cii nhan, Tu tai va con quan nhU i m bude phai siia ddi dl thu hut hpe sinh.<br /> sinh... TrUdng lam le khai giang vao ngay Ngoai hpc nghe va hpc ly thuyet ra, mpt sd<br /> 15-3-1897, khda d i u tien cd 32 hpc vien hpc sinh se dUde dao tao lai xe va s^a ehfla<br /> dUdng chUe (trong thdi gian hpc hp dUde xe d td. De dUde nhap hpe, thi sinh khdng<br /> hUdng nguyen lUdng) va 13 hpc vien tU do phai trai qua bat ky mot eudc kiem tra nao,<br /> (Cii nhan, Tu tai, Am sinh) (7). Thdi gian d dp tudi it nha't la 18 tudi, cd chUng nhan<br /> hpe ban d i u la 6 thang, sau nang len thanh ve gia dinh va hanh kiem va cd cam ket<br /> 3 nam, thi sinh phai qua 2 ky thi: nhap phai hpe het ehUdng trinh hoac hoan lai sd<br /> trUdng va td't nghiep. tien hpe bdng da dUde hudng trong trUdng<br /> hdp bd trUdng.<br /> Nam 1906, vdi cupc cai each giao due l i n<br /> thu nhat, trUdng Hau bd dUde xep vao - TrUdng vdn hda: Ngoai cac trUdng tieu<br /> trUdng Cao ding Luat va Phap ehinh hpc nhu da de cap d p h i n tren ra. Ha Npi<br /> (Ecole superieure de Droit et thdi ky nay ed cac trUdng van hda nhU<br /> Administration), mpt trong 5 trUdng thanh TrUdng Trung hpc Paul Bert dUde thanh<br /> vien cua Dai hpc Ddng DUdng. Nam 1912, lap theo Nghi dinh so' 2084 ngay 20-7-1904<br /> TrUdng Hau bd ddi ten thanh trUdng Si d Ha Ndi. Dudi tae dpng ciia cude cai each<br /> hoan (Ecole des Mandarins). Trong cupc cai giao due l i n thU n h i t , TrUdng da dUde td<br /> each giao due lin thU nhit, TrUdng Y Ha ehUc lai nhU sau (9);<br /> Npi cung dupe xep vdo khdi eae trUdng . Cac ldp thupe hp sd cip (classes<br /> thupc Dai hpe Ddng DUdng. elementaire):<br /> - TrUdng ky thudt: Nam 1898, Phdng • Ldp du bi nam thU nha't danh cho hpc<br /> ThUdng mai Ha Npi da lap ra trUdng Day sinh dudi 9 tudi<br /> nghe n h i m mue dieh "